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| While FDR was president, Albert Einstein informed him of the a project the Germans were working on in creating a nuclear device that can cause much destruction. FDR gathered a group of scientists of all fields together to create such a weapon to use against the Germans. When Truman became president, he was briefed on the project and then he agreed to use it on Japan and not Germans. |
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| The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 provided housing, education, and job training subsidies to veterans. This was the beginning of college education becoming available to those who were not from prestigious families. |
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| Dramatic rise in birth rats during the post-World War II. |
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| After the Brown v. Board of Education decision, which began the desegregation of public schools, white people began to flock towards white suburbs, leaving urban neighborhoods behind. |
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| Government effort to draw women out of their homes and into war-time production work. The campaign was pushed persistently because the government wanted the women to free men so they can have the opportunity to fight abroad. The icon was meant to stand for power and freedom for women, but they were only given as much freedom as the government wanted them because they were expected to go back to their tame lives at home after the war. |
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| Foreign policy by president Truman that was part of the containment of communism. The policy stated that the U.S. will give aid to countries who are not wanting to fall under a dictator or communist reign. |
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| United States policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to limit the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a domino effect. |
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| Named after Joseph McCarthy; politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. It describes activities associated with the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of Communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. |
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| American broadcast journalist. He first came to prominence with a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II, which were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada. A pioneer of television news broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of TV news reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy |
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| House Committee on Un-American Activities. The committee was developed to investigate those who were suspected to be involved with communists. A target for the committee were directors, writers and actors. The Hollywood Ten, which consisted of the former were black-listed from major studios because of the accusation of communism that was glued to their names. |
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| 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea, capturing it’s capital, Seoul. U.S. intervened because of the desire to not have South Korea fall victim to the oppressions that North Korea was trying to inflict. |
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| entertainment industry blacklist, into which it expanded—was the mid-twentieth-century list of screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other U.S. entertainment professionals who were denied employment in the field because of their political beliefs or associations, real or suspected. Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy toward the American Communist Party, involvement in liberal or humanitarian political causes that enforcers of the blacklist associated with communism, and/or refusal to assist federal investigations into Communist Party activities; some were blacklisted merely because their names came up at the wrong place and time. |
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| President Eisenhower’s new foreign policy. Deals with foreign threats with massive retaliation, involvement with foreign alliances rather than direct forces. |
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| , massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. However, the Soviet’s adopted the same policy, so both sides assured destruction if the other attacked. |
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| Third world countries were those that neither were industrialized or prosperous or with a committed government. The first world was the U.S., Western Europe, and Japan. The Second world being communist countries. The third world countries were those that both the first and second world nations were trying to protect for their own interest. |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessey v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.. |
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| Birmingham Alabama had the worse of the violence with protests. KKK members as well as the sheriff were cruel to the peaceful protestors. Birmingham received the nickname of “Bombingham” because of the mass amounts of bombings that occurred. For instance, two young girls were murdered in their Baptist church when KKK members bombed it. |
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| political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. It also had many important people that were all involved in eliminating bus segregation, such as Martin Luther King Jr., and others; led to a .U.S. supreme court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional. |
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| the movement emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. |
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| originally a youth movement that began in the U.S. Hippie fashions and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and Eastern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a wide audience. The hippie legacy can be observed in contemporary culture in myriad forms. |
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| series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when gays and lesbians fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted homosexuals, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States. |
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| inflation and economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time. |
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| Domestic programs created by President Lyndon Johnson to eliminate poverty and racial injustice. It resembled the New Deal of FDR, but focused on education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation |
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| calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the U.S. the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms. |
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| activists who rode on interstate buses into segregated southern U.S. to test the Supremes Courts decision of having bus’s integrated |
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| a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and of racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period |
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| was an unsuccessful attempt by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency in the United States. |
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| was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is termed the "Caribbean Crisis" The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war. The Americans feared the Soviet expansion of communism or socialism, but for a Latin American country to ally openly with the USSR was regarded as unacceptable, given the Russo-American enmity since the end of the Second World War in 1945. |
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| On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed an Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the notions of the "Ugly American" and "Yankee imperialism," especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia. The Peace Corps sends American volunteers around the globe, to more than 70 countries, to work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, and entrepreneurs in the areas of education, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment. |
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| The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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| was a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed on August 7,1964 in response to two alleged minor naval skirmishes off the coast of North Vietnam between U.S. destroyers and North Vietnamese torpedo boats, known collectively as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Tonkin Resolution is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorized the President "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom." |
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| - was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong, or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, and the North Vietnamese army, or People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies during theVietnam War. The purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple theSaigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow |
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| - is a french term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. t is primarily used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s |
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| - as an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Milk served 11 months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for the city. On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White, another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back. |
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| was aGovernor of Alabama for four terms. He is best known for his Southernpopulist[1] pro-segregation attitudes during the American desegregation period, convictions he abandoned later in life. Wallace was shot four times by Arthur Bremer while campaigning in Laurel, Maryland, on May 15, 1972 at a time when he was receiving high ratings in the opinion polls. Following the shooting, Wallace easily won the gubernatorial primary election election of November 1974. |
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| was a political scandal during the presidencyof Richard Nixon that resulted in the indictment and conviction of several of Nixon's closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974.The scandal began with the arrest of five men for breaking and enteringinto the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. FBI revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff. They also revealed the immense scope of crimes and abuses, which included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping on a massive scale, and a secret slush fundlaundered in Mexico to pay those who conducted these operations.[1] This secret fund was also used as hush money to buy the silence of the seven men who were indicted for the June 17 break-in |
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| originally abbreviated CRP but now usually called CREEP, was a fundraising organization of United StatesPresident Richard Nixon's administration. Besides its re-election activities, CREEP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal.CREEP used US$500,000 in funds raised to reelect President Nixon to pay legal expenses for the five Watergate burglars after their indictment in September 1972, in exchange for their silence and perjury. This act helped turn the burglary into an explosive political scandal |
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| were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The Accords led directly to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. They also resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. |
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| was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 66 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian revolution. The crisis has also been described as the "pivotal episode" in the history of U.S.-Iranian relations. In America, it is thought by some political analysts to be the primary reason for U.S. President Jimmy Carter's defeat in the November 1980 presidential election |
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1. reduce the growth of government spending,
2. reduce income and capital gains marginal tax rates,
3. reduce government regulation of the economy,
4. control the money supply to reduce inflation.
In attempting to cut back on domestic spending while lowering taxes, Reagan's approach was a departure from his immediate predecessors. |
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| known as the Religious Right and the Evangelical Bloc, is a term used predominantly in the United States and Canada to describe a spectrum of right-wing Christian political and social movements and organizations characterized by their strong support of conservative social and political values |
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| A wave of tax revolts began in the late 1970s and were particularly popular in the West. In 1978, voters in California passed Proposition 13, sponsored by Howard Jarvis and passed overwhelmingly by voters in 1978, which drastically limited property tax levels in the state. |
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| published 19 February 1963 is a book written by Betty Friedan which brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women's lives, which was generally kept hidden. According to The New York Times obituary of Friedan in 2006, it “ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” and “is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.” |
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| refer to policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative action is twofold: to maximize diversity in all levels of society, along with its presumed benefits, and to redress perceived disadvantages due to overt, institutional, or involuntary discrimination. |
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| tent cities on the outskirts of the cities. Hoover said federal gov’t not responsible to give aid to the people during the great depression. Led to increasing anger against Hoover who approved federal funding for agriculture with the Ag Marketing Act and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff and bank bailouts. Many people blamed Hoover for the crisis and named the shantytowns that the unemployed people established Hoovervilles. |
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| FDR was having trouble getting because the court kept overturning laws that were passed as part of the new deal. FDR wanted to overhaul the Supreme Court, and add 6 new justices. Convinced no program of reform would survive the conservative justices, who had already struck down the NRA.Claimed the courts were overworked and needed add’l manpower and younger blood in order to cope with their increasing burdens. Real purpose was to appoint new liberal justices and chg the balance of the court. Conservatives were outraged and many FDR supporters disturbed. SC itself intervened, passed the Social Security Act, upheld the Wagner Act, and upheld the state min. wage law. Did lasting political damage to the admin as other Dems and many conservatives voted against FDR’s measures much more often than they had in the past. |
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| ,000 veterans and their families camped in DC to get their $1,000 payment of bonus money in 1932 instead of waiting until 1945, about 45,000 people. Hoover was more concerned about balancing the budget. The marchers promised to stay in DC until Congress approved their demand. This embarrassed president Hoover and he sends the army w/tear gas and bullets on the crowd of veterans. Hoover said once they disperse to leave them alone but MacArther led the army and used extreme force against the crowd with tanks and machine guns, followed the marchers over the Anacostia River where he ordered the soldiers to burn the tents to the ground. This was the final blow to Hoovers already tottering political standing and he became the symbol of the nation’s failure. Congress had passed a resolution to give the bonuses but he Senate stops it. |
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| 1st agenda item for FDR was to save the banks : 2 days after taking office, FDR closed all the banks for 4 days and Congress passed The Emergency Bank Act, also called the Bank Holiday where banks closed for a few days so the gov’t could determine if they were solvent. Created a general sense of relief and hope and helped relieve the panic. Some banks were ok, others were absorbed into other banks, some closed. This encouraged people to put their money back in the banks and the FDIC was soon created to give people security with their money, federally insured all bank deposits up to $2,500. |
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| FDR explained in simple terms his programs and plans to the people over the radio, exuded confidence, cheerfulness, people believed in Roosevelt, helped build public confidence in the administration |
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| Roosevelt’s programs of the New Deal had lots of intials and became known as alphabet soup: FDIC, FERA (Fed Emergency Relief Act, CCC civilian conservation corps, CWA Civilian works admin, AAA Ag adj Act, TVA Tenn Valley Authority |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority, Gov’t wanted to bring electricity to the South by building 20 dams in the TN valley to provide cheap electricity. Gov’t bought people out of their land often for very little money. TVA was authorized to complete the stalled dam at Muscle Shoals and build others, provide electricity to the public at reasonable rates. As a result, the South had access to electricity, people could be better educated now that they could work on homework at night. Flooding was reduced b/c of the dams, also allowed for irrigation and that improved ag. |
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| Works Progress Admin – a system of work relief for the unemployed. funding to build airports, hospitals, schools, roads, bridges, plus gov’t hire historiains to find slaves and collect history of their story and document it, paid photographers to document the Dust Bowl exodus and subsidized the arts. Kept 2.1 million workers employed and pumped money into the economy. |
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| passed, people thought it was socialist, money took responsibility for well being of its people, changed relationship between gov’t and the people. SS Act of 1935 came out of the New Deal. Federally sponsored social insurance for the elderly and unemployed. Elderly: presently destitute could receive up to $15 a month in fed assistance, incorporated presently working Americans into a pension system which they and their employers would contribute through a payroll tax to provide them with an income on retirement. The largest programs of unemployement insurance and old-age pensions based on need. Initially the planners believed these groups were small and genuinely unable to support themselves, but they expanded beyond what the planners imagined. |
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| Senator, known for progressive accomplishments: building roads, schools, hospitals, revising tax codes, distributing free textbooks, lowering utility rates. Said the New Deal didn’t go far enough. Nickname was The King Fish, wanted a wealth redistribution program called Share Our Wealth. Max income would be $1 million, anything over that would be redistributed. Distribute surplus wealth of the rich to the poor and end the Depression, would guarantee every family a min homestead of $5,000 and annual wage of $2,500. Established the “Share-Our-Wealth Society that attracted a large national following. Wrote a book called, “I, President” explaining how he would fix America. He was assassinated in 1935. |
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| Catholic Priest with weekly sermons broadcast nationally on the radio, initially big FDR fan and considered himself a personal friend. Proposed series of monetary reforms-remonetization of silver, issuing of greenbacks and nationalization of the banking system, which he insisted would restore prosperity and ensure economic justice. FDR distances himself from him and Coughlin begins lambasting FDR on the radio. Established his own political org called the National Union for Social Justice. Eventually loses his popularity from his anti-Semitic comments. |
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| End Poverty in California. Upton Sinclair, the writer and socialist, ran for governor of California on the Democratic ticket. His 1934 platform was entitled “End Poverty in California” (EPIC), and its goal was to turn over factories and agricultural land laying fallow to workers to be run as cooperatives. Sinclair argued that traditional relief operations financially benefited political machines rather than the poor. He felt that farm and industrial cooperatives—voluntary, democratic, and jointly owned enterprises created to meet economic and social needs.. FDR doesn’t give Sinclair his endorsement, which was the last nail in the EPIC campaign. MGM makes fake movies of people coming to CA to get $$$ from Sinclair, turned political momentum against Sinclair |
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| of 1935 – designed to keep the US from being drug into conflict. Mandatory arms embargo with both sides in any military conflict, directed the president wot warn American citizens against traveling on the ships of warring nations. US will not differentiate between aggressor and victim, treat both sides the same and won’t trade with any country at war. Ships going thru those waters do so at their own risk. 1936-Suspends loaning to belligerent nations, excluding civil wars. As a result, isolationists believed the protection of neutral rights could not again become an excuse from American intervention in war. 1937 – targeted Spain, would no longer trade w/Spain, no citizens allowed to travel to warring nations, civil wars not included in belligerent nations. Led to the cash and carry policy At the outbreak of war in Europe, Theodore Roosevelt responded with neutrality policy. In 1939, Roosevelt asked Congress to revise the cash-and-carry law in order to allow aid to belligerent nations Allied armies against Germany. |
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| December 7, 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. December 8, 1941 US declare war on Japan. December 11, 1941 Germany & Ital declare war on the US. Although we had radar, it was new and blips were mistaken for seagulls. Despite Pearl Harbor, US war effort focused on Europe & Germany. US bombs Tokyo months later and took Japan completely by surprise. US had begun trade embargo against Japan in 1940 for their acts against China. Japanese assets were frozen in the US. Petroleum issue-this was Japan’s main supply, but Japan took it from invading Indonesia and then wanted to scare US out of fighting the war by wiping out the US Pacific Fleet. |
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| , agriculture business. When the war started, the Oakies were able to get better jobs and leave the fields. US agreed w/Mexico to pay Mexican workers for transport and wages through the season, housing and transport back to Mexico. Large numbers of Mexican workers entered the US during this time. Cost a lot of money. Bracero = contract laborer. Some worked as farm labor, many found factory jobs for the first time. 2nd largest group of migrants next the African Americans, sudden expansion led to racial tensions in cities, LA white residents alarmed because of the way teenagers dressed (zoot-suits). In 1943, sailors at a base in Long Beach invaded a Mexican community and attacked the zoot-suiters, police did little to protect the Mexicans, and when they fought back against the sailors, they were arrested. |
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| born out of the neutrality act of 1935 – warring nations could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the US only by paying cash and shipping them themselves. Countries could come to the US and buy weapons for cash but we wouldn’t ship them out. In 1939, Roosevelt asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts and lift the arms embargo against any nation engaged in war so the US could aid the Allied armies against Germany. The law was revised to permit belligerents to purchase arms on the same cash-and-carry basis |
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lend Britain weapons and 32 billion $$$, 11 billion to France, Britain now BK.authorized the lease or loan of military supplies to any country whose defense the President deemed vital to the defense of the US. In the last months of 1940, nations like Britain were bankrupt and couldn’t afford the cash-and-carry program requirements of the Neutrality Act.. Roosevelt proposed a new system for supplying Britain arms called Lend-Lease, allowed the gov’t to sell or lease weapons to any nation deemed pivotal in the defense of the US. Basically the US funneled weapons to Britain on the promise to return them when the war was over.
Garden hose fireside chats – don’t let your neighbors house burn down to save yours. |
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| Gentlemen’s Agmt restricted all immigration. Alien land law said Japanese were unfit to become US citizens, meant non-whites couldn’t buy land. Lt. Gen John DeWitt in charge, said “no sabotage yet, but its coming”. Japanese American Citizens League mandates Japanese people cooperate, sell what they own and move to temp shelters inland, basically horse stalls and barracks, behind barbed wire in the wilderness. Justification: this was a military necessity, too high of risk of sabotage. Consequences: curfew and confiscation, can’t be out after 7:00 pm, raids by police of community, order to report and wait for evacuation, liquidation of property, short tem housing was race tracks, horse stalls, humiliation of accusation of disloyalty, which was a terrible shame to the Japanese. Impact on family couldn’t eat a t table together, kids and parents separated, no privacy, tiny sheds, shared bathrooms with no stalls. Hypocrisy of “Evacuation” gov’t was uncomfortable w/what they were doing, didn’t jive w/American principles, especially w/Germans and Jews, so they called them relocation centers and evacuation. No justifiable military reason, HI still had Japanese free on the islands b/c the military needed them to work to support the war effort. |
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| 442nd Regimental Combat Team |
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| took a lot of risks. “Go for Broke!” was their motto. Combat team comprised of all Japanese led by whites. The had to sign affirming allegiance to the US – there were 2 questions, if you said no to either you didn’t get let out of the camps until much later. You had to have been born in the US. Most decorated fighting force. Very high casualty rate of 314%: 3000 men and 9000 purple hearts. Popular opinion of Japanese Americans improves after the war slowly, propaganda helped spur acceptance. |
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| All African American fighter squadron, Eleanor Roosevelt supported. Trained to fly escort on daytime bombing missions. Never lost a bomber and they were the only squadron that this ever was the case. |
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| US used Navajo Indians to communicate in their native tongue, which was an unbreakable code of the Navajo language, which was encoded, enemy fordces would be unlikely to understand. They were the radio operators, relaying info from base to the front lines during the war. Brought Indians into close contact (often for the 1st time) with white society, awakened among some of them a taste for the material benefits of life in a capitalist America that they would retain after the war. Some never returned to the reservations but remained in the non-Indian world and assimilated to its ways |
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| D-Day, June 6, 1944 Masterful strategy of the allies. Germans thought Patton would lead the invasion, but we found a German spy and told the Germans that Patton was leading an invasion at Calay, France. US made an entire fake camp, including inflatable tanks, tents, fooled German intelligence, so Hitler kept his tanks in reserve at Calay for the “real” invasion. There were 3 phases: bombardment by Naval ships at night which dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines to take out communications, but a lot of them died. 2) 4,000 vessels landed troops on and supplies on the beach the next morning, 130,000 troops landed at the beach in 5 sections. Omaha beach still had barbed wire and pill boxes, where Germans still had their full defenses so many men dropped off in 10 feet deep water and drowned. The fighting was intense, but gradually the superior manpower and equipment of the Allied forces prevailed. 3) Liberation of Paris – French heard we were coming and began to revolt against Germany, and Hitler surrendered Paris. |
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| Office of War Information |
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| OWI, kept peoples support and morale for the war high, the official propaganda of the gov’t for the war to shape peoples’ opinions about the war. Used films, news stories, pamphlets, posters. Produced Hollywood films and cartoons, training films, gov’t propaganda pieces, shown by the USO (United Svc Organization). "Uncle Sam wants you!" That's what Americans read on posters during World War II. To attract U.S. citizens to jobs in support of the war effort, the government created the Office of War Information (OWI) on June 13, 1942, seven months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. OWI photographers documented American life and culture by showing aircraft factories, members of the armed forces, and women in the workforce. Using propaganda (photographs and captions with emotional content), the OWI aimed to inspire patriotic fervor in the American public. The OWI also documented social change, including the massive movement of women into the workforce and the advancement of African Americans in the military. |
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| Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp, women’s army. Established to work with the Army, "for the purpose of making available to the national defense the knowledge, skill, and special training of the women of the nation." The Army would provide up to 150,000 "auxiliaries" with food, uniforms, living quarters, pay, and medical care. Women officers would not be allowed to command men. The Director of the WAAC was assigned the rank of major. WAAC first, second, and third officers served as the equivalents of captains and lieutenants in the Regular Army, but received less pay than their male counterparts of similar rank. |
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| During World War II, a select group of young women pilots became pioneers, heroes, and role models...They were the Women Airforce Service Pilots, the first women in history trained to fly American military aircraft. |
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Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service = women’s navy, members held same ranks and pay grades as regular personnel, subject to the same disciplinary actions
Scarce child care led to latchkey children or eight-hour orphans, at home alone or sometimes locked in cars in a factory parking lot while their mothers worked. Juvenile crime rose rapidly for car theft and burglary, vandalism and vagrancy, high school enrollment went down because many teenagers between 14 and 18 were working in the last years of the war. |
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| Code name for atomic bomb, Einstein had warned T Roosevelt that using power of the atom or fission an intense bomb could be created and that German scientists were already making one. A race to beat the Germans in creating the atomic bomb.Project ran by J. Robert Oppenheimer, work done in Los Alamos, NM, very secret project. Devised in the Manhattan Engineer District Office of the Army Corps of Engineers. Gov’t secretly spent $2 billion into the project, a massive scientific and technological effort conducted in hidden laboratories. The first test bomb named Trinity was exploded in Alamogordo MN while Truman was in Germany attending a conference of Allied leaders. He issued an ultimatum to the Japanese demanding that they surrender by Aug 3 or face utter devastation. When they failed to meet the deadline, Truman ordered the air forced use the new atomic bomb on the Japanese and dropped the first one in Hiroshima, incinerating a 4-square-mile area, and days later another was dropped on Nagasaki. On Sept 2, 1945, Japanese officials signed articles of surrender in Tokyo Bay. |
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the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, provided housing, education and job training subsidies to veterans. Result was more than 2 years of inflation, where prices rose at rates of 14 to 15 percent a year, and a sharp rise in labor tensions. Made it possible for returning servicemen to buy homes, get college education. Provided federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education. This act provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies, equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act included the following:
1. The Federal Government would subsidize tuition, fees, books, and educational materials for veterans and contribute to living expenses incurred while attending college or other approved institutions.
2. Veterans were free to attend the educational institution of their choice.
3. Colleges were free to admit those veterans who met their admissions requirements.
Within the following 7 years, approximately 8 million veterans received educational benefits. Of that number, approximately 2,300,000 attended colleges and universities, 3,500,000 received school training, and 3,400,000 received on-the-job training. By 1951, this act had cost the government a total cost of approximately $14 billion. |
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| The national birth rate had begun rising during the war. In 1957 population peaked, increasing from 150 million in 1950 to 179 million in 1960, a 20% increase in a decade. Resulted in increased consumer demand and expanding economic growth. |
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| a shift away from assimilation toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness by instilling racial pride in AA, but also created a wide gap within the civil rights movement. The NAACP and MLK were working with peaceful means for change. Black Power called for more radical and sometimes violent means against the racism of white society, openly rejected the approaches of older more established black leaders. Black Panthers in Oakland wanted militant resistance, sho3wed up at the capital bldy w/shotguns and would follow police cars. The Nation of Islam, which called whites “devils” and appealed to blacks to embrace the Islamic faith and work for complete racial separation. Malcolm Little or Malcolm X, a Black Muslim was assassinated in 1965 by black gunmen was as important to and revered by as many African Americans as MLK. Mainstream America becomes less and less supportive because of the militancy, and turned a lot of people off from civil rights movement. |
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CIA covert op to get indigenous people to oust Communist leader Castro but it was a disaster. 1500 Cuban exiles were sent to rebel, landed at the Bay of Pigs expecting first American air support and then an uprising of the Cuban people, but they received neither. At the last minute, Kennedy withdrew the air support, and the expected uprising didn’t occur either. Instead they all got killed by Castro. So they initiate Operation Mongoose, an op to get rid of Castro, tried to assassinate him 6 times or so with things like poisoned cigars but all those attempts failed.
was an unsuccessful attempt by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency in the United States. |
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| Soviets were planning a missile base in Cuba. US intelligence had aerial photos of a Soviet missile base in Cuba being built. US had a base in Turkey. JFK orders a naval and air blockade to Cuba and Soviet ships. Leads to major tension w/Krushchev of Russia. Preparations were under way for a US air attack on the missile sites when Kennedy got a call from Krushchev. Soviets said if we move out of Turkey, they’d move out of Cuba, which JFK agrees to, also agrees not to invade Cuba and take out Castro. Creates a direct line, a red phone between the Kremlin and the US. US bans travel to Cuba, still in effect today, it’s a federal crime to travel to Cuba. |
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Tet is a major Vietnamese holiday. On that day, N. Vietnamese carried out a massive assault on S. Vietnam, and it took months to push them out of S. Vietnam. Walter Cronkite editorial said the war wasn’t winnable after the attack, and people believed him. LBJ decides not to run for re-election, he’d lost the south and felt guilty about what was going on in Vietnam.
was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong, or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, and the North Vietnamese army, or People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies during theVietnam War. The purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple theSaigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow |
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| Nixon’s proposal, a plan to end the war, known as the Nixon Doctrine, putting the running of the war in the hands of the Vietnamese, US would give weapons and aid, money and training but no boots on the ground, to train, and equip S Vietnamese military to assume the combat in place of American troops. Gradual w/d so S. Vietnamese could stand on their own. Led to w/d of 60,000 troops, from a peak of 540,000 in 1969 to about 60,000. Nixon also tried to negotiate w/N. Vietnamese and increased bombing there, called Operation Linebacker. Also bombing into Cambodia and Laos where the North would go to attack into the South. After x-mas bombing of 72-73, the North came to the bargaining table. |
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of the minds, closer and less hostile relations with communist countries. In 1971, Nixon went to communist China and recognized the People’s Republic of China. UN admitted China . In 1972, Nixon paid a formal visit to china, erasing much of the deep animosity between the US and Chinese communists, led to low-level diplomatic relations between the two countries. Effort by the Nixon admin to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In 1971, American and Soviet diplomats produced the first treaty, SALT.
is a french term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. t is primarily used in reference to the general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s |
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| Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Limited number of nuclear weapons Russia and the US would make. Singed by Nixon in May of 1971. |
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Committee to Re-Elect the President. CREEP was officially designated CRP and stands for the Committee to Reelect the President Nixon. Head Atty Gen John Mitchell, plumbers who’s job it was to stop leaks, would break into offices and steal stuff to blackmail them with, employed dirty trick to undermine critics and democrats. In the Watergate Scandal, one of the five men arrested and convicted of burglarizing the Democratic headquarters in the Watergate Hotel (James W. McCord, Jr.) was Chief of Security for CRP. It was later found out that McCord received payments from CREEP.
originally abbreviated CRP but now usually called CREEP, was a fundraising organization of United StatesPresident Richard Nixon's administration. Besides its re-election activities, CREEP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal.CREEP used US$500,000 in funds raised to reelect President Nixon to pay legal expenses for the five Watergate burglars after their indictment in September 1972, in exchange for their silence and perjury. This act helped turn the burglary into an explosive political scandal |
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| were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The Accords led directly to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. They also resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. |
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| was a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, over an arms-for-hostages deal with Iran and funding for the Nicaraguan Contras.t began as an operation to improve U.S.-Iranian relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a relatively moderate, politically influential group of Iranians; the U.S. would then resupply Israel and receive the Israeli payment. The Iranian recipients promised to do everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages, who were being held by the Lebanese Shia Islamist group Hezbollah, who were unknowingly connected to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution. The plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. |
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| he Persian Gulf War, or simply the Gulf War, also known as the First Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991)[9][10] was a United Nations-authorized military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990. Though there were nearly three dozen member states of the coalition, the overwhelming majority of the military forces participating were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. The majority of the war costs were paid by Saudi Arabia - around $40 billion of approximately $60 billion |
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was a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. The news of this extra-marital affair and the resulting investigation eventually led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives and his subsequent acquittal on all charges (of perjury and obstruction of justice) in a 21-day Senate trial.
In 1995, Monica Lewinsky, a graduate of Lewis & Clark College, was hired to work as an intern at the White House during Clinton's first term.
As Lewinsky's relationship with Clinton became more distant and after she had left the White House to work at the Pentagon, Lewinsky confided details of her feelings and Clinton's behavior to her friend and Defense Department co-worker Linda Tripp, who secretly recorded their telephone conversations. When Tripp discovered in January 1998 that Lewinsky had signed an affidavit in the Paula Jones case denying a relationship with Clinton, she delivered the tapes to Kenneth Starr, the Independent Counsel who was investigating Clinton on various other matters, including the Whitewater scandal, Filegate, and Travelgate. |
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| 2000 Presidential Election |
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| was a contest between Republican candidate George W. Bush, then-governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush (1989-1993), and Democratic candidate Al Gore, then-Vice President. Bill Clinton, the incumbent President, was vacating the position after serving the maximum two terms allowed by the Twenty-second Amendment. Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266 (with one elector abstaining in the official tally). The election was noteworthy for a controversy over the awarding of Florida's 25 electoral votes, the subsequent recount process in that state, and the unusual event of the winning candidate having received fewer popular votes than the runner-up.[1] It was the closest election since 1876. Attorney and political activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and his running mate was Native American activist Winona LaDuke of Minnesota. |
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| The September 11 attacks (often referred to as 9/11, pronounced nine-eleven) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.[1][2] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying at least two nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights. |
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