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| The belief that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and everything else rotated around it. This was the widely accepted belief provided by the Bible, Romans, and Greeks. |
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| The belief that the sun was the center of the universe and the earth and everything elserotated around it. |
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| Copernicus came up with the startling theory, Heliocentrism, that the Earth and the other planets rotated around the sun. This theory raised many questions since the main belief at the time was that the Earth was the center of the universe. Coperinus worked from 1512 to his death in 1543 to write a phamplet, "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies", which outlined this theory. |
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| Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars. Galileo supported Copernicus's theory of heliocentrism in the 1632 phamplet-"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |
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| British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus. 1687-"The Matematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Universal Gravitation." |
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| British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus. 1687-"The Matematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Universal Gravitation." |
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| The era of scientific thought in Europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, scientist created theories and new inventions, and accepted beliefs were questioned. Change-explination of the world is less religous based. Theories/Ideas were based more on a experimentation. "Scientific Method"-logical gathering and testing of scientific ideas. |
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| A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. |
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| An intellectual movement concentrated in Eurpoe during the 16th-18th century where intellectuals developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories. |
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| "Leviathan 1651": Individuals live in a state of anarchy-"state of nature." Give up rights in a "Social Contract"-unwritten agreement with a Monarch in exchange for stability. |
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| 1690-"Two Treaties on Civil Government." Government is based on consent of the governed-THE PEOPLE! People give up some of their rights ("social contract"). However, people always retain Inalienable Rights (National Rights)-Life, Liberty, Property. If ruler violates-governed duty to overthrow. |
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"Spirit of the Law & Seperation of Powers" Used the following to ensure no specific person or part of government would be too powerful. Wanted to keep everthing in "check."
-Described Ideal Government
-Cheecks & Balances
-Influenced Framers of the United States Constitution
-Legislative, Executive, Judical Branches |
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| Enlightenment writers who published ideas on government in books, plays, and pamphlets. |
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| People are born good, enviornment corrupts them. Popular Sovereignty-laws and wise government ust be created by and subject to the will of the people. |
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Social System before 1789.
Long term causes of Revolution-
1. Enlightenment Ideas leading to rising
2. Expectations of French citizens
1st Estate-less than 1% of the population-Clergy. Pay little in taxes. Own vast amounts of land that they rent. Serfs work this land in exchange for room/board.
2nd Estate-2% of the population-nobility. Didn't pay taxes. Collect feudal dues from peasants.
3rd Estate-97% of the population. Paid most of the taxes.
Three Groups make up the 3rd Estate: Bourgeoisie- Middle Class (Doctors, Lawyers, Merchants, and Skilled Workers who believe in the Enlightenment Ideas). Workers- trades people apprentices. Peasents-80% of the population. |
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| Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette |
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| Marie Antoinette was an Austrian princess. Married Louie to increase good relations with Austria and France. Louie XVI not liked by the public. Both indulge while the public is starving. Both eventually guillotined. |
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| The palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette in southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles. |
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| July 14, 1789. The peasants from the Third Estate storm the Bastille a fuedal prision, looking for gun powder. They kill many guards and nobles, and then take control of the municipal government. |
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| Due to being outnumbered the Third Estate took a daring step and claimed to represent France calling themselves the National Assembly. When they later convened the meeting hall was locked so they met on a nearby tennis court and swore to not leave until a new Constituion was created. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Defined principles of the French Revolution-"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity." Rights included, "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Men are born equal. Freedom of press, speech, religon. Men have the right to participate in government. |
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| The Jacobins headed by Maximillian Robespierre [early part of 1793] were a radical political orginization that were a radical political originzation who wanted no monarchy and lots of changes. The Girondists were a conservative political orginization who wanted a limnited monarchy and few changes. |
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| The period in France where Robespierre ruled with the use of revolutionary terror. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed by The National Razor (The Guillotine). |
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| Jacobin Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army |
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| Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Peopl were willing to have a dictor like figure controlling them if it meant peace in France. Napoleon was successful in many battles. However, he failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815, 100 Days, but was defeated and died in exile. |
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| The way in which Napoleon Bonaparte silenced a royalist uprising in 1795. |
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| Napoleon's series of port blockades in attempt to hurt Britain's trading. Napoelon wanted to hurt Britain's economy so they would be easier to defeat. |
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| Britain response-several trade regulations which established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe and prohibited trade with France. Escalated tensions between Britain and America. |
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| Napoleon tried to conquer Porugal through Spain. He didn't expect the Spainsh to put up much of a fight. The Spainsh used Guerilla warfare tactics to stop Napoleon's troops. He never reached Portugal. |
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| Napoleon's Invasion of Russia |
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| BIG MISTAKE!!!! Russina refused to stop selling grain to Great Britain. [June 1812] Napoleon invades Russia with 420,000 men. Russians respond by retreating and implimenting The Scorched Earth Policy-burn everything/leave nothing. Russian andFrench troops met a t Borodinio. Napoleon reaches Moscow to find that czar Alexander I has burned the city to the ground. [Mid October 1812] Napoleon starts to return to France. He is attacked on his way back. he returns to France with only 10,000 men. Some had died from the fighting, but most died from starvation, the cold, or open wounds. This is a huge military blunder for Napoleon and the French military. |
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| Napoleon returns from France after he wa exiled to Elba. He is in power for 100 days until his defeat at Waterloo. Naopleon is exiled to St. Helena where he will die in 1821. |
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| June 18, 1815, Napoleon and his army defeated by British and Prussian forces in Waterloo, Belgium. |
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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. The keys of the meetings included:
-promote collective security
-stability for the continent |
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| A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled. |
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| The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. Enclosures are large farms enclosed by fences/hedges. |
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| Dramatic Change. The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation. Household based economy now becomes a factory based ecomony. Begins in the 1700s in England, 1800s in America. 3 Factors necessary to Industrialize: Labor, Land, Capital. |
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| Rapid city growth: London, Manchester, Birmingham. Population growth-provides workforce and market for goods. |
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| Dangerous work space, long hours, no breaks, low wages, no benifits. This will result in unions and revolts. |
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| The working class. In Maxism the Proletariat overthrow their ruling class. |
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| The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
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| Creates the first steam powered engine. More efficient power source for all industries. Makes the transportation of goods, and eventually people, over a long distace a lot easier. |
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| Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities. This is very usefull once Ford creats the assembly line/conveor belt. |
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| Wrote "The Wealth of Nations." Capitalism-The factors of production owned-money is invested in business ventures in order to make money. Free market economics, competition fuels market. Laissez Faire Capitalism- government stays out of business. |
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| A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business. |
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| A business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers. Competition is great for the customer because they get the best product at the lowest price. |
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| Marx wrote "The Communist Manifesto" which explained a type of socalism called Marxism. The book argued that societies have always been split into two warring classes |
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Occurs as capitalists lower wages to increase profits and the worker's can't afford the products (surplus value theory).
A dictatorship of the proletariat will create socialism to end capitalism |
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| Discovered the small pox vacine. |
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Worker revolutions all throughout Europe. Workers fighting for rights. Several unions start springing up all throught Europe. There was no revolution in Britain because:
-[1846] repeal Corn Laws-high tarrifs on imported goods
-[1833] abolish Salvery & put into place Factory/Mines Act-10 hour work day.
-[1800s] continue to increase number of men who can vote.
-[1918] universal manhood suffrage.
There was bound to be a revolution in Russia since the Russia had not industrialized and still had the outdated policy of serfodm. There was no revolution in Russia because of the effects of the Crimean War. |
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| Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it. |
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| A war fought from 1853-1856 between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. The war was fought becaseu many countries wanted contol of the Holy land (Palestine) Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed. |
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| Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy. |
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| Garibaldi and the Red Shirts |
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| Giuseppe Gaibaldi and his folowers wore red shirts. They wanted to unify southern Italy. United under leadership of King Emanuel II. |
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| Austria lost to France and Sardinia. |
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| Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire. |
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| Seven Weeks War-Bismark provokes war with Austria. [1866] Austria decalred war on Prussa. Bismark unifies all but four German states. |
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| [1870-1871] Bismark baits France into war 1870. French tactics outdated. French surrenders: Alsacer-Lorraine given to Prussia. [January 18,1871] King Wilhelm I crowned kaiser of Germany. Second Reich (empire) is declared. Balance of Power in Europe?-Germany and Brittian most Powerful. France struggled to be second. Austria and Russia lagged far behind. |
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| A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war. |
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| Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI |
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The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger nation. Geopolitics a seizure of a country or territory for reasons of its strategic location. Reasons for Imperialism:
1) Industrialization-need raw materials and markets to sell goods.
2) Socail Darwinism-idea that European culture is superior to other cultures. It is their duty to spread progress.
3) Missionaries-spread Christianity. Belief Slave Trade is immoral.
4) "White Man's Burden-Rudyard Kipling poem"-Ethnocentrism-to civilize other cultures. |
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| Jews embrace the story of Adam and Eve. God created all. dam first man. Eve came from Adam's rib. Eden is paradise....one rule! Cain and Able....what happens with them? World with more sin. Flood to wipe it out. Noah and the Ark survive. |
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| Prophet who leads Jews out of Egypt. Exodus celebrated at Passover (1300-1200 BC). Parted the Red Sea. On journey Moses spoke to God on Mt. Sinai. Came down with the Ten Commandments. New covenant to obey. Traveled across Sinai Peninsula for 40 years. After Moses's death Jews return to Canaan. |
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| Religous duties towards God and rules of moral conduct. |
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| A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. 6 million Jews were killed during thie horrible event during WWII. |
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| A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel. |
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Roman Catholic Church-Heirarchy,
Pope-leader of Roman Catholic Church. Peter was the first pope. Cardinal-runs the large diocese. Bishop-church offical responsible for district area (dioceses). Priest-works in local parishes. Catholic Life-Church center of life. Provided for people's spiritual needs "from cradle to grave." "Miracle of the Mass"-during the Eucharist priest transforms bread and wine into the body of Christ. Needs met by priests-dispensed |
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1)baptism
2)reconciliation
3)communion
4)confirmation
5)anointing of the sick
6)marrige
7)holy orders [3 stages-decon,priest,bishop] |
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| The angle that came to Mary to proclaim that she was going to have the Son of God (Jesus). The Angel Gabriel also, came to Muhammad and recited messages from God. |
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| Martin Luther (1483-1546). Unhappy with the church selling indulgences. Indulgence-pardon that released people from performing penalties for their sins. [1517] Martin Luther nailed 95 Criticisms to door of church. Resonated throughout Europe-leads to reformation. Protestant reformation splits Church again. First major severing of the Christian community was the Great Schism. West-Roman Catholic. East-Eastern Orthodox. |
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| Religon is born in the 600s in the Arabian Peninsula. Mecca-where the Ka'aba-ancient shrine. Muhammad is the founder of Islam. he is born into a prominent Mecca family. He was a trader and business manager. He is very interested in religion. While meditating in a cave outside city (Mt. Hira) he hears the voice of Angel Gabriel speak to him-"You have been chosen as God's prophet." Muhammad transcribed the words of Angel Gabriel (words of Allah) into the Koran (Qur'an). Islam="submision to the will of Allah." Muslim="one who has submitten." Koran is 80% as long as the New Testament. Composed of 114 surahs (chapters). Most memorized book in the world. The Bible is the most published book in the world. The Bible is made up of the Old and New Testaments. |
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| The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed. Jihad-holly war. Martyr-someone who dies for their faith. Hijrah-flight to Medina after Muhammads followers were attacked and he was told he was no longer welcome in Mecca. Muhammad and his followers will eventually return to Mecca around 630. |
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| Shahada: Belief in one God-Allah. Sawm: Fast during the holy month of Ramadan. Salat: Pray five times a day facing Mecca. Zakkat: Charity, give alms to the poor. Hajj: Pilgrimmage to Mecca once in a lifetime. |
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| Muslims who believe the Quran to be a literal guide to political, social, and religious life. Fundamentalists can be found in all faith not only Islam. |
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| Government and church are separated. |
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| Sunnis [83% of Muslim Population]: believe first 4 Caliphs were "rightly guided." Muslim rulers follow Muhammad's example "Sunna." No dynasty. Shites have distorted the meaning of passages in the Koran. Shi'a (Shi'tes) [16% of Muslim Population]: only recongize 4th caliph. Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, should have succeeded Muhammad. Muslim rulers should decend from Muhammad. Believe Sunni leaders live to lavishly. Sunnis have distored the meaning of passages in the Koran. Sufi [less than 1% of Muslim Population]: Reject luxurious life style of the Ummyads. Poverty and devotion to spiritual path. |
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| War of 1948---May 14, 1948-Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion declares Isreal is an independent state. Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon reject the creation of Isreal and attack on May 15, 1948. Figthing continues with Isreal being largely supported by the United States. Isreal prevails and gains territory in the Galilec to the north and the Negev Desert in the South. War of 1958---USSR signs arms agreement with Egypt in 1955, Isrealis feel threatened by arms build up and launch a pre-emptive strike on Egypt. They Attack and seize the Sinai Peninsula and The Gaza Strip. They relinquish control in 1957. |
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| 1967-Egypt backed by Soviet Union, prepares to attack Isreal by the Gulf of Aqaba. Isreali's launch surprse attack at airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria. Safe from air attacks Isreali ground forces strike all sides of Isreal. War is over in 6 days. Isreali's lost 800, Arab losses excede 15,000. Results of The Six Day War-UN security forced a cease fire to end the war. Jordan lost control of the West and the Old City of Jerusalem. Syria lost the Golan Heights (area streched about 12 miles into Syria). Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. These territories that Isreal gained served as buffer zones that could be militarized and absorb the impact of and Arab invasion without the danger of tanks and soliders marauding through the streets of Isreal. Palestinians in Jerusalem given choice-Israli of Jordanian citizenship. Palestines in other areas under Isreali control. Six Day War had a negative effect on Isreal because it led to the growth of Islamic Fundementalism because of the increase of Palestinian refugees. |
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| [October 6, 1973]-Under Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat Egypt/Syria launch surprise attack on Isreal on the holiest day of the Jewish year. Isreali forces not fully mobilized, initally pushed back. Isreali Prime Minister Golda Meir orders Isreali counterattack. President Nixon supplies Isreal with enourmous amounts of weaponry that helps turn the tide. [October 10-14] Isreali's push Syrians out of Golan Heights and enter Syria. [October 15-24] Isreali's pushed Egyptians back across Suez. Soviets threaten to intervine for Egyptians. Isreal accepts truce. isreali invincability is questioned-Arabs embolden. |
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| Portions of land that have and continue to cause conflict in the region. |
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| [1979] Egypt and Isreal sign peace agreement. Camp David Accords- Carter-USA/Sadat-Egypt/Begin-Isreal. Egypt recognizes Isreal. isral returns Sinai region to Egypt. Arab countries angry with Egypt. Sadat awarded Nobel Peace Prize. Sadat pays for it with his life-assassinated in 1981. |
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| [1979] USA loses a vaulable ally in the Middle East. Ayatollah Khomeini-Iranian Conservative-Muslim leader lives in exile. 1978 Khomeini sparks riotsin Iran-Shah flees. Theocratic government established, Khomeini reinstitutes Sharia Law. Anti-Western---Anti-American in Iran. |
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| Soviet's War in Afghanistan [1979-1989]. [December 1979] Soviets invade Afganistan (in response some nations boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics). Muslims came to defend Afghanistan: Holy War-Soviet Infidels. Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) use guerrilla warefare to fight against the Soviets with US weapons. [1989] Soviets withdraw after 40,000 Soviets killed. 1 million Afghans (Holly Warriors) defeat a superpower. |
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| Tailban (Radical Islamists) create a theocratic government in Afghanistan. Afghanistan becomes a breading ground for Al Queda who plan a campaign of violence against the secular West. |
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| The war began when Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution., Fought over religious differences, this war lasted many years, from 1980 to 1988. |
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| Hidusim is at least 4,000 years old. 1 billion followers. No central authority. No main religous book. God is everywhere-rocks, trees, particles. Reliogus Works: The Vedas-Four Collections. Consists of Prayers, Magic Spells and instructions for performing rituals. Basic message-each person has a atman (soul) united with others in Brahman. Brahman 1 God-300,000 reincarnations of him. Worship many God/forms of Brahman. Upanshads-Teachers interpretations of the Vedic Hymns-Dialogue. |
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| hereditary classes that divide Hindu society. Life is about seach for the divine Brahman. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion. It is based ona Caste System: 1st-Brahmins-priests and teachers. 2nd-Warriors. 3rd-Merchants, Farmers, Landowners. 4th-Peasants. "Untouchables"-butchers, grave diggers, trash collectors. Caste System determines everything in life-marriage, work, etc. Born into a class, only way to change class is reincarnation. |
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| Soul in a cycle of life and death until it attains moksha-salvation. Status depends on karma-actions, good or bad deeds done in the past. Hindu Beliefs: Moksha-salvation, perfect understanding. Atman-individual soul of a living being. Brahman-world soul, contains all atmans. Achieve Moksha-understand relationship between Atman and Brahman. Reincarnation takes time....karma! How do you achieve Moksha? 1. Be devoted to any of the Hindu Gods or Godesses. 2. Meditation-Acknowledge life as an illusion and realize that Brahman is the only real thing-Yoga. 3.Dedicate oneself to various religous ceremonies. |
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| Multiple gods to explain something about the universe. hindu Deities...Brahma: the creator (Supreme being). Brahma takes on many forms. Vishnu the creator, Shiva the destroyer, Mother Godess several names. |
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| when u die u r reborn as a different person. only way to escape the cycle is by reaching moksha |
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| Babur {rules: 1494-1530} King of Central Asia at age 11-deposed by realatives. Builds own army-conquers much of Northern India. Creats 1st Islamic Dynasty in India. Architectural Achievements. Imprtance of slavery diminished. Persecuted HIndus-killing HIndu priests, killing sacred cows, and destroying Hindu temple. Followed by his son, who rules for a few years, bad emperior who institues a special tax on non-Muslims. Akba {rules: 1556-1605} Babur's grandson. "Greatest One" succeeded throne at 13-recaptured lost territory. Military success: modern technology and use of artillery. Cannon and use of Indian officers-unites India. Akba followed by his son Shah Jahan who built the Taj Mahal as a burial ground for his wife. Shah Jahan followed by his son Aurangezb. Aurangezb ended religous tolerance anf imposed Sharia law on India. |
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| Hindus don't like how they have to follow Muslim law. |
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| Hindus don't like how they have to follow Muslim law. |
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| The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Gossip that the cartridges for new riggles were greased with pork and beef fat. Beef sacred to Hindu's and Hindu's dont eat pork. 85-90 sepoys refuse to accept cartridges. They are jailed. News spreads of the sepoys imprisionment and the Rebellion begins. Took EIC a year to regain conrol (needed help form English government). |
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| indian soldiers fighting for the british |
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| A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. |
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| April 3rd of 1919. British soldiers killed close to 400 unarmed Indian men, women, and children, and wounded 1,100 more. People had gathered in the center of town to protest the Rowlatt Acts, British occupation of their country, and to demand equality. This was a turning point in British domination of India. Independence movements became very popular and eventually forced India's independence. |
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| Teachings blend all regions. Became known as "Mahatma"-Great Soul. Convinces the National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation. Gandhi preached non-violence. he held many protests....Civil Disobedience. Examples of Civil Disobeience....boycotts-refuse to buy British goods, Gandhi starts to weave his own cotton. Salt March. Results of Civil Disobedience-England's economy suffered and jails became overcrowded. |
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| Ghandi organized a march to protest the salt tax. He and several others marched to the ocean to make salt. The British soon repeal the tax. |
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| At first Pakistan was seperated into two states: East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The two were seperated by 1,000 miles of Indian territory. Both East and West Pakistan are very different in culture,language, etc. A cyclone struck East Pakistan, monsy from all over the world comes into the bank in West Pakistan. However, West Pakistan doesn't transfer the money to help East Pakistan. [1976] East Pakistan is declared Bangladesh. |
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| A region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan dispute control of it. Population mostly Muslim. Hindu ruler. [1949] United Nations cease fire. Terms....1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistani control, 2/3 under Indian control. |
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| The most sacred river for the Hindus located in India. |
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| A four-lane expressway (highway) in India that connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. |
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| Siddhartha Gutama if the founder of Buddhism. Confined in a house in the Himalayas he ventures out of the house at age 29. He sees 4 things: an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a holy man (at peace). Siddartha's Revelation...Every living thing experiences old age, sickness, and death. Only religious life offers refugefrom suffering. Sought Englihtenment for six years. After 49 days of meditation-achieved understanding of suffering. "Buddha of Enlightened one." Four Noble Truths. 1st-Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. 2nd-The cause of all suffering is people's selfish desires for the temporary pleasures of this world. 3rd-The way to end all suffering is the end all desires. 4th-The way to overcome such desires and attain Enlightenment is to follow the Eight Fold Path. Eight Fold Path-guide to behavior-mastery over many lifetimes. Follow to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana is the perfect state of being, release form suffering, and break from chain of reincarnations. Buddists...accept reincarnation, but reject multiple gods (Buddhism is monotheistic) and the caste system of Hinduism. |
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| China was one of the most advanced country's from 500-1500. The Middle Kingdowm is the center of the world. China was the Middle Kingdom from 500-1500, because they conquered the land around them and made the land become part of China's center. |
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| [771 BC] Peaceful, stable Zhou empire rules from 1027 to 256 BC. [771] nomads attack the Zhou capital and murder the monarch. Luoyang becomes the new capital city, but internal wars destroy traditions of love, order, harmony, and respect for authority. |
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| Pattern of the rise and decline od dynasties. if leader is not ruling justly, they lose the right to rule. |
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| Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China. |
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| Han Fei Tzu is the leading spokesman. Contrasts with Confucius and Lao Zi. Government should create order-there should be an efficent and powerful government. Harsh punishment/torture for crimes. Right behavior rewarded with privileges. Legalists believe people are basically evil and are only good if they fear punishment. |
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| The leading thinker of Daoism (Taoism) is Lao Zi. Government should leave people alone. Nature Order is supreme. Live simple-in harmony with nature. "The Dao" means "The Way."-Guides all things. Lao Zi wrote Dao De Jing-"The Way and Its Power." The two powers that together represent the natural rhythems of life and complement each other-Ying and Yang. Ying and Yang represent all of life's opposites-light/dark, summer/winter, male/female, good/evil. They compliment and balance each other. Daoist act in harmony, act spontanepously and let nature take its course. The story of the farmer-everything will work out eventually, theres a good/bad side to everything. |
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| [551-479 BC] Wanted to restore order and prosperity. Created a school for his students to become political advisors to rulers. Period of Warrinf States is at its peak. Mass slaughters (60,000-80,000 at a time). Golden Rule- "do onto others..." Confucianism-not a religion an ethical system. 5 Relationships: Ruler & Subject. 1:Father-Son, Husband-Wife. 2: Older Brother-Younger Brother. 3: Friend-Friend (**very important!**). 4: Stressed-Virtue and Filial Piety (respect for ones parents). 5: Family is most important...Confucius wrote Analects. All relationships are the basis for life. Confucius is embraced by the Han Dynasty {206 BC-220 AD}. Became the discipline for training government officials. Lasted until endof dynastic system in 1912---2000 years!!! |
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| [1368-1644] Middle Kingdom-Chinese saw themselves as the center of the civilized world. 1st Emperor-Hung Wu-Son of Heaven. Non-Chinese=Barbarian...Inferior! Refroms agriculture. Merit based on civil service. Rebuilt Beijing, Rebuilt "Forbidden City." Ming had a huge naval fleet. Zheng He had seven big voyages. |
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| One in which the ruling city or ruling government demands a tribute ($) from the people they have conquered. |
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| To kneel, touch the head to the ground in expression of deep respect worship or submission to a superior (mostly to the emperior, your head couldn't be higher than the emperors, also couln't turn your back to the emperor). |
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| City in southern China where the British set up a trading port. |
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| An addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy. |
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| War between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British. Britian got the Chinese hooked on opium. Britian opened 5 Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges (spheres of influences). |
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| [1842] Ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, not china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws. Foreigners had total control over China. This treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws. Hong Kong was given to the British. Foreingers given extraterritorial rights. |
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| {1851-1864} Taiping="Great Peace" Hong Zinquan saw himself as the brother of Jesus. 1,000,000 peasants turn on masters. Capture of Nanking-captial. Constant warring-many died of disease (plague) or starvation. Taipings destroyed agricultural centers. Major cutltural centers lost masterpieces, imperial libraries were burned. Disaster-Yellow Riverchanges course and floods southern China. Manchus seek Great Britain and French support in rebuilding. Rebellion eventually crushed. 20 million die...worst rebellion ever. Great Britain and France give support in putting down the rebellion. [1864] Taiping government finally collapses. Deadliest military conflict in recorded history. |
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| Led the Taiping Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty. |
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| Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. |
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| Japanese wanted to colonize China, so they attacked a northern warlord in 1931 (pre-Long March). They took over Manchuria and set up a puppet government in 1931. Japan then attacked Shanghai - this battle ended with a ceasefire in 1932, and then later, 1937. Chinese protested the way the KMT government (under Chiang) handled the situation. Chiang wanted to wipe out out the Communists before taking on Japan. Mao suggested that the CCP and KMT join together to fight Japan. |
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| [1900] "Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists"-Boxers. Chinese citizens frustrated with foreginers, the empress, Christians...they seize Beijing which is controlled by Foreigners. International force needed to hault rebellion. Result: China has to pay indemities (fines). |
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| Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (China). |
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| Male-imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; foot binding helped to confine women to the household. |
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| 1st great leader of Nationalists Party lived in USA and UK. [1911] Nationalists overthrow Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat Sen becomes the first president of China. |
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| A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it. |
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| General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Kuomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. |
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| Chiang Kai-Shek was the leader of the nationalist forces. The US supported the nationalists because they were anti communists. |
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| Mao Tse-Tung (Mao Zedong) |
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| Chinese Communist leader in the 1930s. He led the Communist party of china to victory against the KMT in the Chinese civil war and Instituted the Great Leap Forward. |
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| The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. |
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| Communists led by Mao Tse-tung and Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek. Communists take over China in 1949 and expel Nationalists to island of Taiwan. |
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| [1950s] China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speen up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialitst society. This plan failed and more than 30 million people starved due to consequant Great Chinese Famine between 1958 and 1960. |
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| [1966-1976] Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. |
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| Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. |
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| "Black Cat, White Cat, Who Cares..." |
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| ...as long as its catching mice." Deng Xiaoping famously said this when discussing socialism, and China's future. |
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| [1989] Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. |
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