James Monroe

1. Govener of Viginia, also Secratary of State and General and also resembled Washington(so that helped him win votes)

2. Path to the presdiency- optimistic speech for the future, including National Harmony in his inauguration speech, attempt to keep everyone happy.

3. Cabinet (of advisors) included John Quincy Adams who was John Adams' son

1.Missouri was the 15th state now making it an add number of states; before we had a nation with an even amount of free and slave states:

2. Mason-Dixon Line (Ohio River)was between Maryland and Pennsylvania so north of this line you were free if you were black but south of the line you were a slave. Missouri tipped the balance and Created a debate. Already many slaves lived there in Missouri. The North was afraid of the South having control so North threatened war.

3.Pres. Monroe had nothing to do with the compromise; just the Congress.

4. Then Maine (in the North) signed for statehood so it was even again.

5. Era of good Feeling

Federalist party was non-existent; democratic and Republican in place.

6. Missouri Compromise: above the "36"/"30" line wd be free except for Missouri which would b slave;

this fixed the problem for now.

John Quincy Adams wrote it.

President declared to Europe that we are now free and cleared from you. Leave the Western Hemisphere alone, Somewhat of a Peace Treaty. QUESTION:Was there a legal Right? ANSWER: No, there wasn't. Backlash was further down the road, we might need assitance for moderization, and help in general.  

Adams-Onis

Treaty

1. Harvard, U.S. Senator, diplomate for Prussia, Russia and Holland, born in Massachusetts, and Married at age 30 to Luisa Kathleen. Abigail (his mom) didn't really like her, she was born in England(Lusia).

2. 1824 election, no clear cut winner between him and Andrew Jackson, election goes to the House of Representatives to determine, he wins because Henry Clay supported him so he made Clay Secretary of  State.

3. Andrew Jackson was so angry that he split off his party and started the Democratic Pary while Adams was the Republican Part.

Before this, it had just been the Federalists party only.

4. He was miserable being President.

5. Began National Programs, to bring highways and canals; arts and Sciences. Spoke of Standardising weights and measures.

1.In 1828, Briton had been blocked,they were selling goods cheaper& we could not match their price.

2.We passed Protective Tarrifs (in 1816) &(in 1824) which are taxes on foreign goods being sold in the US.

3.South didn't like this, they wanted to buy and trade cotton with everyone anytime. Southerners made the plan to have 45% Tarrif.

4.In 1828 John Quincy Adams supporters might think that the tarrifs were too high and this would  look like the president didn't have support for his own idea. But if Northeast said it was too high, the Southerners could withdraw from being in the United States and say see even people (Northeast) who like tarrifs don't want it.

QUESTION: What Happened? ANSWER: Northeast were ok with it and passed it , Southeners said it was terrible.

5.After one term he returns to Massachuets . He ran and was in the Hous of Represenitives for Massachusetts and loved it.     

1.Defeated John Quincy Adams in the 1828 election.

2. Andrew Jackson, Southern Childhood , ten when revolution against England broke out.

At 14, British inprisoned him, he didn't die, mom and brother died during the revolution, no father. Became a Fierce Patriot, to make sense of his struggles.

3.Had a legal career, briefly in the House and Senate. Was argumentative.

4.His hobby was shooting people; was in more than 100 duels (David...like the one in the birthday party room of the haunted house.)

5. 1806 Duel with Charles Dickinson: Jackson was hit in the chest but covered it up and shot and killed Dickinson. But the bullet stayed in his chest and he got lead poisoning from it so had lung and breathing problems.

Andrew Jackson

Body of General Principles

1. Federal constitution obeyed

2. State Rights Preserved

3. National Dept Paid

4. Direct taxes and loans avoided

5. Federal Union must be Preserved

Issues, high teriff bill in 1831, South Carolina and vald, doesn't have the right to nulify a law, Jackson ordered troops to Charleston Harber, they were treasoning. Vice President resighned, replaced by Mortin Vanblunen, this was the downfall.

Andrew Jackson

Bank Issues: Nicholas Biddle

1831 high tarrif bill in South Carolina so So Carolina said we are going to nullify(get rid of) the tarrif;

states did not have the right to do that=

treason (going against the United States);

Pres Jackson sent federal troops to harbor at Charleston, So Carolina

Vice President resigned and was replaced by

Martin VanBuren;

this was the downfall.

Andrew Jackson

Force Act

Trail of Tears

Jeremiah Euarts vs. Andrew Jackson

The Cherokee Indian Tribe had semi-soverent (They could govern themselves) status, and had treaties with Americans, blended (Indians living with whites) homes, 86 chararcter alphabet, very good school system.

White Missonary would not leave Cherokee land, goes to SUpreme Court(Worcesten vs. Georgia), forcible removement(Indian Act) Act moved Cherokees to Oklahoma 1,000's died in camps and on the way. 15,000 made it and were angry. Beginning of Indian War

Jeremiah Euarts said this is inhumane (being mean to the Indians) but

Andrew Jackson said that on the Indian Reservations the Indian culture wd be preserved and it wd be safer for them

This was not true. It was really just like putting them in prison.

Andrew Jackson - Election Scandal

President of the Common Man

this card should be with other Andrew Jackson card

Was a very ugly election because there was a lot of name calling: said his mom was a prostitute (whore), that his father was probably black; and his wife Rachel was a floozy(has sex with a lot of men) cuz she never finished the divorce with her 1st husband. These things were all untrue but it bothered him and also his wife Rachel died before the election was over

He became the President of the Common Man and let huge crowds into the White House. They were rowdy and broke things.

Romanticism (art)

vs. Enlightenment (science)

is European intellectual movement.

Directed reaction to intange, unseen, and optisism   In Enlightment: progress is always good;

and reason = progress

Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.^[1] In part, it was a revolt against social and political ways of the rich people of the Age of Enlightenment which said that progress is always good (probably because it made the rich people even richer.

It valued the visual arts, music, and literature;

strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience

1.Transcendentalism is a group of ideas in literature and philosophy that developed in the 1830s and '40s as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spirituality that "transcends"(goes beyond) the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

2. means they were thinking reason might not always create progress, thus came Romanticicism.They were feelers. First were Christian Clergy Men, who believed Christianity became ratical,meaning they neede to feel. 

1.(May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American lecturer, philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism

2.Father of the Transcendentalism,; "Trust thyself", "Spark of the Divine" and compaints against :trans" which took out/denied all evil.

1.follower, born in Massachusetts, he wnated to study the virtues of self-reliance (being independent and relying on yourself. He lived in solitude (alone)for 18 months and wrote down his feelings.

2. July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist.

He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings

Walt Whitman

this card should be by Emerson and Thoreau

He wrote Poertry, Rise of "Utopias which is a heaven on earth, everyone is happy excludes possibility of evils.

3 Utopias:

1.New Harmony, Indiana which Robern Owen found it, he conducted an experiement with textile plants in Scottland. He wanted to build dormitories and school. Everyone had medical help, people lived where they worked, workers would be more productive at work. Buys land "New Harmony" about 1,00 people came, no private property. Everyone cooked together. Many freeloaders came. In 1827 he left and went back to Scottland.

2. Oneida, New York Silverware made there, John Humphery Noyes, he wanted to have all the land be in Common (pwned by everyone), he saw woman as under their husband's thumb. He outlawed marriage, Everyone was married to everyone Laws were against him so he fled to Canada. Melda went back to normal life.

3.THe Shakers  were religous sect, woman Ann Lee came from England and was their leader. Said God brought Christ to represent his masculine side snd she was the feminine side. Mt. Lebanon, New York, great number of them were there, 20 colonies by the 1820s. No private property, men and women were leaders, marriage was banned, everyone was celabet(didn't have sex). They believed christ would return soon. Shakers make simple wooden furniture. They had many converts in the last 2 years.

Lived 1802 - 1887

Reformed the way mentally ill people were treated; started 30 institutions (hospitals) in the US with well-trained staff; not like prisons anymore.

Met with clergy (church) men to start first asylum; went to US Congress to fund St. Elizabeth Hospital; also met with Queen of England and Pope in Italy.

Abolitionism

to get rid of slavery;

began in the Northern colonies (egNY, Penn)after the Revolutionary War but the South kept slavery;

Wm Lloyd Garrison - publisher of "The Liberator" newspaper along w/ Wendall Phillips (spoke well);2 men banned slave things like cotton & sugar;

Frederick Douglas (mom was a slave and father was white and Frederick was a run-away slave)said slavery was wrong and needed change thru the constitution.

Statement to create equality from "men" to "all men and women" so this included getting rid of slavery;

so slavery became the bigger issue and women's rts were revisited after slavery was abolished;

Seneca Falls, NY in 1848

Not drinking alcohol;

by 1820, grain was abundant and cheap & annual consumption of "spirits" (hard liquor) was 7.5 gallons; in addition to beer and wine;

proved being drunk led to bad behavior and poverty;

Anglicans (English church) started temperance societies with 1 million members with more females than males;

1835 passed the 15 gallon law which allowed sale of no less than 15 gallons - purchased only be rich so discriminatory toward the poor.

1845 - NY has wet and dry counties

Maine-first state to start Prohibition (no selling of alcohol at all) which led to

18th Amendment - 1919 banned alcohol

Al Capone and mob would "boot leg" (sneak) Canadian whiskey & so became very wealthy;

"speak-easy" clubs where alcohol was sold;

21st Amendment 1933 now repealed (took away) the 18th Amendment so alcohol was now was taxed which led to more money for the government.

rise of the Anglican, Baptist & other Christian churchs

they feared different religions coming in like Catholics, Mormons whom they called "non-Christian"

started "Revival" Meetings where thousands of people attended;

1801 Cone Ridge, Kentucky had 50,000 people;

typically found in South, Midwest, rural because these meetings brot excitement to less educated people and they got to meet their neighbors.

1800s Education

Massachusetts-only state to require free education

Poor parents did not like this cuz now their kids went to school and not work and the parents did not have the money that their kids used to make

Horace Mann helped to create schools;

every town with at least 500 people needed a

high school

lived in Virginia, Missouri then got the first colonization contract from Spain to bring American families into Texas;

he returned to Missouri and his son, Stephen carried out the colonization

son of Moses Austin

brot 300 families to Texas in 1821 (when Texas was still part of Mexico);

these families were picked if they were 1.strong, 2.could get along with others, 3. willing to become Mexican citizens; 4. willing to become Catholics (religion of Mexico)

200 Spanish speaking people who lived in Texas;

Jose Antonio Navarro (wealthy) was their leader;

Tejanos owned ranches/missions and traded wild mustangs for good money;

Spanish said they cd not sell these horse anymore cuz the Spanish wanted to do it and make the $;

1813 they fot the Spanish and 300 tejanos were killed including kids and women;

Navarro saw that cotton wd be good $ to bring economic stability to Texas; he was not against using slaves.

Mexican leader who changes Mex. govt from Federalism to Centralism (dictator);

worried about so manyAmericans coming to Texas

so closes Texas to further settlement;

10 year promised tax break is repealed;

tarrifs (taxes) on American goods is raised;

Coahuila-Tejanos do not want to coordinate with Mexicans and Santa Anna closes down the border;

San Antonio-Americans organize their own temporary govt; Tejanos help fight and the Mexican officials are quickly taken down;

Battle at a chapel in the Spanish Mission Mar 6, 1836 near San Antonio, Texas

when Santa Anna won and killed about 250 Americans who were well known eg Davy Crockett;

Santa Anna did not take prisoners of war, instead he just killed them right there.

This made Americans really angry and instead of scaring the Americans, it just made them stronger.

Mar 27, 1836 called a massacre by Santa Anna when he killed all but 28 (who pretended to be dead already) Americans in the Texan army; captured the leader, James Fannin, and then killed him too.

Along with the Alamo Battle, Americans were so angry that they wanted revenge!

Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836;

led by General Sam Houston beat Santa Anna in just 18 minutes and 700 Mex soldiers were killed and 730 were captured while only 9 Texans died; Santa Anna (now Pres of Mexico) was captured and held; 3 weeks later he signed the peace treaty saying Mex army would leave the region and that he wd lobby for Texas would become independent as the Republic of Texas; 

Sam Houston became a national celebrity, and the Texans' rallying cries, "Remember the Alamo!" and "Remember Goliad!" became etched into American history and legend.

leader of the Battle of San Jacinto where revenge was so high that the battle to defeat Mex forces only took 18 minutes.

Remember the Alamo!

first leader of the Republic of Texas

When Santa Anna agrees with Stephen Austin that Texas should be free, the Mex govt does not agree;

Stephen dies of pneumonia;

Navarro (Tejanos) and Americans don't get along anymore because the Americans see any Spanish speaking person as the cruel Santa Anna at Alamo;

more land (1 million acres)is taken from the Tejanos;

Tejanos leave for Mexico;

Texans want to join the USA and European countries don't like that US is growing so big;

want to be a slave state;

New president, James Polk, pushes the  for Texas to become a state in 1845 using 50%+ majority rather than the usual 66%;

Mexico is angry cuz they never agreed to this;

Seth Thornton attacked by Mexican April 25, 1846 by the border and US Congress approves funding for a war against Mexico;

we lose 13,000 men mostly to disease;

increase 1/3 land mass; costs a lot of $;

Mexican war becomes the computer screen (weaknesses and positives) for later wars.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 signed; Rio Grande River becomes the natural border as Mexico cedes (gets out of) California and New Mexico and the US pays Mexico $15 million;

500,000 square miles goes from Mexico and Republic of Texas to USA

Christianization of California by Father Junipero Serra as he came fromMexico in 1768 & he built missions from San Diego up to San Francisco along the coast w/ each a day's journey from each other;

employed 1000s of Native Americans as laborers;

wanted to teach natives how to trade& be Christians;

missions were self sufficient with rooms for priests &single women;

a lot of Native Americans died from the diseases brot by the Spanish;

missions gave natives food source, trade, adaptation to some European influences;

Serra went to Mexico & proposed a Bill of Rights for the Natives but this never happened; died in 1784 before all the missions were completed;

other priests came from Spain to help.

ranches that raised cows which produced beef to eat, cow hide for material, & tallow (fat) for candles;

1820s American ships came to trade "The Hide & Tallow Trade";

also raised navel oranges with no seeds; first orange tree is still here is Riverside;

many asylums (hospitals) began for tuberculosis patients (lung disease like in La Traviata);

Banning near Palm Springs had over 20 tuberculosis homes cuz it was thot that hot dry weather helped in curing the disease;

more and more ships came from the East Coast eg Boston, Salem, New York;

ships struggled because they had to go down around the tip of South America (Cape Horn) and then all the way up So America, Central America, Mexico and finally to California.

written after a two-year sea voyage starting in 1834 and published in 1840;

written to show how poorly the common sailor was treated on these long sailing trips;

it was very hard to make it through all the currents;

many died sailing this long voyage.

means New Switzerland

John Sutter made Sutters Fort where the America and Sacramento Rivers meet;

completed in 1843;

became the spot for Americans (not Swiss) to live in the Sacramento Valley;

this fort was like a mission--protected and enclosed with canons at the top for protection;

rooms for women to make cloth;

many kitchen-like places;

huge trading post with places to make many things eg tools, food, furniture, blacksmith (for horse shoes), bed frames;

George Donner Family (1846-47);

left Salt Lake Basin, Utah and took the Hastings cut off trail instead of the Oregon trail;

reached Sierra Nevada mountain range at Lake Tahoe in November just as the winter snow was coming and they were running out of food;

rescuers did not reach them until February;

out of 87 only 48 survived and they did survive by eating the people, horses, dogs that died (called cannabolism);

were not prepared

Utah

Joseph Smith

Brigham Young

Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of what later became known as the Latter Day Saint movement, popularly known as Mormonism.

Brigham Young (pronounced /ˈbrɪɡəm/; June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of thewestern United States. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. He was also the founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.

Utah

Nephites

Lamanites

According to the Book of Mormon, a Lamanite is a member of a dark-skinned nation of indigenous Americans that battled with the light-skinned Nephite nation

The Lamanites gained their dark skin as a sign of the curse for their rebelliousness (the curse itself being the withdrawal of the Spirit of God)

Utah

Book of Mormon

Polygamy

1. The Book of Mormon is a sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement. It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr.

Polygamy (where a man has more than one wife)

polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith, Jr.

Only a small minority of the South owned a lot of slaves:

Only 1% owned more than 50 slaves

about 25% owned 1-49 slaves.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) showed life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces.

The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War",

John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was a revolutionary abolitionist from the United States, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery for good. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. He was tried and executed for treason against the state of Virginia, murder, and conspiracy later that year. Brown has been called "the most controversial of all 19th-century Americans

2. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to secession and the American Civil War.

Compromise of 1850