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| states that remained independent but were ruled by a superior nation (had to pay tributes to them) |
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| a multistoried temple with eaves that curved up at the corners |
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| emperor during Sui dynasty; conquered most Han territory and reunited the north and south |
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| aka Li Shimin; most admired Chinese emperor, known for being a war hero, brilliant general, government reformer, and famous historian |
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| Tang ruler; empress known for restoring the Han system of uniform government |
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| large canal that connected the Hwang He and Yangzi Rivers |
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| scholarly general that reuinted much of China; founded the Song dynasty |
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| great Tang poet that wrote more than 2000 poems about the beauty of nature or the sorrows of the past |
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| Genghiz Khan's grandson; toppled last Song emperor and took over; known for being an able but demanding ruler |
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| Italian merchant that traveled to China during Yuan dynasty; wrote "A Description of the World" |
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| Chinese admiral, head of a huge fleet that traveled all over the eastern Hemisphere |
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| southeast kingdom in Korea; dynasty united entire Korean Peninsula |
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| Korean dynasty during which Buddhism reaches greatest influence in Korea |
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| Korean dynasty set up by Korean general Song-gye |
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| brilliant Korean general; a model of virtue and wisdom for future rulers; established Choson dynasty |
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| king that replaced Chinese system of writing |
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| alphabet using symbols to represents the sounds of spoken Korean |
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| clan that set up Japan's first and only dynasty; claimed descent from Amaterasu (sun goddess) |
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| worship of the forces of nature; "way of the Gods" |
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| Prince; member of the Yamato ruling family; known for sending Japanese nobles learn about China |
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| lady-in-waiting to an empress; wrote "The Pillow Book" |
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| best known Heian writer; Shonagon's rival; wrote "THe Taile of Genji" (considered to be the world's first novel) |
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| Japanese phonetic symbols representing syllables |
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| Japanese shogun that set up the Kamakura shogunate |
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| brilliant general that brought most of Japan under his control |
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| ambitious daimyo that founded the Tokugawa shogunate |
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| Buddhist sect that emphasized meditation and devotion to duty |
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| lesser warriors, meaning "those who serve" |
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- peninsula jutting out of Asian mainland; tip points to Japan
- mountainous and rugged until coastal plains
- seas = very important; most exports come from it
- Yalu River separates it from China
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- archipelago off the Asian Mainland/Korean peninsula
- land too mountainous to farm
- seas isolated and protected; provided trade routes and food resources |
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| science and technology of Tang and Song China (chart) |
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Definition
- mechanical clock
- gunpowder (first used in fireworks, eventually for weapons)
- smallpox vaccine
- block printing/movable type
- spinning wheel |
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| levels of Chinese society |
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Definition
1. Gentry - wealthy landowners; valued scholarship more than physical labor
2. Peasants - worked the land and lived on what they produced
3. Merchants - prosperous but low place in society --> earned riches from the labor of others |
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- high status
- ran and managed family affairs
- Confucian belief - women were "inside" people who didn't do any work |
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Definition
- Mongol conquest was fierce and aggressive but were not oppressive rulers
- allowed conquered people to live regularly as long as they paid tribute
- ruled with tolerance and justice; listened to all ideas
- peace established |
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| Shilla, Choson(/Yi), Koryo |
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- developed as local warlords formed armed bands and battled with rival clans over control
- emperor only a figurehead - no real power
- real power in the hands of the shogun
- daimyo called upon to support shogun armies in times of need
- samurai given pieces of land |
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Definition
1. Shang - first, founded by Shang people; period during which Chinese civilization took place
2. Zhou - founded by Zhou people who overthrew the Shang dynasty; promoted Mandate of Heaven and feudalism
3. Shi Huandi - founded by Zheng, who conquered the warring states; known for ending feudalism and building the Great wall of China
4. Han - founded by Gao Zu, who strengthened the government and economy, and expanded the Chinese rule
5. Tang - famous for emperor Tang Taizong; expanded territory and wealth
6. Song - founded by general Zhao Kuangyin; the Golden age of China; wealth and culture flourished, economy and trade expanded, cities multiplied
7. Yuan - founded by Kublai Khan; had an uneasy mix of Chinese and foreign ways
8. Ming - "the brilliant"; founded by Zhu Yuanzhang; sought to restore the Chinese greatness after years of foregin rule |
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| movement of people to cities |
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| skilled artisans who rioted, resenting the "labor-saving" machines that cost them their jobs |
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| leader of a religious revival; founded the Methodist Church |
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- featured hymns and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life to come
- urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting sober, moral ways |
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| - writer whose works on population helped shape economic thinking |
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- observation by David Ricardo
- noted that when wages were high, families had more children, BUT more children = more workers = lower wages and higher unemployment |
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| Bentham's chief follower; argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they caused pain; favored the strong over the weak |
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| early socialists; named after Thomas More's ideal community; implied that they were impractical dreamers |
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| pamphlet by Marx and Engels; theorized that economics was the driving force in history |
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| a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employees and employers as inevitable |
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| leader in developing Britain's iron industry; experimented with coal and iron |
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Definition
| places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods |
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Definition
| privately built roaads that charged a fee to travelers who used them |
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Definition
| invented the flying shuttle; invention outplaced spinners |
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Definition
| invented the spinning jenny |
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| invented the waterframe, using water power to speed up the spinning process even more |
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| technology of the British Revolution |
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Definition
improved steam engine: (James Watt) used coal rather than water; powered early Industrial Revolution
spinning mule: (Samuel Crompton) combined spinning jenny and water frames to improve weaving
steam powered locomotive: (Stephenson) "iron horse"; used to pull trains; revolutionized transportation
dynamo: (Faraday) electric generator; revolutionized industrial developments |
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Definition
| urged farmers to grow turnips, which replenished the soil |
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Definition
| invented the seed drill, which deposited seeds in tow rather than scattering them wastefully |
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Definition
| bred stronger horses for farmwork and fatter cows and sheep for meat |
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Definition
| process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants |
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Definition
| developed steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
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Definition
| improved Newcomen's steam engine; eventually became the vital power source of the early Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects; the heart of Italian Renaissance |
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Definition
| artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a 3D effect |
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Definition
| pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime |
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| the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation |
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| government run by church leaders |
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| separate quarters in the city for Jews |
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| force that keeps the planets in their orbits around sun |
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| best known Medici; known as "the Magnificent"; clever politician and generous patron; represented the Renaissance ideal |
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Definition
| early Renaissance humanist; hunted down old important documents; wrote "Sonnets to Laura" |
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Definition
| brilliant Forentine painter, inventor, and scientist; best known for painting the "Mona Lisa" |
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| another brilliant painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, and poet; best known for "The Pieta" |
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Definition
| another painter; best known for "School of Athens and depictions of the Madonna |
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| Italian noblewoman and portrait painter; best known for "The Artist's Sisters Playing Chess" |
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| created the magnificent dome in the cathedral in Florence |
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Definition
| wrote "The Book of the Courtier," about how the ideal Renaissance man and woman would have been |
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Definition
| wrote "The Prince" - a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power"; served Florence as a diplomat and observed royalty |
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Definition
| artists from Flanders, known for portrayals of townspeople and religious scenes; developed oil paint |
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| aka "the German Leonardo"; went to Italy to study and helped spread Italian Renaissance in homeland |
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Definition
| leading Flemish artist, known for vibrant colors; influenced later Flemish artist |
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| created a larger and lusher style of Flemish painting; a diplomat and painter |
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| renowned English poet and playwright; towering figure of Renaissance literature |
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| from Mainz, Germany; invented printing press |
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Definition
| reform movement during Renaissance against the corruption of the clergy and worldliness of the Church |
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| German monk and professor of theology; triggered the huge revolt against Church abuses; major Church reformer; founded Lutheran Churches |
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Definition
| settlement that allowed each prince to decide on which religion would be followed in his lands |
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Definition
| important reformer that fallowed Martin Luther and formed his own beliefs |
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| Calvinist preacher from Scotland that led a religious rebellion |
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| believed that only adults should receive baptism |
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Definition
| English king that finally broke England from Catholic Church; rejected Papal power |
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Definition
| inherited throne of England; failed in attempts to make England Catholic again |
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Definition
| written by Thomas Cranmer; imposed a moderate form of Protestant service but preserved many Catholic doctrines |
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Definition
| queen of England and Mary Tudor's half sister; restored unity in England and established it as a Protestant land |
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Definition
| vigorous church reform movement by Pope Paul III; set out to revive moral authority of Church and combat Protestants |
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Definition
| established the direction that reform should take |
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Definition
| church court set up to root out heresies |
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Definition
| Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola; determined to combat heresy and spread Catholic faith |
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Definition
| intensely religious woman who reorganized and reformed convents and monasteries; honored for her work |
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| Polish scholar; published "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres," which proposed a sun-centered model of the universe |
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Definition
| Danish astronomer; carefully studied the sky - findings supported Copernicus |
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Definition
| German astronomer and mathematician; used Brahe's data to calculate orbits of planets revolving around sun |
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Definition
| Italian scientist; developed the telescope; discoveries considered heretical |
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Definition
| published "On the Structure of the Human Body", the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy |
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| English scholar; first to describe the circulation of blood |
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Definition
| Frenchman trying to develop the scientific method; emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding |
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Definition
| Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands |
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Definition
- Spain's "golden century"
- notable for the brilliance of its arts and literature
* 1550 - 1650 |
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Definition
- famous painter during the Golden Century; "the Greek"
- known for haunting religious pictures, striking portraits of nobles, vibrant colors, and elongated style |
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Definition
- court painter of King Philip IV
- known for portraits of Spanish royalty; The Maids of Honor |
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Definition
| issued to protect Protestants; granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities |
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Definition
| uprising in France that occurred soon after Louis XIV became king; each social class rebelled for own reasons |
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Definition
| royal officials who collected taxes |
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| French actor-playwright; wrote The Miser and other comedies |
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Definition
| distribution of military and economic power that would prevent any one nation from dominating Europe |
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Term
| The War of the Spanish Succession |
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Definition
| conflict between France in Spain over Spanish throne and union of nations |
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Definition
- issued by Parliament for Charles I
- prohibited king from raising taxes without consent of Parliament or imprisoning anyone without just cause |
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Definition
- Parliament's forces, composed of country gentry, manufacturers, and Puritan clergy
- named for their hairstyles |
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Definition
- genius leader of Roundheads
- Puritan; skilled general; known for leading Roundheads to success |
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Definition
| Commonwealth group; believed that poor men should have as much say in the government as the richer people |
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Definition
| government in which a constitution or legislative body limits monarch's powers |
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Definition
- series of treaties in 1648 for the 30 Years' War
- war ended with a general European peace and an attempt to settle other international problems |
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Definition
- daughter and successor of Charles IV; first woman ruler in Hapsburg lands
- proved capability to rule during War of Austrian Succession |
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Definition
- aka Frederick II; Prussian king
- known for military brilliance; established Prussia as a great power |
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Definition
- from 1756 to 1763
- worldwide conflict to maintain the balance of power
- fought on 3 continents; ended with Treaty of Paris |
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Definition
- new Russian capital
- great symbol of Peter's desire to forge a modern Russia |
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Definition
| Danish navigator, hired to explore what became known as the Bering Strait |
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Definition
- assumed Russian throne after death of husband
- proved to be an efficient, energetic empress
- known for reorganizing the provincial government, codifying laws, and starting state-sponsored education, etc |
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Definition
| laws that govern human nature |
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Definition
| agreement by which people gave up state of nature for an organized society |
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Definition
| rights that belonged to all humans from birth, such as the right to life, liberty, and property |
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Definition
- early and influencial French thinker
- wrote The Spirit of the Laws on ideas about government
- believed that powers of government should be separated into branches to prevent one group from gaining too much power |
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Definition
| thinkers that applied methods of science to better understand and improve society; "lovers of wisdom" |
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Definition
- philosophe that published 28-volume Encyclopedia
- Encyclopedia articles from other philosophes; rejected slavery, praised freedom of expression, urged education, attacked divine-right and religion, etc |
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Definition
- most controversial philosophe
- believed that people were basically good but became corrupted by society
- wrote ideas in The Social Contract; strongly influenced political and social thinkers |
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Definition
- best known British female critic
- published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
- believed in independence and freedom for women; stressed education |
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Definition
| thinkers that focused on economic reforms; looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system |
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Term
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Definition
| natural forces of supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
| written by Adam Smith; argued that free market should be allowed to operate and regulate busienss |
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Term
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Definition
| informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change |
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Definition
- Hapsburg emperor, son and successor of Maria Theresa
- most radical enlightened despot; known for traveling in disguise among subjects to learn of their problems |
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Definition
| ornate style of art and archietcture popular in 1600's and 1700's |
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Definition
| devout German Lutheran composer, known for complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs |
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Definition
| German-born composer, known for the Water Music, and the Messiah |
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Definition
| musical genius, composer, and performer; known for brilliant operas, graceful symphonies, and moving religious music - helped define new style of classical composition |
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Term
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Definition
| united England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain; brought economic advantages |
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Term
| constitutional government |
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Definition
| a gov't whose power is defined and limited by law |
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Term
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Definition
| conservative political party; generally aristocrats who sought to preserve older traditions |
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Term
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Definition
| political party who supported more liberal policies of the Glorious Revolution; more likely to reflect urban business interests, support religious toleration for Protestants, and favor Parliament over the crown |
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Term
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Definition
| Whig leader, molded cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major issues; *often called Britain's first prime minister |
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Definition
| new king of England, determined to recover powers the crown lost; *ruled during time of American Revolution and 7 Years' War |
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Definition
| regulated colonial trade and manufacturing |
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Term
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Definition
| congress where colonial leaders met to decide what actions to take during war |
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Definition
| commanded Continental Army; first president |
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Definition
| drafted Declaration of Independence, which detailed colonists' grievances against Britain |
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Definition
| turning point in war; Americans triumphed over British; convinced France to join America's side |
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Term
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Definition
| first 10 amendments to Constitution; recognized the idea that people had basic rights that gov't must protect |
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Term
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Definition
- "old order"
- 3 classes in France:
First Estate - clergy
Second Estate - noblemen
Third Estate - everyone else |
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Term
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Definition
| a government spending more money than it takes in |
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Term
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Definition
- brilliant financial wizard and adviser of Louis XVI
- urged king to reduce court spending, reform government, and improve internal trade |
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Term
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Definition
| - notebooks in which all three estates listed their grievances |
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Term
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Definition
| - delagates of the Third Estate, representing all the people of France in the Estates General |
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Term
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Definition
- medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners
- July 14, 1788: more than 800 Parisians storm into Bastille, demanding weapons and gunpowder (presumably stored there)
- became a symbol of French Revolution |
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Term
| four phases of French Revolution |
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Definition
1) moderate phase of the National Assembly
2) radical phase - Reign of Terror
3) period of reaction against extremism
4) Age of Napoleon |
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Term
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Definition
- a desperate era in French history
- terrible famine
- political crises
- rumors of marauders and attacks --> sparked defiance and fear |
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Definition
- aristocrat, fought alongside George Washington
- headed National Guard
- led moderates; seen as "hero of two worlds" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- new lawmaking body of France after Constitution of 1791
- had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace |
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Term
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Definition
- August 1791, issued by Marie Antoinette's brother (king of Prussia & emperor of Austria)
- threatened to intervene if necessary to protect French monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
- "without culottes"
- working class men and women
- pushed revolution into more radical action |
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Term
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Definition
- revolutionary political club, mostly of middle class lawyers or intellectuals; supported sans-culottes
- wanted to abolish monarchy and pushed for radical reforms |
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Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
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Definition
- created by the Convention to deal with threats to France
- 12 member committe had almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution |
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Term
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Definition
- 5-man committee set up in Constitution of 1795
- weak but dictatorial; failed to solve pressing problems |
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Definition
| journalist, fought for equal rights for women; wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women |
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Term
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Definition
| aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
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Term
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Definition
- leading artist of the period
- paintings helped shape the way future generations pictured the French Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 man governing board that replaced the Directory |
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Term
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Definition
| ballot in which voters say yes or not to an issue |
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Term
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Definition
- peace treaty between Napoleon and Catholic Church
- kept Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics |
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Term
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Definition
- new law code; one of Napoleon's most lasting reforms
- embodied Enlightenment principles, such as:
equality of all citizens before law
religious toleration
advancement based on merit
**also undid some reforms of Revolution, such as women's rights** |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Confederation of the Rhine |
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Definition
- 38-member confederation that replaced Holy Roman Empire
- made under French protection
- redrew map of Europe and forced alliances |
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Term
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Definition
- fought in southwest coast of Spain
- Napoleon tried to invade England but was smashed by British |
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Term
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Definition
| form of economic warfare which closed European ports to British goods |
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Term
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Definition
| shut off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- town in Belgium where opposing armies met on June 18, 1815
- British and Prussian forces crushed French
- forced napoleon to abdicate and go into exile |
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Term
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Definition
- Prince of Austria
- representative in Vienna to restore order and stability |
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