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history 8 final study guide
history 8 first semester final study guide by Mark
71
History
8th Grade
01/20/2009

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Term
Apprentice
Definition
Learned a trade from an experienced craftsman
Term
Artillery
Definition
Cannons or large guns
Term
Aztecs
Definition
Lived in Tenochtitlan, became the biggest Mexican empire
Term
Backcountry
Definition
land where climate and resources varied, depending on latitude. Many Scots-Irish immigrants settled here
Term
Boycott
Definition
A refusal to buy something
Term
Cash crop
Definition
Crops raised to be sold for money
Term
Charter
Definition
A written contract, issued by a government, giving the holder the right to establish a colony.
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres.
Term
Committee of Correspondence
Definition
Groups that exchanged letters on colonial affairs
Term
Conquistador
Definition
A Spaniard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century
Term
Culture
Definition
A way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs
Term
Deserter
Definition
One who leaves military duty without intending to return
Term
Diversity
Definition
A variety of people
Term
Export
Definition
To send to foreign countries
Term
Geography
Definition
The study of the surface of the earth, and its relationship with the climate, elevation, vegetation, population, and landuse.
Term
Gristmill
Definition
A mill in which grain is ground to produce flour of meal
Term
Guerilla warfare
Definition
Where a soldier of group of soldiers weakens the enemy with surprise raides and hit-and-run attacks
Term
Hessian
Definition
A German professional soldier hired to fight in a foreign country
Term
Import
Definition
To bring in from a foreign country
Term
Incas
Definition
Lived in Peru, built Empire in Cuzco Valley
Term
Indentured Servant
Definition
A person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America
Term
Indigo
Definition
A plant grown in the Southern colonies that yields a deep blue dye
Term
Joint Stock Company
Definition
A business in which investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit
Term
Line of Demarcation
Definition
A line that gave Portugal land east of line, and Spain was given all land west of the line.
Term
Literacy
Definition
Able to read and write
Term
Loyalists
Definition
An American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
An economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.
Term
Mestizo
Definition
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
Term
Militia
Definition
A force of armed civilians pledged to defend their community during the American Revolution
Term
Minutemen
Definition
A member of the colonial militia who was trained to respond "at a minute's warning"
Term
Natural Rights
Definition
A person's rights to life, liberty, and property
Term
New France
Definition
A fur-trading post established in 1608 that became the first permanent French settlement in North America.
Term
Overseer
Definition
A worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves
Term
Patriots
Definition
American colonists who sided with the rebels in the American Revolution
Term
Patroon
Definition
A person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland and in return received a large land grant and other special privileges.
Term
Persecution
Definition
Torture and punishment for a belief in a certain religion (e.g. Christianity)
Term
Pilgrim
Definition
A member of the group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth colony in 1620
Term
Preamble
Definition
Introduction
Term
Proprietary Colony
Definition
A colony with a single owner
Term
Puritan
Definition
A member of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and sought to reform the practices of the Church of England.
Term
Quaker
Definition
A person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups
Term
Reformation
Definition
A 16th-century religious movement to correct problems in the Roman Catholic Church
Term
Renaissance
Definition
A period of European history, lasting from the 1300s to 1600, that brought increased interest in art and learning
Term
Repeal
Definition
Term
Royal Colony
Definition
A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king
Term
Separatist
Definition
Pilgrims
Term
Smuggle
Definition
To illegally import or export goods
Term
Sons of Liberty
Definition
A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution
Term
Subsistence Farming
Definition
Farming that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade
Term
Triangular Trade
Definition
The transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonied in North America
Term
Writs of Assistance
Definition
Search warrants that allowed British officers to enter colonial homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods
Term
Cortez
Definition
was a conquistador
Term
Montezuma
Definition
The Aztec emperor
Term
Anne Hutchinson
Definition
Believed that a person could worship God without church, a pastor, or a Bible
Term
Roger Williams
Definition
Founded 1st permanent English settlement; named it in honor of King James
Term
James Oglethorpe
Definition
Founder of Georgia; founded it as a refuge for debtors
Term
William Penn
Definition
Was a Quaker; founded Pennsylvania
Term
Nathaniel Bacon
Definition
Demanded that Governor William Berkeley approve a war against the Native Americans to seize their land for tobacco plantations
Term
Jonathan Edwards
Definition
One of the best-known preachers, terrified people about God's anger
Term
Benjamin Franklin
Definition
A famous Enlightenment figure
Term
John Locke
Definition
Argued that people have natural rights
Term
John Peter Zenger
Definition
Publisher of the N.Y. Weekly Journal, stood trial for printing criticism of the governor
Term
Patrick Henry
Definition
A member of Virginia's house of Burgess who called resistance to the tax
Term
Samuel Adams
Definition
A leader of the Sons of Liberty
Term
Paul Revere
Definition
A Boston silversmith who spread the news about Britis troop movement
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
Wrote the Declration of Independence
Term
General Burgoyne
Definition
Travelled slowly and threw many parties to celebrate his victories
Term
John Paul Jones
Definition
Won the most famous sea battle. In 1779, he became the commander of Bonhomme Richard.
Term
George Washington
Definition
was the general of the colonial army and the 1st president of the U.S.
Term
General William Howe
Definition
British general
Term
General Charles Cornwallis
Definition
British general who set up his base at Yorktown
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