Dates: 1 c BC

• Name is originally Octavian
• Is part of the 2^nd Triumvirate
• Octavian and Anthony fight for power, want to follow Julius Caesar's example and become a dictator.
• Octavian gains support while Anthony has an affair with Cleopatra.
• He ends the period of civil war.
• End of the Republic, beginning of the Roman Empire

  ---

Caesar Augustus Emerges:

• Caesar becomes new title for emperors.
• 1st and most effective emperor.
• Brilliant in administration and military tactics
• Pax Romana: Unprecedented era of peace and prosperity.
  • came directly because of Augustus
• Reforms military: controls them, no more generals with personal loyal militia.
  • Reduces power of the generals and gives it to himself.
• Reforms tribute system: rewrites and regulates
• "Bread and Circuses"-secures popular favor of the people
  • was free entertainment and food, which takes care of the landless poor.
• Praetorian Guards: A legion of armed forces that are loyal only to him.
  • Very powerful in Rome.
  • Become their own institution.
  • Become "king-makers", if paid enough, they will kill their emperor and they are influential enough to give support to would-be king to make him one.
• Develops Roman infrastructure.
  • all roads lead to Rome (117 AD)  

Dates: 4th c BC

• Principle confucian scholar.
• Advisor during the Warring States Period
• Optomist, believed in the power of ren.
• Advocated light taxes, avoid wars, emphazised education.
• His advice wasn't the most practical to the State, so was not successful.

 Dates: 5 c. BC

• One of the three tenets of Confucian thought
• From the Analects of Confucius
• Ren = officals should act for common good.
• Is a principle tempered by li, which is that people should have deference to their elders.
• Li comes into play with the principle of Xiao (filial piety).

Dates: 13th c.BC (New Kingdom Period)

• Pharaoh of the Exodus
• 1 of the most powerful pharaohs.
• Ends war with Hittites with a peace treaty.
• Builds mnay great monuments
  • Temple at Abu Simbel
• Lived at a time of decline
  • wanted to build to restore faith in Egypt.

Dates: 9th c BC

• Aryan/Dravidian blend
• People were tired of empty rituals.
• Turned to meditation, thinking of afterlife, etc.
• Reincarnation becomes popular.
• Upanishads are a dialogue between a servant and a master.
• It teaches:
  • Brahmin = Universal Soul
    • everyone is interconnected
    • Physical world is an illusion.

Dates: 6 c. BC

•  A Taoist principle.
• Means action without striving--effortless doing.
• Counter balance to Confucian thought/activism.

Dates: 4th c. BC

• Pessimistic.
• Harsh law codes in order to have total power.
• Advocates collectivce responsibility
  • people spy on each other to keep themselves out of trouble.
• Not very popular, but extremely practical.
• Used by Qin Shi Huang

Dates: Around 3 c. AD

• Socialist Emperor
• Tries to equally distribute land.
• Upsets many people because it is done in an unorganized and unfair way.
• 223 AD aristocracy uprise and kill him.

Dates: 2nd c. BC

• Starts to centralize and expand empire.
• Liked Legalism and Qin Dynasty
• Built up a large bureaucracy.
• Built Canals
• leveys taxes on agriculture and trade
• Made imperial monopolies
• Sets up a Confucious school to educate future leadres (even though he didn't like Confucians).
  • This gives Confucians more power and a permanent place in Chinese society.  
• Comes into conflice with Xiong Nu (a great horseman who is always on the offense).
• Doesn't like to always be on the defense, so he attacks Nu and sets up a chain of watchmen all the way to India.
  • Colonizes part of Korea
• This dynasty, the Han Dynasty declines because of too many expeditures.

Dates: 6 c. BC

• An Athenian aristocrat
• Mediates the land reform crisis
  • asks for consessions, not for land.
    1. Aristocrats keep land.
    2. Forgive debts, ban debt slavery.
• Solon ends aristorcratic monopoly on govt.
• Creates civil service
  • even poor people can serve, have govt. salaries.

Dates: 9th c. BC

• Endless cylce of birth and rebirth
• Karma = your accumulation of spiritual power  based on your deeds. Affects future reincarnations.
• Moksha = mystical ecstacy--break free from physical reincarnation. Blissful nothingness.

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Dates: 480 BC

• Battle started because of Darius' Vengeance
  • Miletus had tried to stand up Persia, was crushed, but Athens tried to help, which made Darius mad.
  • Darius makes his son Xerxes (the Avenger) continue the fight.
• Geography is an important factor in this battle.
• Really only one known pass through the Mt range, known as Thermopylae.
  • lead to Athens
• Leonidas (from Sparta) wants to meet the Persians at the mt pass.
  • unable to rally many supporters.
  • Only able to take 300 Spartans plus a few Athenians etc.
  • Negates Persian superiority and are successful for three days.
  • Persians look for another pass.
    • Greek shepherd shows them another pass.
    • New pass: outflank Spartans
    • Destroy Greeks, burn Athens.
• Importance: Defence of Spartans was very good, allows people to evacuate. People can fight later at Salamis, where they wipe out the Persian fleet.  

Dates: late 6th, early 5th c. BC

• Starts with Miletus (Greek polis that pays tribute to the Persians)
• Revolts, overthrows and throws out their Persian leaders.
• Utrins to other polises for help, but only Athens comes to their aid.
• 493: Darius crushes Miletus, Athens abandons it.
• Darius turns his attention to Greece: known as Darius' Vengeance.
• He gets sick, makes his son Xerxes avenge him.
  • Really wants to punish Athens for meddling in Persia's affairs.
• Xerxes suffers defeat in the battle of Marathon.
• Shows that Persia is no longer invincible.
• Has Battle of Thermopylae, Persian victory.
• Persian defeat at Salamis--totally wiped out Persian fleet (no more supplies).
• City-states combined, defeat Persians at Platae (479 BC).

Dates: 4th c BC

• Originally named Alexander of Macedon
• Son of Philip II
• Destroys Achaemenid (Persian) Empire.
• Establishes a huge empire by 323 BC.
• Legend of Alexander:
  • Gordian Knot: shows his method for solving problems; takes simple plan/action to solve complex problems.
  • Mom leads him to believe he is the actual son of Zeus.
    • goes to an oracle, asks and she "confirms" his belief.
  • Is great with his men, encourages loyalty.
  • Bridge to Tyre: shows his persistance and fighting style. Is ruthless to accomplish his goals. What he did by building bridges has changed the very geography of Tyre; it is no longer an island, but a pennisula.
• Legacy of Alexander:
  • brought about Hellinistic World
    • spreads Greek culture
    • builds cities with Greek architecture.
    • Makes cities have libraries
    • All named Alexandria
  • Staffs cities with Greek administrators.
  • Spreads Greek language
  • Encouraged non-diversity by having Pan Hellenic Festivals every one attends
    • leads to cultural integration
  • Also makes Olympic Games
  • Leads to a collective ID

Dates: 1 c. BC

• Gaius Julius Caesar is the nephew of Gaius Marius.
• One of three in the 1^st Trimvirate
  • Made to rule Rome
  • Crassus and Pompey are the other consuls
• Is a reformer like his uncle.
• Least well known, youngest, but well connected.
• Gathers a large following.
• Other two fear he will take over, so send him away on a military campaign.
  • Known as the Gallic Wars
  • This actually proves to show how brilliant a politician he is.
  • Gains great victories, writes great records and sends them back home to make sure he isn't forgotten.
    • These later form a book known as "Commentaries on the Gallic Wars"
    • Important because they describe Gallic culture in more detail than any other known record.
• Other two consuls plan to kill him, ask him to come back.
• Caesar is smart, declares civil war and overthrows Rome. 
  • Defeats armies of Pompey (who is killed).
  • Crassus is exiled, and later killed.
  • Rubicon = final decision to declare war "the die is cast", point of no return.
• Caesar becomes dictator for life.
  • Senate try to appease him
• He establishes social reforms:
  • Grants citizenship to non-Italian people.
  • Reforms the Senate--includes more non-Italian people.
  • Takes scholars and have them make the Julian Calendar (365.25 days = 1 yr)
    • is later reformed into our modern calendar
  • Provides employment to the landless poor
  • Land distribution 
    • wants to reestablish private farmers
    • Upsets Senators...so they murder him
• Plunges Republic into domestic conflict  

Dates: 1 c. BC -1 c. AD

• Huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome.
• Were formed by people rich enough to snap up farms of Legionaires who's family had become poor in their absence.
• Created problem of many landless poor.
• The Gracchi Brothers tired to break up the latifundias and give land back to the legionaires.

Dates: 3rd c. BC

• Wrath of Hannibal = 2^nd Punic War
• He is a Carthagian general
  • wants to restore honor to Carthage
• Comes up with a strategy to attack Rome in an area it least expects (North, since have mt range)
  • Lands in modern Spain's pennisula
  • Marches across S. France
  • Gets men and some elephants through the Alps.
  • Fights in N. Italy
  • Catches the Romans off guard.
• Hannibal destroys 1st Roman calvary
  • running out of supplies, not enough home support, so reverts to indirect fighting.
• Doesn't win because:
  • Rome is highly fortified
  • Back home didn't supply him well
  • Alliance he wanted never really materialized (because Roman alliances were happy with Rome, didn't want to join forces with Hannibal).
• Wanders around for years.
• Romans attack Carthage, Hannibal arrives home too late, Rome is victorious.

Dates: 4th c. AD

• Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor.
• Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313
  • proclaimed religious toleration  throughout the empire.
• Convened the Council of Nicaea 
• He transformed the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium into a new imperial residence, Constantinople, which would remain the capital of the Byzantine Empire for over a thousand years.
• Emperor who enforces doctrine
  • Heretics can be punished by law

Dates: 4th c. AD

•  Set up by Constantine
• 300 Bishops attend
• Develop Nicene Creed
  • determined the nature of the Godhead
    • The Trinity--all the same personage
    • Have 3 different manifestations (like avatars)
• Establishes orthodoxy
  • systematic, universally applicable doctrine.
  • If don't teach/believe this =heresy

Dates: 1 c. AD

• Born in Asia Minor
• Parents are orthodox Jews, he was a Pharisee
• Converted on the road to Damascus.
• Was well educated and a Roman citizen
• Knew many different languages, which made him an excellent missionary.
• Strong voice, instrumental in preaching/spreading Christianity
• Changes policy from preaching only to the Jews to the Gentiles as well.
• Most influencial writer
  • lays out doctrine and defines them clearly

Dates: Rise in popularity in the 3 and 4 c. BC

• Qualifications for a mystery cult:
  1. Resurrection--have a Christ-like figure
  2. Believe in an afterlife
  3. In afterlife will have direct contact with god (if qualified)
  4. Not public, had to be initiated. Ordinance of entrance. 
• Example: Mithraism 
• Popular in Roman times as well as Greek times.  

Dates: 6th c. BC ish  

1. Life is suffering
2. Suffering comes from desire
3. Need to remove all desire
4. Need to follow eight fold path:
   • Right views, intentions, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration.

Dates: 24th c. BC

•  Builds 1st empire in Mesopotamia
• Takes control of Kish and then takes control of trade route and natural resources.
• Established the Acadian Empire.
• Lasts for around 300 years
• Collapses in 2000 BC.

Dates: 18th C. BC

• 1st legal system (codified).
• Operates in lex talionis
  • law of retribution, was very harsh.
  • depended on social status
• Set up by Hammurabi of Babylon

Mahayana                                            Theravada

* "Greater Vehicle"                *"Lesser Vehicle"

* More moderate                   * Stricter laws of

                                             Buddhism

* Korea, China, etc.               * Burma, Thailand,

                                             Laos, Sri Lanka,

                                             etc.

Differences occured gradually from 3 BC to 1 AD

Dates: 5th c. BC

• Golden Era of Persia is under Darius' rule
• Rules 35 million people
• Largest empire in ancient world at that time.
• Makes reforms:
  • Makes Persepolis (very rich)
    • administrative city
  • Builds monuments
  • Divides empire into Satrapies, ruled by Satraps.
    • wants to control centralized govt.
    • Keep things unified
    • Had local people that "ruled" too.
      • didn't want to apear as a "conqueror"
  • Had "eyes and ears of the king"--spies
  • Standardized currency for taxation purposes.
    • This facilitated trade
  • Massive road buildings, courier services.
• Darius said he was Ahura Mazda's leader on Earth for Persia.

Dates: 6 c. BC

• Zarathustra was a Brahmin priest at first.
• Was disillusioned with the current religion, so he formed his own.
• Has a vision of a supreme god--> Ahura Mazda
• Ahura Mazda makes him a prophet
• Gathas: Series of hymns that honor Ahura Mazda
• Magi: Priests
• Avesta: Zoroastrian Bible. Doesn't come about for awhile.
  • Teachings: Semi-polytheistic (have lesser gods).
  • Benevolent God
  • Cosmic Conflict with good and evil
  • Will have a judgement day
  • God will triumph eventually
  • Not an ascetic religion.
  • Things are good with moderation.
• 3 fold teaching: Good words, thoughts and deeds.
• At 1st is very popular, especially with aristocrats.
• Darius said he was Ahura Mazda's leader on Earth for Persia.
• Archaedian Period ends, so does Zoroastrianism.
• Alexander the Great kills Magi, burns Gathas.
• Under Seleucids, still persecuted, forced to practice in secret.

Dates: 4th c. BC

• Written by Plato
• Used to explain the role of the philosopher
  • they see the word as it actually is
  • It is their duty to help others to know what reality is.
• Was part of the Republic, in which Plato establishes the need for a philosopher king.
• Also helps to "prove" his theory of forms.  

Dates: 18th c. BC (Shang dynasty)

• Shamans used these animal bones, known as "dragon bones" to consult the spirits, to foretell the future.
• Are believed to have begun the Chinese written language.

Dates: 1500-500 BC

• Is a period over over 1000 years of conflict.
• Named after the Vedas, a religious writ of the Aryans.
• Aryans set up a caste system, the Varna.