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| "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" |
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| a slogan used in the 1844 presidential campaign as a call for the U.S. annexation of the entire Oregon Territory |
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| received same number of votes as Thomas Jefferson in the electoral college but eventually lost and became vice-president |
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| secretary of treasury under Washington; created the national bank |
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| a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States |
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| made underwear called "bloomers" that were loose-fitting pants that tied at the ankles; solved women's health problems |
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| a pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the the development of a transportation sytem |
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| a man of the people; passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 |
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| taught that worshippers needed neither the church nor its ministers to interpret the Bible for them; banned to Rhode Island; died in a way between the Dutch and Native Americans |
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| Antonio López de Santa Anna |
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| president of Mexico; he and his army attacked U.S. defenders in the Alamo; was captured by Texans later in March trying to escape from a battle in a private's uniform; signed the Treaty of Velasco which set Texas free |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| a document, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States |
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| a Native American people that settled in the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s A.D. and later developed a powerful empire |
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| Bank of the United States (BUS) |
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| either of the two national banks established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816 |
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| the nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846 |
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| an outstanding Enlightenment figure; demonstrated that light is a form of electrical power; invented lightning rods, bifocal glasses, and a stove that heated rooms more efficiently |
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| a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed |
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| the dumping of 15,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act |
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| urged the Mormons to move farther west |
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| with General Henry Clinton, sailed south with 8,500 men; succeeded for most of 1780; was supported by thousands of African Americans; was attacked by Patriots and retreated to South Carolina |
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| conducted the most powerful revivals in Rochester, New York in 1830 and 1831 |
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| discovered America on October 12, 1492 with sailor and cabin boys on the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria |
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| one of the defenseless citizens who were killed at the Boston Massacre; an African American who was actually painted white in Paul Revere's painting to gain sympathy |
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| a free black from North Carolina who moved to Boston; urged blacks to rise up and take their freedom by force |
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| colonel of American troops who was killed during the Alamo |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| the document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the Constitutional Congress declared the colonies' independence from Britain |
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| Democratic Republican Party |
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| a political party established by Andrew Jackson's supporters when they broke away from the Republican Party in the late 1820s |
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| between 1845 and 1852, persuaded 9 Southern states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill |
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| invented the cotton gin in 1793 |
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| with Lucretia Mott, held a convention and formed a society to advocate the rights of women |
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| an 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge |
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| a series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay |
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| born into slavery in 1817; learned to ready and had a skilled job in 1838 but his owner took his pay; he escaped and reached New York to be free |
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| a conflict in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a worldwide strugglebetween France and Britain and that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain |
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| became prime minister of Great Britain in 1763; prompted Parliament to enact the Sugar Act in 1764 |
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| a national hero in the Revolutionary War; roused his dispirited men into a fighting force |
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| the Constitutional Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house |
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| leader of the war hawks; disliked Jackson and elected Adams as president |
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| abandoned community life and built a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts where he lived alone for two years |
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| landed in Mexico with 600 men, 17 horses, numerous dogs, and 10 cannons |
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| became the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837; doubled the money that the state spent on schools, instituted curriculum reforms, and established teacher-training programs |
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| a Native American people that around A.D. 1400 created an empire reaching nearly 2,500 miles along the west coast of South America |
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| a law, enacted in 1830, that forced Native American peoples east of the Mississippi to move to lands in the West |
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| the change in social ad economic organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production |
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| a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party |
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| 4th president; opposed the national bank; "We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us."; campaigned for ratification in Virginia |
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| warned all European powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere |
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| his presidential platform called for annexation of the entire Oregon Territory |
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| grew up on a Massachusetts farm but decided to become a lawyer; symbolizes the difference between the commercial North and the agricultural South |
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| Andrew Jackson's vice-president; called the 1828 tariff a Tariff of Abominations, a "disgusting and loathsome" tariff; believed that if the federal government refused to permit a state to nullify a federal law, the state had the right to withdraw from the Union |
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| negotiated a treaty with Britain; negotiated neutral shipping rights for American vessels trading in the Caribbean; the British seized a number of their ships but he didn't solve this problem |
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| English philosopher who was part of the Enlightenment; maintained that people enjoy "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property |
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| a staunch Federalist was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; served for more than 30 years, handing down decisions that would strengthen the power of the Supreme Court and the federal government |
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| John Adams's son; was claimed to have stolen the presidency from Andrew Jackson; appointed Henry Clay as secretary of state |
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| married Pocahontas in 1614 |
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| took control of Jamestown and kept the colony together by forcing the colonists to farm; negotiated with the Powhatans |
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| a lawyer who become the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; envisioned his city upon a hill as a "holy commonwealth" |
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| preached that church attendance was not enough for salvation; people must feel their sinfulness and feel God's love for them |
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| received a special message from God in a book "written upon golden plates" buried in a hillside |
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| a law that established the federal court system and the Supreme Court and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts |
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| a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists |
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| succeeded his grandfather in 1760; hoping to lower debt, chose financial expert, George Grenville, as prime minister in 1763 |
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| granted a charter in 1606 to the Virginia Companies of London and Plymouth |
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| a law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owend lands west of the Appalachian Mountains |
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| Miami chieftain of Native Americans in 1790; won the battle against General Josiah Harmar |
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| the 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana Territory- extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains- for $15 million |
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| held a convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton to advocate the rights of women |
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| an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review |
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| a Native American people whose civilization flourished in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula between about A.D. 250 and 900 |
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| led the expedition from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast with William Clark |
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| the English called him King Philip; started King Philip's war in 1675 using hit-and-run tactics with his Native American army; eventually surrendered |
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| a series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states |
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| a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823 |
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| a plantation slave in Virginia's Southampton County; organized a bloody rebellion that left many dead; with 50 followers, attacked four plantations and killed 70 whites; was eventually hanged |
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| raised an army to fight Native Americans which was pronounced illegal by Governor Berkeley; set fire to Jamestown but died of illness a month after |
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| a series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England's control of trade in its American colonies |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union |
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| a route from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregan Territory |
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| a lawyer who put forth the resolutions that stated that Virginians could be taxed only by the Virginia assembly |
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| married John Rolfe in 1614 |
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| with his fellow Native Americans, captured 8 British forts in the Ohio Valley and laid siege to two others |
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| whipped for his worship practices which the Spanish interpreted as witchcraft; ran the Spanish out of New Mexico in 1680 with 17,000 warriors |
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| Prince Henry/King Henry VIII |
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| brought the Reformation to England in the 1530s when he broke with Roman Catholicism to form the Church of England |
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| an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains |
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| a member of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England |
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| a member of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th-century England |
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| fell into a religious crisis after the death of his wife in 1831; developed a belief in transcendentalism- emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature |
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| first American settlement that failed |
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| suggested the Great Compromise |
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| an extreme Separatist; declared that the English settlers had no rightful claim to the land unless they purchased it from Native Americans; declared that government officials had no business punishing settlers for their religious beliefs |
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| a Native American woman who helped Lewis and Clark as an interpreter and guide |
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| he and 900 men surprised Mexicans near the San Jacinto River; killed 630 of Santa Anna's soldier in 15 minutes and forced Santa Anna to sign the Treaty of Velasco |
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| one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty; a powerful and influential political activist |
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| a New England artist; created the telegraph in 1837 and Morse Code |
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| a route from Independence, Missouri, to Sante Fe, Mexico, used by traders in the early and mid 1800s |
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| a 19th-century religious movement which individual responsibility for seeking savations was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement |
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| a women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 |
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| an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787 |
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| ruled the Dominion of New England; angered Puritans by questioning their religion; said that the Navigation Acts would be enforced; outlawed local assemblies and levied taxes |
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| her real name was Isabella Baumfree; a slave for 30 years of her life; at a women's rights convention in 1851, she refuted the arguments that just because she was a woman, it didn't mean she was feminine |
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| a 1765 law in which Parliament established the first direct taxation of goods and services within the British colonies in North America |
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| established a colony of American settlers in Texas; 12 years later, was put in Mexican prison; issued 297 land grants to Texas's Old Three Hundred |
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| "the Long Marcher"; ordered by President Polk to march from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, across the desert to Santa Fe, New Mexico |
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| a protective tariff designed to aid American industries |
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| Tariff of Abominations 1828 |
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| John C. Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff increase that seemed to Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense |
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| a Shawnee chief who began organizing to fight for their homeland against intruding white settlers in 1811 |
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| wrote the Declaration of Independence; hypocrite; 3rd president |
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| wrote Common Sense; stated that independence would give Americans the chance to create a better society- one free from tyranny, with equal social and economic opportunities for all |
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| the Constiutional Convention's agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation |
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| a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1767, establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British colonies in North America |
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| the routes along which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838, with thousands of the Cherokee dying on the way |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| the 1848 treaty ending the U.S. war with Mexico, in which Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the United States |
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| a member of the political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson |
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| second in command on the Louisiana Purchase |
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| 9th president; immediately took steps to enact the Whig program to revitalize the economy; died of pneumonia after one month |
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| maker of The Liberator to call for immediate emancipation; founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832; was dragged through Boston by a rope in 1835 |
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| committed himself to the Society of Friends and became a Quaker |
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| assembled the largest, best-equipped army ever seen in North America- 50,000 soliders for Great Britain |
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| succeeded James II after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and helped establish the supremacy of Parliament |
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| a general who participated in the American invasion of Mexico |
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| under orders by President Polk, marched to the Rio Grande and blockaded the river; captured Monterrey in September of 1846 but let the Mexican garrison to escape |
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| the ending of legal slavery |
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| the difference in value between a country's imports and exports |
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| a crop grown by a farmer for sale rather than for personal use |
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| the provisions in the U.S. Constitution that prevent any branch of the U.S. government from dominating the other two branches |
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| a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress |
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| a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country |
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| the Virginia Company's policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settler and to each family member who accompanied him |
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| the forcible seizure of men for military service |
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| a person who has agreed to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance |
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| the Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional |
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| an economic system in which nations seek to increase their welath and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade |
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| a bank chartered by the federal government and having the power to act on the government's behalf in financial matters |
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| a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional |
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| an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty |
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| the practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with government jobs |
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| an organized effort to prevent the drinking of alcoholic beverages |
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