Term
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Definition
-a priest
-believed in enlightenment ideas
-fought for the independence of Mexico |
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Definition
-the followers of the 19th-century Italian
-organized by Giuseppe Garibaldi |
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-Frankenstein
-one of the earliest and most successful gothic horror novels
-written by Mary Shelley
-told a story of a monster who operated from the body parts of dead
human beings |
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Definition
-an early 19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on
emotion and nature rather than reason and society |
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-where Alexander II freed 20 million serfs
-didn’t entirely fulfill the hopes of Russian serfs of former slaves in the
United States |
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Definition
-a brilliant general
-a wealthy Venezuelan Creole
-was called “Libertador” or Liberator
-a romantic, practical, writer, and fighter |
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Definition
-a strong leader
-led the revolution for four years
-in 1815, he was defeated by a Creole officer
-fought for Mexican independence |
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Definition
-also known as Haiti
-a French colony
-was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule
-occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean |
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Definition
| -a leader of the African slaves of Saint Domingue |
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Definition
-a great liberator
-a simple modest man
-believed in strict military discipline
-his fate: he left his army for Bolivar to command and then he died |
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Term
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Definition
-a British romantic poet
-volunteered as a soldier for the Greek cause
-a fighter for freedom in Greece
-ranked as one of the leading romantic poets of the time |
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Term
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Definition
-the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania,
Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former
republics of Yugoslavia |
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Term
| 1871 most powerful Nations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-a nationalist group
-organized by Giuseppe Mazzini |
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Definition
-the politics of reality
-it describes tough power politics with no room for idealism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British
landowners on land that was formerly worked on by village farmers
-farmers had to move to the cities to find work |
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Term
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Definition
-the greatly increased output of machine-made goods
-began in England during the 18th-century
-switched from hand-made goods to machine-made goods |
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Term
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Definition
-the resources that are needed to produce goods and services
-they are land, labor, and capital |
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Term
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Definition
-the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries
and businesses |
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Term
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Definition
-the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that
government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for
the greatest number of people |
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Term
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Definition
-a German journalist
-introduced the world to a radical type of socialism
-argued that human societies have always been divided into warring
classes
-introduced Marxism |
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Term
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Definition
-an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the
public and operate for the welfare of all |
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Term
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Definition
-socialism taken to the next level
-an economic system in which all means of production-land, mines
factories, railroad, and businesses-are owned by the people, private
property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Catholic Emancipation Act |
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Definition
-Daniel O’Connell persuaded Parliament to pass it
-this law restored many rights to Catholics |
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Term
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Definition
-the largest number of American settlers were in the Mexican territory of
Texas
-in 1836, Texans revolted against Mexican rule
-for 9 ½ years, Texas was an independent country
-in 1845, the U.S. annexed Texas
-Mexico responded angrily to what it believed was an act of aggression |
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Term
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Definition
-the idea, popular among mid-19th-century Americans, that it was the
right and the duty of the U.S. to rule North America from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
-was justified because they were taking over in western America |
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Term
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Definition
-used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the
first radio 1895
-it was important because it sent messages through the air, without the
use of wires |
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Term
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Definition
-an Austrian doctor
-believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act
-in his view, unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires,
and impulses help shape behavior
-created a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to help people deal with
the psychological conflicts created by these forces |
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Term
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Definition
-invented the light bulb
-invented the phonograph
-the idea of a laboratory for industrial research and development may
have been his most important invention |
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Term
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Definition
-found that a mineral called pitchblende released a powerful form of
energy, known as radioactivity
-discovered radium and polonium
-won 2 Nobel Prizes
-for chemistry for the discovery of radium and polonium
-and for their work on radioactivity |
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Term
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Definition
-invented the telephone
-was a teacher of deaf students |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Isma’il supported the construction
-was a manmade waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez
-connected the Rd Sea to the Mediterranean
-was built mainly with French money and Egyptian labor
-was opened in 1869 with a huge international celebration |
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Term
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Definition
-14 European nations met at this conference
-tried to lay down rules for the division of Africa
-they agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by
notifying other nations of their claims and showing they could control
the area
-the European nations divided the rest of the continent with little thought
to how
African ethnic of linguistic groups were distributed
-no African ruler attended these meetings, yet the conference sealed
Africa’s fate
-by 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European
control |
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Term
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Definition
-Colony --a country of a region governed internally by a foreign power
-Protectorate --a country of territory within its own internal government
but under the control of an outside power
-Sphere of Influence --an area in which an outside power claims
exclusive investment of trading privileges
-Economic Imperialism --independent but less developed nations
controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments |
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Term
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Definition
-Ethopia was the only Afican nation to successfully resist the Europeans
-its victory was due to one man—Menelik II
-he became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889
-he successfully played Italians, French, and British againsdt each other,
all of whom were striving to bring Ethiopia into their spheres of
influence
-he built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France
and Russia
-about to sign a treaty with Italy, he discovered differences between the
wording of the treaty in Amharic—the Ethiopian language—and in
Italian
-Menelik believed that he was giving up a tiny portion of Ethiopia
-but, the Italians claimed all of Ethiopia as a protectorate
-Italian forces were advancing into northern Ethiopia
-Menelik declared war
-in 1896, in one of the greatest battles in the history of Africa—the Battle
of Adowa—Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and
maintained their union’s independence |
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Term
| Euro Countries & Pacific Rim colonies |
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Definition
-the Dutch East India Company actively sought lands in Southeast Asia
-it seized Melaka from the Portuguese and fought the British and
Javanese for control of Java
-the discovery of oil and tin on the islands and the desire for more rubber
plantations prompted the Dutch to gradually expand their control over
Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali
-the company ruled the whole island chain of Indonesia, then called the
Dutch East Indies
-in contrast to the British, the Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home
-they created a rigid social class system
-the Dutch were on top, wealthy and educated Indonesians came next,
and plantation workers resided at the bottom
-the British sought a trading base that would serve as a stop for its ships
that traveled the India-China sea routes
-they found the ideal location--a large, sheltered harbor—on Singapore,
an island just off the tip of the Malay Peninsula
-they had been active in Southeast Asia since the turn of the century
-they helped the Nguyen dynasty rise to power in Vietnam
-in the 1840s, during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor,
seven French missionaries were killed
-church leaders and capitalists demanded military intervention
-emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern
Vietnam
-later, the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam to the
territory
-the combined states would eventually be called the French Indochina
-the French colonists tried to impose their culture on the Indochinese
-using direct colonial management, the French themselves filled all
important positions in the government bureaucracy
-they did not encourage local industry
-rice became a major export crop
-four times as much land was devoted to rice production
-the peasants’ consumption of rice decreased because rice was shipped
out of the region |
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Term
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Definition
-between the Russians and the Ottomans
-the war was called so after a peninsula in the Black Sea where most of
the war was fought
-Britain and France wanted to prevent the Russians from gaining control
of additional Ottoman lands
-they entered the war of the side of the Ottoman Empire
-the combined forces of the Ottomans, Britain, and France defeated
Russia
-was the first war in which women, led by Florence Nightingale,
established their position as army nurses
-was also the first war to be covered by newspaper correspondents
-revealed the Ottoman Empire’s military weakness
-the Ottoman Empire continued to lose lands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-European merchants were determined to find a product that the Chinese
would buy in large quantities
-opium- a habit forming narcotic made from the poppy plant
-British smuggled opium into China
-the growing supply of opium caused great social, moral, and monetary
problems for the country
-started the Opium War
-Britain won b/c they had gunboats and sophisticated cannons |
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Term
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Definition
-proposed and declared by the U.S
-this policy proposed that China’s “doors” be open to merchants of all
nations
-Britain and the other European nations agreed
-this policy thus protected both American trading rights in China and
China’s freedom from colonization
-but the country was still at the mercy of foreign powers |
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Term
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Definition
peasants and workers resented the special privileges granted to
Foreigners in China
-they formed a secret organization called “The Society of Harmonious
Fists”
-they became known as the Boxers |
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Term
| Latin American spent income… |
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Definition
imported European and North American manufactured goods
-they had little reason to develop their own industries |
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Term
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Definition
-an 1898 conflict between the US and Spain, in which the US supported Cuban’s fight for independence
-Cubans resented US intervention, the military government the US had
installed, and it’s preventing Cuba from becoming truly independent -Spain gave up Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Philippines to the US as a
result of the war
-then US set its sights on Panama
-Cuba became independent
-the US is kind of controlling Cuba |
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Term
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Definition
-Madero started the revolution
-he called for a revolution against Diaz
-Villa, Zapata, and other revolutionary armies won important victories
against Diaz’s army
-Diaz agreed to step down |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Balkans known as this because of their long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes |
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Term
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Definition
-a large part of the German army would race west, to defeat France and
then return to fight Russia in the east |
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Term
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Definition
-Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany
-it said that Germany would help Mexico "reconquer" the land it had lost
to the US if Mexico would ally with Germany
-Americans declared war |
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Term
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Definition
-made by pres. Wilson
-1-5 included.....an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade,
reduced national armies/navies, and adjustments colonial claims with
fairness towards colonial peoples
-the 14th point.....
-proposed a "general association of nations" that would protect "great
and small states alike" |
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Term
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Definition
-the war guilt
-sole responsibility for the war was placed on Germany's shoulders
-Germany was forced to pay the allies $33 billion in reparation over 30
Years |
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Term
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Definition
-ended the war between germany and russia
-was extremely harsh on russia
-required the russian government to surrender lands to germany that now
includes finland, poland, ukrainem estonia, latvia, and lithuania
-even though the treat became invalid after the war these nations still
gained their independence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect
of public & private life
-it challenges the highest values prized by weatern democracies--reason,
freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual
-all the states shared basic characteristics
-controlled russia to bring the economy up |
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Term
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Definition
-revolutionaries
-wanted 2 overthrow the czar
-wanted radical change |
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Term
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Definition
- vladimir
-major leader of blosheviks
-feld 2 western europe 2 avoid arrest by the czars
-waited til could safely return 2 russia
-became russia’s major leader |
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Term
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Definition
-organized violence against Jews
-a wave of these broke out in many parts of Russia |
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Term
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Definition
-financed russian industies
-boosted steel industries
-russia became 4th in steel producing
-US germany GB only produced more |
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Term
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Definition
| -local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers |
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Term
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Definition
-stricter that lenin
-a bolshevik
-lenins successor
-changed name from dzhugashivili
-stalin=man of steel
-was cold hard & impersonal
-lenin began 2 distrust him
-in 1928 he was in total command of the communist party |
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Term
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Definition
-a system in which the government made all economic decisions
political leaders identify the countries needs and determines how to
fulfill them |
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Term
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Definition
-russias first parliament
-a mock parliament
-met in may 1906
-wanted russia to become a constitutional monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
-Stalin turned against members of the communist party
-launched a campaign of terror
-directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power
-thousands of old bolsheviks who helped set the stage of the revolution
stood trial
-were sent to Siberia
-from 1934-1939 Stalin was responsible for over 8-13 million deaths |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Common to Fascism/Communism |
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Definition
both systems were ruled by dictators who allowed only their political party (one-party rule)
-both denied individual rights
-in both, the state was supreme
-neither practiced any kind of democracy
-unlike communists, Fascists did not seek a classless society
-rather, they believed that each class had its place and function
-Communism claimed to be a dictatorship of the working class
-in most cases, fascist parties were made up of aristocrats and
industrialists, war veterans, and the lower middle class
-also, Fascists were nationalists
-Communists were internationalists, hoping to unite workers worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
-unemployment rates began to rise as industrial production, prices, and
wages declined
-a long business slump
-touched every corner of the american economy
-in 1923, factory production was cut in half
-9 million people lost money in their savings accounts in the stock
market when banks had no money to pay them with |
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Term
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Definition
-a program of reform
-began by franklin d. roosevelt
-large public works projects=jobs for the unemployed
-large amounts of public money was spent on welfare and relief
programs
-roosevelt and his advisers believed that government spending would
create jobs/start a recovery
-regulations were imposed to reform the stock market and the banking
system
-besides these efforts, recovery was slow
-it eventually reformed the American economic system
-Roosevelt’s leadership preserved the country's faith in its democratic
political system
-also, it established him as a leader of democracy in a world threatened
by ruthless dictators |
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Term
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Definition
-a general-joined with army leaders that favored a fascist-style
government
-thus began a civil war that dragged on for 3 years
-Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, and airplanes to help Franco’s
forces, which were called the nationalists
-the armed forces of the Republicans, as supporters of Spain's elected
government were known as, received little help from abroad
-the western democracies remained neutral
-only the soviet union sent equipment and advisers
-an International Brigade of volunteers fought on the Republican side but
had little chance against a professional army
-early in 1939, Republican resistance collapsed
-Franco became Spain’s fascist dictator |
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Term
|
Definition
-Hitler’s growing strength convinced Mussolini that he should seek an
alliance with Germany
-in oct. 1936, the two dictators reached an agreement that became known
as the Rome-Berlin Axis
-a month later, Germany also made an agreement with Japan
-Germany, Italy, and Japan came to be called this (the axis powers) |
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Term
| Common to Japan,Germany, & Italy |
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Definition
| -Germany, Italy, and Japan were called the Axis powers-were all Fascist |
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Term
|
Definition
-was held on sep. 20, 1938
-the Czechs were not invited-a meeting between Germany, France, Britain and Italy
-British prime minister Neville chamberlain believed that he could
preserve peace by giving into Hitler’s demand
-the next morning, a tense world learned that the crisis was over
-Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland
-in exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia’s new borders
-6 months later…
-Hitler’s troops took Czechoslovakia
-soon after, Mussolini seized nearby Albania
-then Hitler demanded that Poland return the former German port of
Danzig
-the Poles refused and turned to Britain and France for aid
-both countries said they would guarantee Polish independence
-but appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war |
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Term
| The Rhineland; What happened in 1936? |
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Definition
the Rhine land was a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine river
-it formed a buffer zone between Germany and France
-it was also an important industrial area
-the German reoccupation of the Rhineland marked a
turning point in the march toward war
-on March 7, 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland
-stunned, the French were unwilling to risk war
-the British urged appeasement, giving in to an aggressor to keep peace |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-signed by Stalin (Russia) and Hitler (Germany)
-hitler was promising Stalin territory
-secrets…
-agreed that they would divide Poland between them
-agreed that the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) could take
over Finland and the Baltic countries |
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Term
|
Definition
-a "lightning war"
-where fast-moving planes, tanks, & massive infantry forces were used to
take the enemy by surprise
-it was used on Poland in the German invasion of Poland |
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Term
|
Definition
-Operation Sea Lion
-Hitler’s invasion of Great Britain
-his plan was first to knock out the Royal Air Force (RAF) and then to
land 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores
-the Luftwaffe, Germany’s air force, began bombing Great Britain
-badly outnumbered, the RAF had 2,900 planes to the Luftwaffe’s 4,500
-at first, the Germans targeted British airfields and aircraft factories
-then, on September 7, 1940, they began focusing on the cities,
especially London—to break British morale
-despite the destruction and loss of life, the British fought on
-two secret weapons helped turn the tide in their favor
-one was an electronic tracking system known as radar
-it could tell the number, speed, and direction of incoming warplanes
-the other was a German code-making machine named Enigma
-a complete Enigma machine was smuggled to Great Britain in 1938
-with Enigma in their possession, the British had German secret
messages open to them
-this battle continued until May 10, 1941
-stunned by British resistance, Hitler decided to call off his attacks
-instead, he focused his attention on Eastern Europe and the
Mediterranean
-the Allies had learned a crucial lesson: Hitler’s advances could be
blocked |
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Term
|
Definition
-the allies escaped to the beaches of Dunkirk, a French port city on the
English channel
-they were trapped with their backs to the sea
-GB set out to rescue the army
-it sent 850 ships across the English Channel |
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Term
| US declaration of war on Japan |
|
Definition
-a German U-boat suddenly fired on a US destroyer in the Atlantic-Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to respond
-they were to shoot German submarines on sight
-the US was now invovled in an undeclared naval war with Hitler
-to almost everyone's surprise, the attack that actually drew the US into
the war did not come from Germany, it came from Japan |
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Term
| Battle of Midway;what/significance |
|
Definition
-the US knew that a force of over 150 ships was heading toward Midway-the Japan force was the largest fleet ever assembled
-the US was outnumbered 4 to 1 in ships and planes
-*USA won* |
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Term
|
Definition
-General Douglas MacArthur's strategy against Japanese troops
-believed that storming each island would be a long, costly effort
-wanted to "Island hop" past Japanese strong points
-would then seize islands that were not well defended but were closer to
Japan
-after taking the islands, he would use air power to cut supply lines and
starve enemy troops |
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Term
|
Definition
-the systematic killing of an entire people
-also part of the Final Solution |
|
|
Term
| General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
code name: Operation Overlord
-the invasion of Normandy was the greatest land and sea attack in history
-June 6, 1944 it began
-at dawn, British, American, French, and Canadian troops fought their
way onto a 60-mile stretch of beach in Normandy
-the Germans had dug in with machine guns, rocket launchers, and
cannons
-they protected themselves behind concrete walls 3 feet thick
-despite heavy casualties, the Allies held the beachheads
-a month later, more than 1 million additional troops had landed
-on July 25, the Allies punched a hole in German defenses near Saint Lo
and General George Patton’s Third Army raced through
-soon, Germans were retreating
-on August 25, the Allies marched triumphantly into Paris
-by September, they had liberated France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and
much of the Netherlands
-then, they set their sights on Germany |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-on December 16, German tanks broke through weak American defenses
along an 85-mile front in the Ardennes
-the push into the Allied lines gave the campaign its name
-although caught off guard, the Allies eventually pushed the Germans
back and won
-the Nazis could do little but retreat since Hitler had lost men that he
could no longer replace |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-the most important achievement was the new constitution
-Japanese viewed the emperor as a god
-now, the emperor had to declare that he was not a god
-his power was reduced dramatically when he became a constitutional
monarchy
-the emperor became largely a figurehead-symbol of Japan
-people elected a two-house parliament
-it was called the Diet
-people over 20, and women, could vote
-led by a prime minister
-a constitutional bill of rights protected basic freedoms
-Article 9
-stated that the Japanese could no longer make war
-they could only fight if attacked
-in September 1951, the US and 48 other nations signed a formal peace
treaty with Japan
-it officially ended the war
-the US and Japan became allies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-split Europe and Germany
-Churchill's phrase came to represent europe's division between a mostly
democratic WE(Western Europe) & a communist EE from behind the
iron curtain, stalin termed Churchill’s words a "call to war" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-north atlantic treaty organization
-the berlin blockade made WE's fear of SU agression
-10 WE states jioned with the US and Canada to form a defensive
military alliance
-for the US, NATO membership marked the country's first peacetime
military commitment
-SU viewed as a threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the us and soviet union jioned 48 other countries
-an international organization that was intended to protect the members
against agression
-was based in new york
-they signed the UN charter and pledged "to save succeeding generations
from the scourge of war"
-General Assembly
-a large body
-was like an international town meeting
-each UN member nation could cast its vote on a broad range of issues,
including membership
-Security Council
-an 11-member body
-had the real power to investigate and settle the disputes
-5 permanent members--Britain, China, France, the US, and the Soviet
Union
-was intended to prevent any members from voting as a bloc to override
the others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the soviets developed this alliance system in 1955 as part of their own
containment policy
-including the SU, poland, East germany, czechoslovakia, hungary,
romania, bulgaria, and albania |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-a willingness to go to the brik, or edge, of war
-the US was like this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-between US and Soviet Union
-these conflicts started the cold war
-a state of diplinatic hostility that developed between the two
superpowers
-they used spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations
-not an actual war |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-US secretary of State George Marshal
-proposed that america give aid to any European country that needed it
-this assistance program would provide food, machines, and other
materials
-during this time, the communists seized power in Czechoslavakia
-congress immediately approved this plan
-this plan achieved spectacular success in Weatern Europe and in Yugoslavia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-the shooting down of a US spy plane and capture of its pilot by the SU
in 1960 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-pres. truman adopted a foreign policy called this
-was a policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and preventing the
expansion of communism
-these policies included creating alliances and helping weak countries
resist Soviet advances |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-the launching of the Soviet satellite
-made americans feels as if they had fallen behind in science and
technology
-the US gov. poured money into education, esp. science, math, and
foreign lang.
-by Jan. 1958, the US successfully launched its own satellite |
|
|
Term
| Yalta Talks (Yalta Conference) |
|
Definition
-the us, britain, and the soviet union met
-they agreed to divide germany into zones of occupation controlled by
the allied military forces
-germany would have to pay the soviet union to conpensate for its loss of
life and property
-stalin promised that eastern europe would have free elections
-winston churchill recognized this as an empty promise
-he predicted that stalin would keep his pledge if the eastern europeans
followed "a policy friendly to russia" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Truman Doctrine…
-Truman’s support for countries that rejected communism
-caused great controversy
-some objected to american interfernce in other nations affairs
-others argued that the US lacked the resourced to carry on a global
crusade against communism
-others pointed out that some US support would go to dictators
-congress immediately authorized over $400 million in aid to Turkey and
Greece |
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Term
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Definition
-he began withdrawing US troops from Vietnam in 1969
-his plan was: Vietnamization
-it allowed for US troops to pull out, while the S. Vietnamese increased
their combat role
-wanted to pursue this while presevering the S. Vietnamese gov.
-authorized a massive bombing campaign against N. Vietnamese bases
and supply routes |
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Definition
-an unpopular ruler/leader in Vietnam
-ruled the south as a dictator
-contrastingly--Ho Chi Minh began a popular program of land
redistribution in the north |
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Term
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Definition
-told congress that N. Vietnamese patrol boats attacked two US
destroyers in the Gulf of Tenkin
-result--congress authorized the pres. to send US troops into Vietnam
-the US troops faced two major difficulties
-one, they were fighting guerillas in an unfamiliar jungle terrain
-two, the S. Vietnamese government was becoming unpopular |
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Definition
-leader of the 15 nations, including Britain and Canada
-his plan: to send an international force to Korea to stop the invasion
-then he launched a surprise attack |
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Term
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Definition
-also known as Kampuchea
-suffered US bombing during the war
-communist rebels known as the Khmer Rouge
-set up a brutal communist government under the leadership of Pol Pot
-his followers slaughtered 2 million people
-was one quarter of the nation's population
-a Vietnamese invasion in 1978 overthrew the Khmer Rouge
-the Vietnamese finally withdrew in 1989
-**in 1993, under the supervision of UN peacekeepers, Cambodia
adopted a democratic constitution and held a free election**
-Pol Pot was captured and detained in 1997 for the war crimes he had
committed |
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Term
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Definition
-the communist dictator, kim Il Sung, established collective farms,
developed heavy industry, and built up the country's military power
-his son, Kim Jong Il, ascended to power at his father's death
-his rule: Communist N. Korea developed nuclear weapons
-N. Korea had serious economic problems
-continues to struggle with shortages or energy and food |
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Term
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Definition
-prospered thanks to the massive aid from the US and other countries
-in the 1960s, they concentrated on developing its industry and boosting
foreign trade
-a succession of dictatorships ruled the rapidly developing country
-with the 1987 adoption of a democratic constitution, they established
free elections
-during the 1980s and early 1990s, they claimed one of the highest
economic growth rates in the world |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Vietnam was divided at 17 degrees north latitude |
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Term
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Definition
-a line that crossed Korea at 38 degrees north latitude
-it split N. Korea and S. Korea
-N. Korea--communist
-S. Korea--US took over--democratic
-Truman was convinced that the N. Korean aggressors were repeating
what Hitler, Mussolini, and the Japanese had done in the 1930s
-his policy of containment was being put to the test
-he resolved to help S. Korea resist communist influence |
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Term
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Definition
-purging the country of Stalin’s memory
-done by Nikita Khrushvhev |
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Term
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Definition
-a loyal member of the Communist party
-became the dominant Soviet leader
-was a shrewd and tough leader
-publicly denounced Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens
-put destalinization into effect |
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Term
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Definition
-the brinkmanship policy followed during Eisenhower, Kennedy, and
Johnson’s administrations resulted in one terrifying crisis after another
-during his presidency, the Cuban missile crisis made the superpowers’
use of nuclear weapons a very real possibility
-the crisis ended when the Soviet ships turned back to avoid a
confrontation at sea |
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Term
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Definition
-Czech Communist leader Dubcek loosened controls on censorship to
offer his country socialism with “a human face”
-known as Prague Spring
-a period of reform
-on August 20, armed forces from the Warsaw Pact nations invaded
Czechoslovakia |
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Term
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Definition
-a policy of lessening Cold War tensions, finally replaced brinkmanship
during the presidency of Richard M. Nixon
-his move toward détente grew out of a philosophy known as realpolitik
-it came from a German word meaning “realistic politics”
-realpolitik meant dealing with other nations in a practical and flexible
manner
-the two superpowers agreed to pursue détente and to reduce tensions
-his new policy represented a dramatic personal political shift for the
country
-his rise in politics was largely due to his anti-Communist position
-he became the first American president after WWII to visit Communist
China
-the visit made sense in a world in which 3 superpowers eyed each other
suspiciously
-US, Russia, China = 3 superpowers |
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Term
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Definition
the program, called Star Wars after a popular movie, was never put into
effect
-it remained a symbol of U.S. anti-Communist sentiment |
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