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| an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. |
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| an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. |
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| wrote "The Courtier" which tough how to become a so-called "renaissance man." |
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| wrote "The Courtier" which tough how to become a so-called "renaissance man." |
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| Florence came under their rule; a powerful banking family |
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| Florence came under their rule; a powerful banking family |
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| married the ruler of Mantua; brought Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection |
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| married the ruler of Mantua; brought Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection |
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| shows three dimensions on a flat surface |
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| shows three dimensions on a flat surface |
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| realistic portraits that revealed what was distinctive about each person |
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| realistic portraits that revealed what was distinctive about each person |
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| made more realistic sculptures by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality |
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| made more realistic sculptures by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality |
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| painter/sculpter in the Renaissance era; David was a favorite subject |
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| painter/sculpter in the Renaissance era; David was a favorite subject |
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| a true "Renaissance Man"; studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranges in a lead; filled his notebooks with observations and sketches |
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| a true "Renaissance Man"; studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranges in a lead; filled his notebooks with observations and sketches |
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| learned from studying Michelangelo and Leonardo; one of his favorite subjects was the Madonna and child |
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| learned from studying Michelangelo and Leonardo; one of his favorite subjects was the Madonna and child |
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| first woman artist to gain an international reputation; known for her portraits of her sisters and of prominent people |
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| first woman artist to gain an international reputation; known for her portraits of her sisters and of prominent people |
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| one of the earliest and most influential humanists; has been called the father of Renaissance humanism |
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| one of the earliest and most influential humanists; has been called the father of Renaissance humanism |
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| best known for the "Decameron" |
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| best known for the "Decameron" |
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| a series of realistic, sometimes off-color, stories, written by Boccaccio |
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| a series of realistic, sometimes off-color, stories, written by Boccaccio |
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| wrote political guidebook, "The Prince," which examines how a ruler can gain and keep power in spite of his enemies |
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| wrote political guidebook, "The Prince," which examines how a ruler can gain and keep power in spite of his enemies |
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| most famous person to carry Renaissance back to their homeland; produced woodcuts and carvings that often portrayed classical myths or realistic landscapes |
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| most famous person to carry Renaissance back to their homeland; produced woodcuts and carvings that often portrayed classical myths or realistic landscapes |
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| specialized in creating paintings that are almost photographic in detail |
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| specialized in creating paintings that are almost photographic in detail |
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| the first great Flemish Renaissance painter; used oil-based paints to develop techniques that painters still use |
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| the first great Flemish Renaissance painter; used oil-based paints to develop techniques that painters still use |
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| very skillful in portraying large numbers of people; captured scenes from everyday peasant life |
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| very skillful in portraying large numbers of people; captured scenes from everyday peasant life |
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| wrote "The Praise of Folly" which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. |
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| wrote "The Praise of Folly" which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. |
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| a book, written by Thomas More, that tried to show a better model of society. |
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| a book, written by Thomas More, that tried to show a better model of society. |
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| one of the first women to earn a living as a writer; frequently wrote about the objections men have to educating women |
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| one of the first women to earn a living as a writer; frequently wrote about the objections men have to educating women |
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| invented the printing press |
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| invented the printing press |
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| objections that Martin Luther had to how the Catholic church was run |
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| objections that Martin Luther had to how the Catholic church was run |
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| wrote the "95 Theses"; started the Protestant reformation |
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| wrote the "95 Theses"; started the Protestant reformation |
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| what priest were charging people to pardon their sins |
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| what priest were charging people to pardon their sins |
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| the challenging of the Catholic church and start of the Protestant church |
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| the challenging of the Catholic church and start of the Protestant church |
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| Pope and Emperors Response to the Protestant Reformation |
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| opposition to Luther's teachings and the issuing of the Edict of Worms |
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| opposition to Luther's teachings and the issuing of the Edict of Worms |
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| Pope and Emperors Response to the Protestant Reformation |
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| an agreement that gave rulers control of the religion in their area |
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| an agreement that gave rulers control of the religion in their area |
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| called upon people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church |
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| called upon people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church |
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| Henry VIII's second wife; mother of Elizabeth |
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| Henry VIII's second wife; mother of Elizabeth |
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| the church created by Elizabeth; combined parts of the Catholic and Protestant religions |
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| the church created by Elizabeth; combined parts of the Catholic and Protestant religions |
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| published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" |
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| published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" |
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| the belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved |
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| the belief that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved |
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| opposed the baptism of infants, because they weren't old enough to make the decisions for themselves |
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| opposed the baptism of infants, because they weren't old enough to make the decisions for themselves |
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| members of the Society of Jesus |
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| members of the Society of Jesus |
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| updates to Catholic rules and beliefs in order to appeal to a wider range of people |
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| updates to Catholic rules and beliefs in order to appeal to a wider range of people |
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| an early Portuguese explorer |
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| an early Portuguese explorer |
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| circled Africa with his crew |
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| circled Africa with his crew |
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| divided the globe between two powers: Spain and Portugal |
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| divided the globe between two powers: Spain and Portugal |
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| Leader of the Franks in Gaul; brought Christianity to the region |
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| Leader of the Franks in Gaul; brought Christianity to the region |
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| also known as Charles the Great; son of Pepin the Short; created and empire larger than the Byzantine Empire; Pope declared him the "Roman Emperor" |
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| also known as Charles the Great; son of Pepin the Short; created and empire larger than the Byzantine Empire; Pope declared him the "Roman Emperor" |
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| divided the Roman empire into three kingdoms |
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| divided the Roman empire into three kingdoms |
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| the successive rule of the Pepin the Short and his descendants |
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| the successive rule of the Pepin the Short and his descendants |
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| a piece of land granted, by a lord, to an individual |
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| a piece of land granted, by a lord, to an individual |
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| the person receiving a fief |
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| the person receiving a fief |
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| mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs |
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| mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs |
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| people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born |
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| people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born |
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| church tax representing one-tenth of a persons income |
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| church tax representing one-tenth of a persons income |
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| a complex set of ideals, demanding that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters |
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| a complex set of ideals, demanding that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters |
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| traveling poet-musician at the castles and courts of Europe |
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| traveling poet-musician at the castles and courts of Europe |
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| banishment from the church, thus resulting in the loss of salvation |
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| banishment from the church, thus resulting in the loss of salvation |
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| important religious ceremonies |
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| important religious cermemonies |
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| religious officials; includes bishops and priests |
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| religious officials; includes bishops and priests |
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| church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices |
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| church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices |
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| the new name for the Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Otto. |
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| the new name for the Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Otto. |
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| a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; banned by Pope Gregory VII, in 1075 |
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| a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; banned by Pope Gregory VII, in 1075 |
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| an agreement between the church and the state that said the church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
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| an agreement between the church and the state that said the church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
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| first ruler to call his lands the "Holy Roman Empire"; attacked the rich cities of Italy; had victory at the battle of Legnano |
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| first ruler to call his lands the "Holy Roman Empire"; attacked the rich cities of Italy; had victory at the battle of Legnano |
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| crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800 |
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| crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800 |
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| most effective ruler of Germany; followed the policies of Charlemagne; built up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries) |
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| most effective ruler of Germany; followed the policies of Charlemagne; built up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries) |
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| banishing a king from the church and denying rights to sacraments in his lands, thus denying people that lived there salvation |
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| banishing a king from the church and denying rights to sacraments in his lands, thus denying people that lived there salvation |
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| many village priests were married and had families when marriages were against church rulings; bishops sold positions in the church; kings appointing bishops using the lay investiture |
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| many village priests were married and had families when marriages were against church rulings; bishops sold positions in the church; kings appointing bishops using the lay investiture |
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| the act of selling positions in the church |
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| the act of selling positions in the church |
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| a style of architecture meant to inspire worshipers with the magnificence of God; cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven; had huge stained glass windows |
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| a style of architecture meant to inspire worshipers with the magnificence of God; cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven; had huge stained glass windows |
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| issued a call for what he called a "holy war", thus starting the first crusade |
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| issued a call for what he called a "holy war", thus starting the first crusade |
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| a "holy war" to gain the Holy Land |
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| a "holy war" to gain the Holy Land |
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| a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader; conquered Jerusalem |
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| a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader; conquered Jerusalem |
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| an english king; created a truce with Saladin that left Jerusalem in Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to freely visit the city's holy places |
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| an english king; created a truce with Saladin that left Jerusalem in Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to freely visit the city's holy places |
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| a court held by the church to suppress heresy |
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| a court held by the church to suppress heresy |
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| crusade taking place in 1212; an army of 30,000 children under 18 marched to take back the holy city; did not succeed |
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| crusade taking place in 1212; an army of 30,000 children under 18 marched to take back the holy city; did not succeed |
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| a crusade to drive the Muslims out of Spain; fell to the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs |
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| a crusade to drive the Muslims out of Spain; fell to the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs |
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| to take back the holy land; to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
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| to take back the holy land; to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
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| large churches that were built in city areas and viewed as representations of the City of God |
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| large churches that were built in city areas and viewed as representations of the City of God |
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| lessened power of the Pope and the church; weakening of feudal nobility and increase int he king's power; growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe |
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| lessened power of the Pope and the church; weakening of feudal nobility and increase int he king's power; growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe |
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| made it to where farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half. |
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| made it to where farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half. |
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| to improve the economic and social conditions of the organization's members |
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| to improve the economic and social conditions of the organization's members |
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| the expansion of trade and business |
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| the expansion of trade and business |
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| Dwindling Crusading Spirit |
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| the shift from being motivated to reclaim the Holy Land, to being motivated to earn more riches and become more powerful |
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| the shift from being motivated to reclaim the Holy Land, to being motivated to earn more riches and become more powerful |
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| Dwindling Crusading Spirit |
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| people who used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time |
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| people who used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time |
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| duke of normandy; claimed the english crown and invaded england with a norman army |
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| duke of normandy; claimed the english crown and invaded england with a norman army |
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| added to previous english land holdings by marrying Eleanbor of Aquitaine from France, adding Aquitaine to his holding |
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| added to previous english land holdings by marrying Eleanbor of Aquitaine from France, adding Aquitaine to his holding |
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| the rulings of england's royal judges formed this unified body of law |
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| the rulings of england's royal judges formed this unified body of law |
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| meaning "great charter"; approved by King John; guaranteed certain basic political rights |
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| meaning "great charter"; approved by King John; guaranteed certain basic political rights |
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| a legislative group; brought two knights and two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough, from every country |
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| a legislative group; brought two knights and two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough, from every country |
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| an undistinguished duke from the middle of France that succeeded Louis the Sluggard as emperor |
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| an undistinguished duke from the middle of France that succeeded Louis the Sluggard as emperor |
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| one of the most powerful Captetians; at the age of 15 he set out to regain land that was lost under his father's rule |
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| one of the most powerful Captetians; at the age of 15 he set out to regain land that was lost under his father's rule |
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| wrote The Iliad and The Odysee |
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| Wrote The Iliad and The Odysee |
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| another name for a city-state |
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| a marketplace on a hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city government |
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| A marketplace on a hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city government |
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| government ruled by a single person, the king |
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| A government ruled by a single person, he was the usually called the king |
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| a government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families |
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| a government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families |
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| a government ruled by a few powerful people |
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| a government ruled by a few powerful people |
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| powerful individuals, usually nobles or other wealthy citizens, sometimes seized control of the government by appealing to the common people for support. |
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| powerful individuals, usually nobles or other wealthy citizens, sometimes seized control of the government by appealing to the common people for support. |
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| for the most part, only the _______ received formal education. |
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| sparta was cut of from the rest of greece by the... |
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| sparta was located in the souther part of greece know as the... |
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| located in southern part of greece known as peloponnesus |
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| in 725 bc sparta conquered ________ |
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| when conquered by greece the messenians became... |
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| peasants forced to stay on the land they worked; spartans demanded half of their crops; in 650 BC they revolted against sparts, but, even though outnumber 3-1, managed to take down the revolt |
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| age range for men to stay in the army |
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| replaced bronze in manufacture of weapons, allowing people of all classes to be in the army |
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| where foot-soldiers stood side-by-side holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other |
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| where foot-soldiers stood side-by-side holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other |
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| started in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia. Darius the Great defeated the rebels, even after Athens sent ships and soldiers to the aid of the rebellion. |
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| brought news of persian defeat so that athenians would not give up without a fight; died after running 26 miles to deliver the news |
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| Pheidippides (fy-DIP-uh-DEEZ) |
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| Pheidippides (fy-DIP-uh-DEEZ) |
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| brought news of persian defeat so that athenians would not give up without a fight; died after running 26 miles to deliver the news |
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| assembled enormous invasion force to crush Athens; when at a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae 7,000 greeks including 300 spartans blocked the way; Greeks stopped the advance for three days; |
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| During persian war _____ convinced Athens to evacuate the city and fight at sea. |
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| During persian war he convinced Athens to evacuate the city and fight at sea. |
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| a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives; important legacy of Periclean Athens |
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| a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives; important legacy of Periclean Athens |
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| classified by a standard of valuing harmony, order, balance, and proportion. |
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| classified by a standard of valuing harmony, order, balance, and proportion. |
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| war fought between Sparta and Athens |
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| war fought between Sparta and Athens |
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| thinkers who based their philosophy on two assumptions: the univers is put together in an orderly way, and subject ot absolute and unchanging laws, and people can understand these laws through logic and reason |
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| thinkers who based their philosophy on two assumptions: the univers is put together in an orderly way, and subject ot absolute and unchanging laws, and people can understand these laws through logic and reason |
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| believed absolute standards exist for truth and justice; encouraged greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character; was put to death for "corrupting the youth" and "neglecting the city's gods" |
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| believed absolute standards exist for truth and justice; encouraged greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character; was put to death for "corrupting the youth" and "neglecting the city's gods" |
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| student of socrates; wrote "The Republic", which set forth a vision of a perfectly governed society. it was not a democracy lain down, but a society where everyone would fall naturally into one of three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen as philosopher-king |
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| student of socrates; wrote "The Republic", which set forth a vision of a perfectly governed society. it was not a democracy lain down, but a society where everyone would fall naturally into one of three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen as philosopher-king |
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| questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. Invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic, later applying this method to problems in the fields of psychology, physics, and biology.His work provides the basis of the scientific method we use today. |
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| questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. Invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic, later applying this method to problems in the fields of psychology, physics, and biology.His work provides the basis of the scientific method we use today. |
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| son of Philip; main goal was to defeat persian empire; didn't accept darius iii's offer of giving him all the land west of the euphrates river; welcomed in Egypt and made pharaoh; troops were loyal to him because he gave them an equal share of treasure every time they defeated someone; died at age 32 from an unknown illness after creating the second largest empire of all time. |
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| son of Philip; main goal was to defeat persian empire; didn't accept darius iii's offer of giving him all the land west of the euphrates river; welcomed in Egypt and made pharaoh; troops were loyal to him because he gave them an equal share of treasure every time they defeated someone; died at age 32 from an unknown illness after creating the second largest empire of all time. |
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| became king of macedonia and took control of greek city-states after Alexander died |
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| became king of macedonia and took control of greek city-states after Alexander died |
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| seized Egypt after bringing the body of Alexander to them to be burried |
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| seized Egypt after bringing the body of Alexander to them to be burried |
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| took most of the old Persian Empire, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom. Rulers here governed with complete power over their subjects. |
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| took most of the old Persian Empire, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom. Rulers here governed with complete power over their subjects. |
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| became foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization |
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| became foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization |
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| had great library, the great lighthouse, and the birthplace of the earliest known steam engine |
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| had great library, the great lighthouse, and the birthplace of the earliest known steam engine |
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| correctly estimated the value of pi |
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| correctly estimated the value of pi |
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| bronze statue standing more than 100 feet high; one of the seven wonders of the ancient world |
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| bronze statue standing more than 100 feet high; one of the seven wonders of the ancient world |
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| original inhabitants of Rome |
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| the original inhabitants of Rome |
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| officials elected to represent the lower class |
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| officials elected to represent the lower class |
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| art that the Romans were very skilled in |
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| art that the Romans were very skilled in |
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| first bishop of Jerusalem |
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| first bishop of Jerusalem |
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| group that continually invaded the Roman Empire to escape the Huns |
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| group that continually invaded the Roman Empire to escape the Huns |
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| invented by the Romans and used to transport water |
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| invented by the Romans and used to transport water |
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| After Caesar's assassination, his adopted son Octavion, trusted general Marc Antony, and Lepidus formed... |
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| a group of three rulers with equal power |
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| Person that conquered Gaul |
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| family of languages evolved from Latin |
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| the romance or romantic languages |
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| the romance or romantic languages |
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| family of languages evolved from Latin |
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| reason(s) Christianity was able to take such a hold in Rome |
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1) it welcomes all
2) it started in areas of trade |
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1) it welcomes all
2) it started in areas of trade |
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| reason(s) Christianity was able to take such a hold in Rome |
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| name for the group of people that are believed to have written the Gospels |
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| name for the people that are believed to have written the Gospels |
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| moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium |
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1) moved capital of Rome to Byzantium
2) legalized Christianity in Rome after he converted |
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| Indirectly responsible for the Germanic assault on Rome |
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| indirectly responsible for the Germanic assault on Rome; great Asian (mongolian) conquerer |
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| wealthy, land-owning population during Roman Republic |
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| wealthy, land-owning population during Roman Republic |
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| the twins that, according to legend, founded Rome |
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| the twins that, according to legend, founded Rome |
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| the year Rome was founded in |
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| the year Rome was founded in |
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| the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population |
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| the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population |
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| two officials that, like kings, commended the army and directed the government, but their power was limited; elected to rule for one year and couldn't be elected again for ten years after serving a term |
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| two officials that, like kings, commended the army and directed the government, but their power was limited; elected to rule for one year and couldn't be elected again for ten years after serving a term |
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| aristocratic branch of Romes government; had 300 members; members were chosen from the upper class |
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| aristocratic branch of Romes government; had 300 members; members were chosen from the upper class |
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| leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army |
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| leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army |
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| fought between 264 and 146 BC between Rome and Carthage |
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| fought between 264 and 146 BC between Rome and Carthage |
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| the new name given to Octavian |
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| the new name given to Octavian |
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| period of peace in Rome from 27 BC to 180 AD |
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| period of peace in Rome from 27 BC to 180 AD; means Roman Peace |
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| person who was a priest and supervised several local churches |
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| person who was a priest and supervised several local churches |
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| father or head of the Christian church |
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| father or head of the Christian church |
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| foreign soldiers that fought for money |
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| foreign soldiers that fought for money |
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| new name for Byzantium; capital of Rome |
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| new name for Byzantium; capital of Rome |
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| wrote the most famous work of Latin literature, Aeneid |
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| wrote the most famous work of Latin literature, Aeneid |
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