Term
| How many southerners resisted efforts by the government of the Confederacy during the Civil War? |
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Definition
| Some white southerners opposed secession and war. Many white people in poorer backcountry and upcountry regions where slavery was limited refused to recognize the confederate government and serve in the southern army. |
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Term
| The Confederacy military draft and its consequences. |
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Definition
| In April 1862 conscription act passed which subjected all white males between 18-35 to military service for three years. Draftee could avoid service if he furnished a substitute. And if there were over 20 slaves on the plantation he could be exempt. So the rich didn't fight. The act was repealed in 1863. But it was successful for a time allowing the army to reach 500,000 and 900,000 served at one point or another. |
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Term
| The wartime South's internal economy problems and changes. |
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Definition
Huge inflation occured in the south because most of their assets were in slaves and land. So to fund the war the government printed paper money. In addition there was no uniform currency which created panick and confusion. 9000 percent inflation. The war also cut off the south from markets and made foreign trade difficult. Blockade was formed, fighting destroyed the land, and railroads.
Basically the south had shortages of everything, inflation, and production dropped. |
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Term
General Ulysses S. Grant's view of what the union army's key strategic objectives should be against the confederacy.
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Definition
| The key military targets should be the enemies armies and resources and not the territory. |
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Term
In the Civil War, the role that amateur officers played in the lower levels of the military command by both the union and confederate armies.
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Definition
| These men rarely amounted to real officers with skill but they did serve the purpose of raising volunteer armies. They were commonly economic or social leaders in their communities. |
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Term
| England and its support for the Union during the course of the civil war. |
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Definition
| England was sympathetic to the confederacy, but hesitant to aid the conflict directly. This was due to importation of cotton and a desire to weaken the US. Powerful popular support for the union in england prevented official aid. Tensions rose between the two countries. Britain sold the Confederacy 6 ships. |
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Term
| The outcome of the First battle of manassas or bull run in 1861 |
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Definition
| Almost succeeded in dispersing confederate forces but the southerners stopped a last strong assault and then counterattacked. The union troops broke ranks and retreated. Blow to union morale and to the president's confidence in his officers. Showed the war would be long |
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Term
| By the end of 1862, union forces progress in west, its lack of success in the East , and its closure of the mouth of the Mississippi to confederate trade. |
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Definition
| Union hit the mississippi from the north and the south. Took New orleans. This closed the mouth of the missssippi from trade and banking. Grant took fort henry and fort donelson in tennessee. Grant then took the battle of shiloh and corinth mississippi, a hub of important railroads. |
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Term
| The design of the peninsular campagin in 1862, what it showed about McClellan and its results. |
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Definition
| He wasn't very aggressive and was more indirect in his attacks. Choosing to avoid the souths defenses and move his troops by boat to the peninsula outside richmond virginia. At the same time south forces marched as if toward washington and lincoln sent Dowell to head them off. The union soldiers here were beaten. They never attacked richmond in the compaign. He delayed a lot. |
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Term
| The results and consequences for the battles of antietam in 1862, vicksburg and gettysburg in 1863 and the wilderness campaign in 1864 |
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Definition
antietam: Union victory but Mcclellan missed his opportunity to crush Lee's forces and allowed them to retreat. He was then removed from his position.
Vicksburg: great victory for the union that separated the confederacy by giving the union control of the length of the mississippi.
Gettysburg: last threat to the Northern land by the South. Huge losses for the south.
Wilderness campaign: A push by Grant to smash lee's army and then assault Richmond. Lots of men died. |
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Term
| What general william T sherman's "March to the Sea" in 1864 was designed to accomplish. |
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Definition
| The goal was to deprive the south of resources and materials to supply its forces. The march to the sea cut a 60 mile swath across the land of destruction. Then he took sevannah at the end. |
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Term
| What brought about Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at appomattox court house? |
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Definition
| Lee was cut off from the south as Grant captured a railroad junction. Lee was separated from the rest of the confederate forces and trapped. Forced to surrender to avoid useless bloodshed. |
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Term
| By 1865, how southern blacks defined freedom? |
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Definition
| End of slavery and acquisition of rights and protections that would allow them to live as free men and women did. Independence of white control. |
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Term
| What was the freedman's bureau, what was it created to, and what did it accomplish? |
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Definition
| An agency of the army directed by general oliver O Howard. Distributed food to millions of former slaves. Established schools. Made efforts to settle black on lands of their own. Meant to be temporary, one year, |
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Term
| Radical republicans plan for reconstruction and what they wanted to accomplish. |
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Definition
Punishment of the confederacy military leaders, disenfrachised southern whites, legal rights of former slaves be protected, and the property of wealthy white southerners who had aided the confederacy be confiscated and distributed among freedmen.
some wanted sufferage |
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Term
| What was president abraham Lincoln's 10 percent plan for the south? |
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Definition
Offered amnesty to white southerners, other than high officials of the confederacy. if they would pledge loyalty to the government and accept the elimination of slavery.
When 10 percent of the voters in a state took up this oath then they could set up a state government. Also extended sufferage to educated property owning african americans. |
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Term
| What was the Wade-Davis Bill? |
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Definition
First effort of the radical republicans to make a reconstruction plan. It authorized the president to appoint a provisional governor for each conquered state. When a majority pledged.
Lincoln vetoed it. |
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Term
| The assassination of Lincoln, and the larger conspiracy? |
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Definition
Shot at a play by john wilkes booth, who was killed days later. His associates also stabbed the secretary of state and abandoned a plan to kill the vice president.
The northerners thought this was a conspiracy directed by unrepentant leaders of the defeated south. |
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Term
| President andrew johnson's view of southerners and his reconstruction plan? |
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Definition
| He did not like african americans. More of a democrat. Offered amnesty to the southerners who would take the oath. his plan resembled the wade-davis bill but the north became stubborn and hostile and would not accept the southern states |
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Term
| In the 1860's black codes were designed to do what? |
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Definition
| States were enacting laws known as black codes. Designed to give whites substantial control over former slaves. Authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed african americans, fine them for vagrancy and hire them out to private employers to satisy the fines. |
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Term
| What the Fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the US constitution did? |
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Definition
14th: offered the first constitutional definition of american citizenship. everyone born in the US and everyone naturalized, was a citizen. Entitled to all the guarantees of the constitution.
15th: Forbade the states and federal government to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
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Term
| The 1867, congressional plans for reconstruction. |
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Definition
| Tennessee was readmitted, rejected the other governments set up. set up five military districts with a military commander to govern each. Their job would be to register voters who would elect members to constitutional conventions to set up governments. Congress had to approve the governments and the state had to ratify the 14th amendment. |
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Term
| As a result of the supreme court's ruling in Ex parte Milligan, radical republicans proposed bills to do what? |
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Definition
| Required two thirds of the justices to support any decision overruling a law of congress, would deny the court jurisdiction in reconstruction casees, would reduce its membership to three and would even abolish it. These never passed. |
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Term
| Why president andrew johnson was impeached in 1868? |
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Definition
| He wasn't impeached... they tried to because the radical republicans thought he was in the way of their plans. When he dismissed the secretary of war without congress's approval they thought they had grounds to remove him but the moderates and democrats blocked it. |
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Term
| What the terms carpetbaggers and scalawags meant. |
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Definition
Scalawags were white southerners who were sympathetic to the north and either didn't recognize the confederacy or didn't support it.
Carpetbaggers were white men from the north who served as republican leaders in the south after the war. They were often middle class individuals despite the stereotype name. |
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Term
| The degree to which black freedmen in the south during reconstruction participated in politics. |
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Definition
They were very active at this time, forming conventions of their own and taking part in elections. Many took part in state legislature.
Never were governors or had the majority. |
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Term
| The improvement of education as well as the inequalities of land ownership and income, the crop-lien system and the burdensome credit system in the south during reconstruction. |
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Definition
thousands of school were built.. began segregation at this time. Most confiscated land was returned to white owners. Rich still held most land but things were a little better. Blacks gained a larger share of profits on plantations.
credit systems were set up in which a country store would be the hub for trade for plantation owners and farmers all around. They put a lien on their crops to get credit.
Slaves gradually lost the land they had gained and fell into debt. Force the farmers to grow cash crops to have a hope of escaping debt. |
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Term
| The causes and consequences of the panic of 1873. |
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Definition
| Began with the failure of a leading banking firm. Which had invested too heavily in postwar railroad building. Produced a 4 year depression. debtors pressured the govt to redeem federal war bonds with paper currency. specie resumption act would redeem the greenbacks and replace with new certificates pegged to the price of gold. |
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Term
| What were the redeemed goverments of the south? |
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Definition
| Governments in which the white population was larger and so the racist thinking leaders were voted into power again. |
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Term
| What were congressional passed enforcement acts in 1870-1871? |
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Definition
prohibited the states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the federal govt power to supersede the state courts and prosecute violations of the law.
Also authorized the president to use military force to protect civil rights and to suspend the right of habeas corpus when violations of the rights seemed particularly egregious. |
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Term
| What undermined national support for reconstruction? |
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Definition
Many whites in the north saw the job was done with the 14th and 15th amendment and thought the blacks should be able to take care of their problems themselves.
Panic of 1873 made people turn to social darwinism. The weak fail.. |
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Term
| What might have made congressional reconstruction more effective? |
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Definition
| There were racial obstacles embedded so deeply in the south that everything they did became undone. |
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