Shared Flashcard Set

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History 300 Block 2
Starting at Ch. 10
89
History
Undergraduate 3
02/07/2016

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
sultanate
Definition
an independent country ruled by a sultan
Term
Sahel
Definition
Arabic for "shore"
Term
mansa
Definition
Mandinka for emperor
Term
Berbers
Definition
North African peoples who intermingled with different ethnicities over many generations
Term
Bantu
Definition
migrated south very slowly
Term
Islam spread...
Definition
along key trading routes (eastern coast & sahara desert)
Term
Hunter-gatherer life to settled life
Definition
increased sense of community
Term
Olmecs
Definition
extensive trade, spreading culture and technology and religion
Term
Moche
Definition
lived in Peru
Term
Incan Empire
Definition
west coast of S. America; last Andean empire
Term
khipu
Definition
used to record data
Term
The clergy of France promoted the violence between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots by using
Definition
sermons
Term
Italian city that the Renaissance began in
Definition
Florence
Term
Where in the late-fifteenth-century European world were African slaves the primary workforce?
Definition
Atlantic island plantations
Term
How did the French king Francis I resolve the power struggle between France and the church?
Definition
Francis negotiated an agreement that enabled French kings to control church positions in France.
Term
How did Martin Luther view marriage?
Definition
marriage as a contract that could be broken
Term
religious order created by Angela Merici in 1535
Definition
Ursulines
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition
limited religious tolerance of Calvinism in France
Term
What is virtù according to humanists of the Italian Renaissance?
Definition
Quality of being able to shape the world around one
Term
most natural category of hierarchy in Renaissance Europe
Definition
gender
Term
Where in Europe were the Jesuits most successful in converting Protestants back to Catholicism?
Definition
Southern Germany
Term
Why was the Holy Roman emperor Charles V able to limit the spread of Protestantism in the Netherlands?
Definition
Because he had grown up in the Netherlands, he was respected by the Dutch.
Term
"humanism"
Definition
program that tried to understand humanity through the study of classical literature
Term
Renaissance misogynists debate about women
Definition
women's character/nature was devious, domineering, demanding
Term
See "England," p. 437/pp. 433–434 Value

















































What was the general condition of England when Henry VII died in 1509?
Definition
England was at peace both domestically and internationally.
Term
Why did Martin Luther attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church?
Definition
He questioned church teachings on salvation and the use of indulgences.
Term
Holy Office
Definition
group of 6 cardinals dedicated to investigating suspected heretics
Term
the politiques
Definition
saved France
Term
political concept pioneered by Italian states in 15th century
Definition
balance of power & permanent embassies
Term
Where in Renaissance Europe were shifting class divisions and new concepts of elite status most apparent?
Definition
cities
Term
Which French king was the first to create a permanent royal army anywhere in Europe?
Definition
Charles VII
Term
How did Protestant and Catholic ideas about a woman's place in a marriage compare?
Definition
both believed a woman was subordinate
Term
How did the Council of Trent reform the sacraments, which many Protestants objected to?
Definition
reaffirmed the traditional teachings on the 7 sacraments
Term
Peace of Augsburg
Definition
each prince could determine the faith of his people
Term
women's labor
Definition
valued significantly less than ANY male's work regardless of age
Term
What political situation of the sixteenth century influenced the Renaissance "debate about women"?
Definition
prominent political rule of women in 4 major states
Term
How widespread was knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance culture among the general population of Europe?
Definition
only a small, educated elite had full knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance ideas
Term
Why did Italian merchants become patrons of artists in the Renaissance?
Definition
to demonstrate their wealth
Term
"true" man in Renaissance culture
Definition
married head of household
Term
conversos
Definition
wealth & power in Spain
Term
War of the Roses
Definition
the long civil war interrupted trade; merchants were glad when it ended
Term
Machiavellian
Definition
cunning and ruthlessness
Term
Mongol emperors
Definition
opened the doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans to do business there
Term
Prince Henry
Definition
fifteenth-century Portuguese royal who supported the exploration of the western coast of Africa
Term
The death of large numbers of Native Americans in European colonies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries caused what major problem for colonial administration?
Definition
loss of subjugated labor
Term
Why were the port cities along the Indian Ocean safe from most violence and conquest from the seventh through the fourteenth centuries?
Definition
The port cities of the area were protected by shared economic interest.
Term
How were the European voyages of exploration an extension of Renaissance thought?
Definition
Exploration was a manifestation of Renaissance curiosity about the physical universe.
Term
Catholic friars
Definition
seeked to convert native americans
Term
Why did the Spanish governor in Cuba send Hernán Cortés to Mexico in 1519?
Definition
trade and explore the region
Term
Which of the following helps explain the racialization of the transatlantic slave trade?
Definition
The supply of Muslim and white eastern Mediterranean slaves declined in the fifteenth century.
Term
What does the story of the Virgin of Guadalupe represent?
Definition
Native American religious ideas influencing New World Catholicism
Term
After conquering Granada and ending the reconquista, where did the Spanish transfer the militaristic religious fervor they had developed during that military effort in Iberia?
Definition
the Americas
Term
What caused the rise of Indian Ocean ports such as Quilon and Calicut in the late medieval period?
Definition
They resupplied Arab merchants who were trading with China.
Term
Which two Italian city-states controlled the import of goods from Asia into Europe in the late Middle Ages?
Definition
Venice & Genoa
Term
How did the Spanish conquests of the Inca, Maya, and Aztecs compare?
Definition
The Inca and Aztecs fell more easily to the Spanish forces than the Mayans because they were urban-based empires.
Term
Which of the following was a major motive for European exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Definition
To find new sources of wealth and a way around Ottoman-controlled trade routes
Term
Which of the following was a major factor in the ongoing tension between the Ottomans and Safavids in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Definition
religious divisions
Term
jizya
Definition
poll-tax on non-Muslims
Term
Although the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was successful in many battles, what group did he fail to defeat, despite numerous attempts?
Definition
Marathas
Term
Babur
Definition
In 1504, a Turkish ruler named Babur captured Kabul and established a kingdom in Afghanistan. He then moved southward and captured the cities of Agra and Delhi, key fortresses of northern India.
Term
Why did artistic and intellectual advancements spread quickly among the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?
Definition
Arabic was a shared language of all three empires because of its centrality in Islam.
Term
Which of the following caused the Mughal emperor Akbar to come into conflict with religious leaders in his empire?
Definition
religious tolerance of Hindus
Term
In the Indian-English system of textile production that functioned in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what role did banker-brokers play?
Definition
They supplied the raw materials and the money.
Term
What sect of Islam grew stronger in the political vacuum left by the fall of the Safavid Empire?
Definition
Shi'a
Term
Although the Ottomans had been very successful in fighting European armies, what city did they fail to capture in 1529?
Definition
Vienna
Term
gardens
Definition
associated with paradise
Term
Which of these statements describes the British factory-forts formed in India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Definition
The British called their trading posts factory-forts. The term "factory" designated the walled compound containing the residences, gardens, and offices of British East India Company officials and the warehouses where goods were stored before being shipped to Europe.
Term
What practice regarding the initiation of new sultans was abandoned after Suleiman's reign?
Definition
Sending the sultan's sons to govern provinces with their mothers
Term
Which factor contributed to the strength of the early Safavid Empire?
Definition
common ground with Shi'a faith
Term
How did Akbar establish his power over the religious authorities of his Mughal Empire?
Definition
By declaring the emperor to be the supreme authority in all religious matters
Term
Which of the following is a belief held by the Sikhs of northwest India?
Definition
God does not distinguish between Muslims and Hindus.
Term
Which of the following allowed Suleiman to influence European affairs, such as the Peace of Augsburg, in the sixteenth century?
Definition
Ottoman power and possession of the Balkans
Term
The reforms begun by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb were
Definition
religious in nature
Term
How did the Ottoman sultan Mehmet integrate the Greek Christian community into the administration of Constantinople?
Definition
He appointed the Greek patriarch to represent the Greek population.
Term
See "Intellectual Advances and Religious Trends," pp. 503–505/pp. 503–505 Value









































































Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires prohibit or fail to encourage the use of printing?
Definition
Muslim officials saw printing as a threat to the stability of their empires.
Term
intendants
Definition
They were appointed by and responsible to the king and ran his administration; Intendants were commissioners, each of whom served in one of France's thirty-two districts, where they recruited men for the army, supervised the collection of taxes, presided over the administration of local law, checked up on the local nobility, and regulated economic activities, thus imposing royal power throughout the kingdom.
Term
How did the Navigation Acts help the English build their colonies in North America?
Definition
They gave English and colonial ships a monopoly on trade with English colonies; The Navigation Acts required most goods imported into England and Scotland be carried on English-owned ships with English crews; these laws gave English merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with the English colonies, thus preventing those in other nations from profiting from the English colonies
Term
clerics
Definition
Immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism were all problems that critics raised concerning clerics; during 16th century reforms
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
spread his Protestant ideas in the Holy Roman Empire
Term
What role did language play in the attempts by monarchs to consolidate their power in the seventeenth century?
Definition
Languages divided people in kingdoms and made it difficult to unite populations
Term
Regardless of their style of government, all European powers of the seventeenth century sought to assert central control over which of the following?
Definition
taxes and role of the military
Term
How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?
Definition
The pope formed a general council to address some of the concerns raised by the critics.
Term
core concept of Enlightenment thought
Definition
Use of the scientific method can lead to intellectual progress.
Term
Why did Protestant countries such as Britain and the Netherlands, rather than Catholic countries, become more accepting of science after 1640?
Definition
Protestant nations lacked a central religious authority to force orthodox religious and philosophical ideas on society.
Term
Which group of people was most negatively impacted by the process of enclosure?
Definition
poor farmers
Term
How did new Enlightenment ideas about race depart from the previous grouping of individuals into "nations"?
Definition
Enlightenment thinkers argued that racial differences were physical and innate.
Term
How did natural philosophers like Kepler and Newton understand the relationship between God, magic, and science?
Definition
They believed that religion, science, and the occult were intertwined and their belief in all three was compatible.
Term
How did the Galilean scandal over the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World impact Italy's scientific advancements?
Definition
The Catholic Church was more hostile to science, and science declined in Italy after 1640.
Term
philosophes
Definition
an influential group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment; Intellectuals who wished to bring the light of knowledge to the ignorant
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