Term
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Definition
| Still around. near Shekum. About 1,000 remain. With High Priest. Offer blood sacrifice on Passover. The last surviving example of Biblical blood sacrifice. Samaritans did not participate in Jewish revolt, continued to offer sacrifice. |
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Term
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Definition
| insist on loyalty, insist on payment of taxes, Internal independence of Jews, special legal status of Jews, using Jewish collaborators to help understand and control Jews = Josephus (suicide pact where the person who got the certain lot had to kill the others and then kill himself so only one person had to commit suicide which is a sin to Jews. Josephus rigged it and killed the others but then surrendered to the Romans.) |
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Term
| Pagan Jerusalem (Aelia Capitolina) |
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Definition
| no Jews, few Christians(because kept Jewish identity), Pagan city, Roman garrison town of the 10th legion |
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Term
| Bar Kochba (second) Rebellion |
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Definition
| (132-136 CE) Messianic Fervor where Bar Kochba says he is the Messiah and Akiba a high priest supports him, Temple sacrificed renewed, Jerusalem destroyed - rebuilt by Hadrian as Aelia Capitolina, Jews banned from Judea |
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Term
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Definition
Lose three of the four pillars of Israel
State/Land
Davidic Kings
Temple and Aaronice Priesthood
Only still have Torah = Law, which leads to rabbinic judaism and focuses solely on the law |
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Term
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Definition
| Gate of Damascus and Old Roman Gate show the Roman architectural influence when they rebuilt Jerusalem |
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Term
| Tacitus's view of Roman imperialism |
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Definition
| negative. They are “arrogant,” “plunderers of the world,” “they make a wasteland and call it peace.” He is British. |
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Term
| Destruction of the Temple, 70 CE |
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Definition
| temple is destroyed to put down Jewish revolt |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman emperor that claimed to be messiah. God takes care of mankind, and by all ways possible foreshows to our race what is for their preservation; but that men perish by those miseries which they madly and voluntarily bring upon themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins with the ministry of Jesus, followed by the Apostolic age, followed by the Apostolic Father in 90-150 people who were taught by the apostles, 150-325 early church fathers basically just 3rd generation ( all 4 are called Ante-Nicean = before the Council of Nicea), 325 Constantine and the Imperial Church |
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Term
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Definition
| The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Jews under the influences of Hellenism. Greek had become the major intellectual language of the Jews. Alexandria became a center of Jewish learning. The Bible had been translated into Greek. Jewish writers Philo and Josephus both wrote in Greek. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews that didn’t want Hellenism repealed; one in 70 (ad?) where temple was destroyed; another in 135 (bc or ad?) where jews were kicked out of jerusalem and there was another temple built on the temple mount |
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Term
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Definition
| special/secret interpretation for special Christians (ideas preserved or understood by a small group), passed down orally (not included in scriptures), caused early disputes about whether or not it existed and who had the correct tradition. |
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Term
| Prophets - problem with “false” prophets |
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Definition
| competing prophets, so imperial church declared “no more prophets” |
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Term
| Syncretism with Hellenistic Philosophy |
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Definition
| cited pagan references all the time, use neoplatonism as proof of Christian religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Heresy - Nicean Court over nature of Christ, Controversy led to different denominations of Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
| Imperial Church -how the government and church interact(combining them), allowed expansion of the Church, allowed government control of the church, state decides doctrinal issues, state compulsion in religion, the Imperial church |
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Term
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Definition
| 324-337, Converts to Christianity, unites Empire, moves capital to new city of Constantinople, Eastern territories not overrun by Germanic tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| define doctrine, administration, resolve controversies, members are bishops, under imperial patronage, most important council = Nicaea 325 |
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Term
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Definition
theology to defend the Church, (Origen, Eusebius, John Chr)
define church doctrine, defend:Intellectually defend Christianity, Explain: Make Christianity understandable, Synthesize: Create a synthesis of Christian ideas with Hellenistic language & culture(hellenization of Christianity), Apostalic/ante-nicean/post-nicean |
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Term
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Definition
(354-430) started as a pagan and eventually became a christian. original sin was the idea he framed.
Two great books
City of God
Confessions |
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Term
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Definition
five patriarchs who claimed they had apostolic authority from Peter
Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople
each becomes a different denomination |
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Term
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Definition
| split into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) halves, Rome becomes administrative center of Latin Church, Eastern Patriarchs fall to the Muslims in the seventh century |
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Term
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Definition
| Byzantine empire Split apart from the Latin Roman Catholic Church. |
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Term
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Definition
1st revolt = 70 AD, Fall of the temple, fall of Masada, Romans besieged Jerusalem by Titus, temple destroyed, Jews sold into slavery.
2nd revolt = Bar Kochba, Akiba and Messianic Claims, expulsion of the Jews, Jerusalem rebuilt by Hadrian as Aelia Capitolina |
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Term
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Definition
| The law is the only pillar of the four pillars of Judaism left, so Rabbinic Judaism focuses solely on the law |
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Term
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Definition
| celestial ascent to worship at heavenly temple, out of body experience, spiritual ecstasy |
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Term
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Definition
| Place of worship outside the temple where the law and biblical writings are read and the people gather |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion to Christianity, move capital to Constantinople, victory over Germanic invasions, Greek language and culture, use of Roman law and administration, major center of Christian civilization from fourth to eleventh centuries, preserve greek culture |
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Term
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Definition
| 324-337, Converts to Christianity, unites Empire, moves capital to new city of Constantinople (previously called Byzantium, now called Istanbul), Eastern territories not overrun by Germanic tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| Political crisis of succession, military decline, economic crisis (taxation, corruption, trade disruption), decline of civic spirit, population decline (plague, birthrate, war), Barbarian invasions (fall of West to Germans and survival of the East) |
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Term
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Definition
| how the government and church interact (combining them), allowed expansion of the Church, allowed government control of the church, state decides doctrinal issues, state compulsion in religion, the Imperial church - belief that church and state should be one. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many denominations in early Christianity, Imperial church leads to new schisms and denominations all based on Imperial church model, denominations from political, linguistic/ethnic and geographical, elite= imperial; common = schism |
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Term
Early Christian Sacred Symbols
icons |
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Definition
| sacred image, conflict on whether you can make icons or worship icons and what worship of images means, iconodules = servants of icons(ironclasts), veneration vs. worship of icons (kiss, prostration, incense, miracles) concludes veneration was ok but worship was not ok, small painted icons (metal plates), mosaics, Greek Orthodox says no three dimensional statues, all 2D and no 3D art(no sculptures or statues) |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient people conceptualized the heavens as a dome because if you look at the sky it looks like a dome, would use domes on churches and then paint the heavens on the dome ex. Chora Church, 14th Century, Constantinople |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the best places for early Christian art, shows the celestial ascent, primordial sacrifice and the hand of god, |
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Term
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Definition
| Justinian’s temple “Solomon, I have outdone thee!”, biggest most beautiful church in the world for 1000 years |
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Term
| St. Catherine’s Monastery |
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Definition
| Mt. Sinai, preserves a lot of ancient Christian art and books, Icon of Christ, one of the oldest monasteries in the world, one of the greatest manuscript collections in the world, greatest collection of pre-iron clast icons |
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Term
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Definition
| book of mt Sinai, book is taken to russia to protect it from supposed misuse by the monks who the russians claim are using the pages of the bible to boil tea and then the russians sell it to the british (Oldest complete Bible in world--in Greek) |
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Term
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Definition
| God is shown as a hand coming out of the cloud, shows his presence there |
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Term
Byzantine Jerusalem
Constantine |
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Definition
| establishes Christian Jerusalem, pagan temples abolished in Jerusalem, ban on Jews, 3 Churches(Holy Sepulcher, Nativity, Ascension) |
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Term
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Definition
| mother of Constantine, pilgrimage. Discovery of the True Cross. Constantine sends her out on a Christian pilgrimage of Christian sites, leads to the building of the church of the holy sepulchre. Builds churches. She was Christian |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of holiness to relics and places. body of holy person, objects the person owned. Relics can be transported to move holiness. Creation of artifical relics as icons. sacred art made by holy person in special style draws divine power into the icon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holy light/ fire. Limited Christian pilgrimage before Constantine(no public or liturgical activites). act of religious devotion, liturgy of pilgrimage. visit places associated with Christ(limites sites of OT). Easter worship at Holy Sepulcher as supreme pilgrimage. |
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Term
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Definition
| visit living holy men and women. Expansion of new biblical sites visited. “discovery” of many new sites. Peter and Paul in Rome become pilgrimage sites. Rome second greatest site after Jerusalem. veneration of Mary. Sites associated with saints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enrich understanding of the Bible. spiritual thrill of seeing holy places. tourism and economic activity. pray at holy places (Holy Sepulcher). standardized order and ritual. pray for special blessing (healing). baptized in the Jordan. spiritual power in sites and relics. obtain spiritual blessings, healing, and salvation. Mystical union with God |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of people who want to live a life separate from the world so they become monks and nuns. Originated in late 3rd Century Egypt. Way of living an ideal life. Not seen in Protestants (but done in Orthodox and Catholic faiths). “Solitary -one”--leave the world to escape compromising your principles. Holy man can do miracles, healers, some can talk to animals (Edenic state). Struggle against demons. Saw pagan gods as demons that really did exist as fallen angels. Holy man goes to wilderness to fight demons (like Jesus resisting temptation--Jesus as founder of Monasticism). Hermetic monk (live alone), cenobitic monks (“eating together”). Lots of versions that spread around in Egypt, Celts, Orthodox Byzantine, Italy, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation from the world, isolation in wilderness, spiritual struggle towards perfection, utter devotion to God, asceticism (ex. fasting and sleep deprivation), contemplation, service to God and man (through education, healing, and charity activities), prayer, study scriptures, etc. 3 Vows: poverty, obedience, and chastity. |
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Term
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Definition
| (spread from Egypt to Jerusalem). 70 monasteries there at one point. Mar Saba is a place for monks near Bethlehem, St. George Kiziba is another near Jerusalem (often built in sides of cliffs). Dying now, but once important in Jerusalem and Medieval culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jerusalem, Omphalos = naval of the Kosmos(center of the center of the world), Holy sepulcher as center church |
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Term
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Definition
| right around Tomb of Adam, where Christ was crucified. |
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Term
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Definition
| Place in the Holy Sepulcher, right under Golgotha. Tradition is that Adam was buried there. When Christ was crucified the blood dropped onto Adams tomb and the blood paid for Adam’s sin. Architectural way of showing that Christ paid for the sin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus, his preparation for burial, and his burial. big, long church segmented and broken up. Main dome is over the Tomb of Christ. Only 2 dimensional images by Byzantines. |
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Term
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Definition
| cistern of wood pieces found in the tomb that is supposedly Christ’s legend says they took the pieces and touched a sick man with them and the third piece when it touched him healed him and therefore that was a piece of the true cross ; Helena finds this on her pilgrimage and splinters it up and sends it throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest monks - reject the decadence of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| abandon ordinary life, miracles, healers, holy men, talk to animals=edenic state. “solitary one”. monks drive out demons. superiority of Christian God over pagan gods. based on ascetic ideas in the Bible(Elijah, John the Baptist, Jesus). seperation from the world. isolation. utter devotion to God. contemplation. service to God and man. 3 vows = charity, obedience, and chastity. education and manuscripts, rules and orders. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st monk. hermit or anchoritic(withdrawal), complete isolation alone in the wilderness, struggle with demons for 20 years, “initiated into the sacred mysteries” in the desert |
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Term
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Definition
| SE of Bethlehem. Monastery. in a huge Gorge, side of cliff. built in layers. Still functioning out in the desert. One of the oldest around. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pagan greek philosopher very anti-Christian |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflict of Secular and Sacred in early Christianity - loved reading roman philosophers (Cicero), has dream where is beaten and swears never to read secular books again |
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Term
| Augustine's view of the City of God vs. City of Man |
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Definition
| A classic treatment of the relationship between Christians and the world is Augustine’s massive tome, The City of God, written against the backdrop of the fall of the Roman Empire at the hand of the barbarians. Augustine distinguished between the eternal City of God and the temporal City of Man—two rival cities shaped by opposing loves and working toward different ends. Nevertheless, the dual divine command to love God and to love neighbor requires that we work for the common good of the City of Man, even as we are citizens of the City of God who proclaim the gospel to our neighbors that they might become our brothers. |
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Term
| Eusebius and imperial Christianity |
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Definition
| influential bishop who was friends with Emperor Constantine |
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Term
| Pre-Islamic Arabs - Sabeans |
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Definition
| most important, in modern Yemen, mastered irrigation techniques, Queen of Sheba visited Solomon, coverted to Christianity. |
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Term
| Pre-Islamic Arabs - Nabateans |
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Definition
| (native peasantry that labored on dungheap over rock without pay according to Primary readings) =modern Jordan, capital at Petra, rock-cut temples and tombs of antiquity. |
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Term
| Pre-Islamic Arabs - Palmyra |
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Definition
| most important trading city, Queen Zenobia challenged Roman empire, example of Hellenized Arab architecture. |
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Term
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Definition
| camels can go without drinking much longer than any other pack animal. extended possible range of habitation, allowed nomads to become merchants through crossing the desert, provided military advantage for transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophet of Islam, born 570 CE, orphaned while a young man, raised by his uncle, member of minor trading clan. married Khadija, Gabrial visited him while meditating in the mountains near Mecca. was rejected by Mecca and had to flee to Medina where he had success. was monotheist which was not common in arabia at this time. Thought he should follow the religion of Abraham, ancestor of the arabs. Led Wars with Mecca: raids and victory over the Meccans, resulted in the unifications of arbs by his death in 632. His example and teachings are contained in the Sunna. |
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Term
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Definition
| perfect and eternal manifestation of God’s word. written in an elegant elevated style of Arabic. literal words of God. |
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Term
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Definition
| rejected Muhammad initially, but then unable to resist army. Contained the Ka’ba which was the holy center. |
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Term
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Definition
Belief - faith in God, Muhammad, Revelation, Angels, Day of Judgement
Ritual prayer - 5 times a day, facing Mecca
Alms - 2.5%+ of wealth given to the poor
Fasting - from morning to evening for 30 days of Ramadan
Pilgrimage - once a life to Ka’ba at Mecca
Jihad is not one of the pillars but is a concept of Islam, means struggle to help religion by thought, word and deed, can mean Holy War on behalf of God |
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Term
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Definition
| religious law codes of action for all of life. social and political order in traditional Islamic societies based on a code of religious, civil and criminal law. no seperation between religious, civil and criminal law. came from Qur’an and Sunna. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest, 90%, elect the most pious Muslim as successor, islamic doctrine and practice should be based on the consensus of the majority of the believers. |
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Term
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Definition
| successor came from Muhammad’s eldest male relative. 10% of muslims. centered in Iran. religious extremism, factionalism, and political activism. esoteric interpretations and apocalyptic eschatology |
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Term
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Definition
| possible to attain spiritual unity with God through mystical doctrines, meditation, and rituals. Sufism in not a denomination in Islam. |
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Term
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Definition
| son-in-law of Muhammad and closest male relative, leader of Shi’ite faction. 4th caliph. assassinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| 661-750, lead the conquests, islamization of JerUsalem. shift capital to Damascus. incorporated Byzantine and Persian elements. Dome of Rock and Great Mosque in Damascus. cruel and oppressive tyrants. Conquering dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| most famous Abbasid caliph. name means “Aaron the rightly guided one” fictionalized in the Thousand and One Arabian nights. Abbasid golden age. |
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Term
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Definition
cultural golden age high point in classical Islamic culture and power. Arabic
came prerequisite of Islamic culture. Hellenized philosophy and science. transfer of power from aramaic to Muslim. transferred capital to Baghdad, Cultural dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| conquered Iran and entered Baghdad. Restored Sunni orthodoxy against Shi’ite Buyids and Fatimids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saw as a Holy war. 7 major armies invaded Syria, Palestine and Egypt. to capture Jerusalem. Unsuccessful but brought turmoil to Near East. |
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Term
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Definition
| 661-750, lead the conquests, islamization of JerUsalem. shift capital to Damascus. incorporated Byzantine and Persian elements. Dome of Rock and Great Mosque in Damascus. cruel and oppressive tyrants. Conquering dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| most famous Abbasid caliph. name means “Aaron the rightly guided one” fictionalized in the Thousand and One Arabian nights. Abbasid golden age. |
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Term
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Definition
cultural golden age high point in classical Islamic culture and power. Arabic
came prerequisite of Islamic culture. Hellenized philosophy and science. transfer of power from aramaic to Muslim. transferred capital to Baghdad, Cultural dynasty. |
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Term
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Definition
| conquered Iran and entered Baghdad. Restored Sunni orthodoxy against Shi’ite Buyids and Fatimids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saw as a Holy war. 7 major armies invaded Syria, Palestine and Egypt. to capture Jerusalem. Unsuccessful but brought turmoil to Near East. |
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Term
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Definition
| Means “military slave”.Turkish military slaves who had been purchased as young men, raised in a rigorous military training program, and enrolled in elite military units. Skill in horsemanship and archery. Overthrew the Ayyubids. military sultan Baybars expelled Crusaders. Ruled for 250 years, ruled Jerusalem, looked at how they beautified (minarets, domes, schools, etc.) temple mount. |
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Term
| Islamic Civilization (General Info) |
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Definition
| religious tolerance but not religious liberty, agriculture was primary occupation, urban life where Islamic cities were centers for government, manufacturing, trade, religion, fortification, art, and literature. Controlled most of trade routes including Silk Road. no formal class barriers, commoners frequently rose to high positions but yet groups with power found was to retain power. medieval Islamic world was closely tied to nomadic peoples of the region. had ability to absorb conquered peoples as equals and Islamic religion was basic mechanism for social unification. |
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Term
| Map of Major Islamic Cities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| original leader, successor to prophet Muhammad. did not possess any prophetic powers. combined secular and religious authority. Sultans were ideally representatives of Caliph. powerless in 1256 and abolished in 1922. |
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Term
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Definition
| among the leading scientists in medieval world. al-Khwarizmi did first study of algebra in history. Algorithm and algebra are Arabic words. Made advances in both accuracy and theory over Greek predecessors in Astronomy, astrolab was islamic invention. medicine was based on greek sources. Masters of geographical knowledge during Middle Ages. Noted for irrigation, archery, siegecraft, fortification, and gunpowder, as well as first principles of Chemistry. Muslims and Chinese were the most advanced cultures in the Middle Ages. They passed their knowledge to Europeans, who built on Arabic understandings of science. Baghdad university in the 9th Century. |
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Term
| Muhammad’s Ascent (Miʿrāj) |
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Definition
| He was moved from one shrine to another. It was to show him some miraculous signs. He communicated with God and commune with him. Brought back what God wanted to tell his people. |
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Term
| Clearing the Temple Mount |
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Definition
| Muslim held it in high regard. They held the site as sacred. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are children of Abraham too. They believe in Abraham is the starter of everything. Jews believed Jesus was prophet but not Messiah; Islamic belief in Jesus as prophet AND Messiah. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a place of worship. It will be considered a Holy Shrine and it will not be a Mosque. This is where Muhammad’s ascent was. built on the temple mount |
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Term
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Definition
| pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, supposed to be done at least once in each Muslim’s lifetime, ritual reenactment of the history of the shrine, the sacrifice of abraham, ascent of the sacred mountain at the site of adam and eve’s first prayer, veneration of the dead muhammad, stoning of Satan(rejection of idolism and paganism as well as Satan) |
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Term
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Definition
| temple built by abraham, renewed and purified by Muhammed, Center of the universe and prayer, perfect cube shape=Holy of holies in Solomon’s temple. Great mosque built around the Ka’ba |
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Term
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Definition
| city that contained the Ka’ba |
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Term
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Definition
| set in a silver setting, located in the corner of the Ka’ba, it’s a meteorite |
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Term
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Definition
| (white robe of consecration) - everyone dresses in white robes to worship at the ka’ba during the hajj and must go through purification |
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Term
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Definition
| Ritual veil of Ka’ba. huge silk brocaded cloth with the quran enscribed on it in silver and gold, there is a new Kiswa used each year, the old kiswa is cut up and given to pilgrims, has Qur’an inscriptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Mi‘rāj) - muhammad is sleeping at the ka’ba and gabriel appears and tells muhammad to ride this winged creature named baraq to heaven, goes to Jerusalem and leads all the prophets in prayer, flies on and encounters archangels who give him tests and find him worthy to proceed to the presence of god |
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Term
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Definition
| dome of the rock, arabesques=infinitely, repeating geometric patterns, decorate the domes with geometric shapes and patterns symbolic of heavenly things instead of with paintings of angels or christ because they don’t do icons |
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Term
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Definition
| means different things at different times, understood differently by different traditions, conflation of various traditions into one meta-tradition in twentieth century, ambiguous and used for many different movements periods and cultures, entering the presence of God (through mystical, interior path), |
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Term
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Definition
| manifestation of God on earth, on mountain, in temple |
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Term
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Definition
| ascent to heaven and vision of God, God in his heavenly temple, deification=visionary becomes celestial being |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| psychological contemplation |
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Definition
| psychological experience which mystic thinks is encounter with God, all religious phenomenon are merely psychological |
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Term
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Definition
| chariot, riding the chariot of the Lord to get up to the Lord, chariot as the throne of God |
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Term
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Definition
| God as pure mind - ascent of the mind to unification with God, out of body experience, the intellect is more real than the body, mind unites with the mind of God )of which is it actually part) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muslim mystical tradition. Islamic version of mysticism (other religions have their own mysticism). |
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Term
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Definition
| Caliph, Second successor to Muhammad, let’s Sophronius meet with him to establish peaceful terms for the Jews to surrender to, wishes to pray at David’s mosque, first taken to the holy sepluchre but says he doesn’t want to pray there, prays outside and then is taken to the temple mount which is totally destroyed, Umar says that this is where David prayed, Muslims decide that is where they will build their mosque, |
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Term
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Definition
| caliph that built the Dome of the Rock |
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Term
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Definition
built on the temple mount site where Solomon’s temple was, built by Abd al-Malik, finished 680-691, octagonal building with circular area inside where you can circumambulate the rock, built where the holy of holies supposedly was,
al-Aqsa - mosque on temple mount, place to pray |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews were allowed to return but the Arabs were in charge of the state and everything else, slowly over the years Jerusalem become more and more converted to Islam, from greek speaking to arab speaking, from Christian to Muslim, there were Jewish Muslims, allowed to build schools and synagogues, initially allowed to pray on the Temple mount |
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Term
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Definition
| Arabs allowed the Christians to come to worship in Jerusalem, they were “people of the book” (believed in the Bible), arabs also enjoyed the money that their pilgrimages bring in |
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Term
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Definition
| the stone that the Dome of the Rock is built around, represents the for the Muslims the place where Muhammad ascended into heaven |
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Term
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Definition
| complex repeating geometric patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| garden motifs evident in mosaics in the Dome of the Rock, represent fertility, paradise, the garden of God |
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Term
| Medieval Judaism - Synagogue |
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Definition
| means assembly. place of prayer, a study-house, and a meeting place. not intended to be a replacement for the Temple, but complementary institution. 10 or more people in a synagogue = divine presence there. |
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Term
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Definition
| to Jerusalem whenever permitted. mourn the ruin on 9th day of Av. annointed a “pierced stone” with oil. eventually jewish rituals began to cluster around western wall where they slipped pieces of paper into the cracks. |
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Term
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Definition
| original poems call Piyyutim, to be used in synagouge liturgy which lamented the loss of the Temple. supplemented devotional prayers. |
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Term
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Definition
| hope in a coming messiah who would usher an age of peace and justice. associated with rebuilding the temple. messianism=apocalyptiscism |
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Term
| Attempts to Rebuild the Temple |
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Definition
| believed it would be rebuilt 70 years after roman destruction. Bar Kochba, Julian the Apostate, Sesabid Persian Conquest, and Dome Rock are all seen as attempts to rebuild temple. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shimon took the title Bar kochba and tried to rebel agaisnt the romans. sarifices resumed until Romans expelled the jews from the city. city rebuilt as Aelia capitolina. |
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Term
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Definition
| pagan roman emperor who tried to undermine Christianity. Quits Christianity and goes back to paganism, allows Jews to start to rebuild temple in Jerusalem. Died before they finished. |
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Term
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Definition
| returning of the Jews, cleansing the temple mount and building a new shrine(the Dome rock) was seen in apocalyptic terms. Arab conquests were preliminary to coming of Messiah. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jewish Mysticism, hebrew word for “tradition”. teachings passed down from master to disciple in rabbinic schools. describes esoteric interpretation of Torah as transmitted by secret schools of mystics stretching as far back as Adam. most important Kabbalah text is Zohar which teaches the understanding of the Celestial temple. Maintains 2 celestial temples, one primordial and one eternal. |
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Definition
| most successful messiah pretender who combined his role as Messiah with the idea of heavenly temple. claimed that he would erect an altar in Jerusalem and discover ashes of the red heifer that had been hidden away for the preservation at the destruction of the Temple. arrested by Ottoman sultan on the way to Istanbul and was converted to Islam in order to escape a death sentence. |
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Definition
| central text. commentary on interpretation of Torah (law) for Jews in diaspora |
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Definition
| Turkish nomadic tribe - settled in central russia, elites convert to Judaism, great trading center, rebuilding of tabernacle |
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Definition
| Golden Age, greatest period of Jewish scholarship, Arabic as Jewish scholary language, arabic written in hebrew characters. ended by reconquista and Christian persecution |
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Definition
| born and educated in Cordoba, flees from Reconquista wars to Morocco, great merchant family, advisor and physician to Ayyubids. wrote in Arabic. Mishneh Torah, Guide to the Perplexed. first to write a systematic code of all jewish law. |
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Definition
| “concealment”, Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo, religious, social and economic documents, can’t throw away any paper that had the name of God on it |
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Term
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Definition
| Jewish Mysticism, system of mysticism that is extremely complex. mystical, esoteric and magical interpretation of the Torah, origins in Southern France and Spain, the Zohar (“splendor”) - esoteric interpretation of the Torah |
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Definition
| proclamation as Messiah in Gaza, kabbalistic studies, agitation throughout Jewish world. Apostasy in 1666, converted to Islam |
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Term
| Germanic Invasions and Kingdoms |
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Definition
| Under pressure from the Huns, broke through Roman imperial frontier on the Rhine and Danube rivers, western half of Roman empire was subjugated to Germanic warlords. 350-500 = fall of Rome in the West, End up with Germanic Kingdoms 500-750: English, Franks, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths. economic, social, and cultural decline. Spread of Christianity |
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Definition
| Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Byzantine. Christianity is what bound the cultural zones together. Christendom. |
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Definition
Created by Germanic tribes with the fall of the western half of the Roman empire (Rome remained an empire in the East)
France, - Franks and Burgundians, warlord Clovis and his descendants known as Merovingians
Iberia(spain), - Spain and Portugal, Visigothic,
Germany, - homeland of original Germanic tribes
Germanic Period: 350-750 was a time of economic, social, and cultural decline. Did spread Christianity outside of Old Roman boundaries. Germans were converted to Christianity before they invaded Rome.
Italy, - Original germanic kingdom in Italy was Ostrogothic, 2nd germanic invasion was the Lombards
England, - pagan germanic tribes of Angles and Saxons merged with local British
Scandinavia - warlike pagan Germanic identity, later migrations were known as the age of the Vikings |
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Definition
| Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Byzantine |
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Term
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Definition
| Merovingian Frankish King, policy of imperialism aimed at uniting all Christian lands and forming a new Roman empire. Military expansionism. Pope Leo III crowned him Roman emperor. Unites and tries to recreate Roman Empire. His conquests were 768-814 CE. Oldest surviving books because of him. He caused the Carolingian Renaissance. Empire breaks up after his death under his sons & grandsons. |
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Definition
| Charlemagne set up court school in Aachen which became the center of a brief cultural renaissance. Most important development was the Caroline minuscule script which facilitated reading and writing and preserved earlier Roman and Latin Christian manuscripts. The books we have now are because of this Renaissance. |
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Definition
| From north in Scandinavia, last of pagan Germanic tribes and last phase of Indo-European migrations. Expert seaman led to annual expeditions of trade and pillage. Raids led to political and economic disruption that led to collapse of Carolinian state, and Vikings settled in north France in Normandy and became Christianized. Sea nomads. First to discover new world |
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Term
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Definition
| Charlemagne’s empire fragmented into the six fundamental cultural zones which had predated his empire. But, they were now Roman Catholic and Latin was international language. Goal is that Europe be united, but it hasn’t been successful since Rome. Fragmentation is the norm for W Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared culture, language, religion, but political fragmentation. Not politically united. Latin was the language they could all use. |
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Term
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Definition
| resurgence of Christian principalities from Umayyad caliphate in Iberia. created the Christian kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Led to militant Christian mentality of Spanish nobility which later led to colonization of Latin America. Creation of modern Spain and Portugal, founded when they drive Muslims out of Spain. |
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Definition
| Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Held only small amounts of territory, but wealth and power came from industry and control of trade. Created massive and beautiful cities. They had colonies themselves. Wealth led to one of the gold ages in world thought and art-The Italian Renaissance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thrived economically with trade as a seaport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viking colonists who settled in NW France created independent duchy of the “Northmen” or Normandy. William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066. |
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Term
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Definition
| Europeans redirected their military efforts against outsiders instead of defending because (1) political policy making was made by feudal military aristocrats (2)major enemies entered into period of decline or had disappeared (3) growing population and wealth provided manpower and resources (4) Catholic Church provided ideological basis for military expansion through crusades. Conquer Spain, do the Crusades, go towards Eastern Europe, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Christian warfare against the Muslim. Mixture of pilgrimage and holy war. Goal was to capture Jerusalem and other holy places in Palestine from Muslims. Pilgrimage, Turkish Seljug dynasty disrupting pilgrimage, and Connenenus and Pope Urban calling for aid are all causes of Crusade. |
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Term
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Definition
| patchwork of small principalities and kingdoms ruled by warlords who defended themselves from invaders as central government had collapsed. maximum manpower for defense was at the local level. Warrior would swear to defend his lord(vassalage). Land for service rather than money. Take an oath to obey. Decentralized system. Economic and cultural weakness, militarism = knighthood. |
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Definition
| It was the prominent and thriving religion. It try to have power over kings. That was never achieved. They tried to achieve a Church and State. At the eleventh century Roman Catholicism had become the definitive religion of western Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Institution of the popes; one of the few institutions that has survived from Medieval times. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt by individuals to completely abandon worldly life and devote themselves entirely to the quest for perfection through the worship and service of God. Monks took three oaths: poverty, chastity, and obedience. Monastery dedicated to Mary (nunnery). Some monastic groups formed warrior societies to defend Jerusalem and Holy Land (Hospitallers and Templars are two important groups). Combined two ideals of monasticism and knighthood together. |
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Term
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Definition
| 400 CE- ~1350 although there was 6 Political zones, the people felt they were bound together by a high power which transcended those difference-their allegiance to Christianity. Share Christian Identity (land & people, also fight about religion frequently). Christianity is a bond that binds together people from many religions, kingdoms, etc. Christianity means that there is unity with fellow Christians from anywhere in the world. This is an ideal more than the reality. This especially changed with the Protestant Reformation. Very durable institution and idea. |
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Term
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Definition
| balance of faith and reason, method of teaching in medieval times. revelation of scriptures and teachings of the Church are conceptually superior, but ultimately compatible with human reason and logic. Idea that Faith and Reason are completely compatible. Built Universities, lecture is read book while others write down. |
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Definition
| greatest proponent and systematizer of scholastic thought. his works eventually became the basis of much later Roman Catholic theology. Italian who moved and taught in Paris. Believed in Scholasticism. His writings tried to synthesize all knowledge about God into a single whole, still studied today in Catholicism. Had a vision on his deathbed, realized that his books were “all straw” because now he knew the truth about God. |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote Divine Comedy - poetic work that allegorically envisions the Afterworld through his descent to Hell. Represents poetry and mysticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| represented the quest for God. Gothic style. characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses, huge columns, ribbed domes, gothic sculpture, and vast stained-glassed windows. |
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Term
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Definition
Priests - pray, celibate; control education, religion, and thought, priests, monks, scholars. copied manuscripts. Scholasticism
Knights - fight, hereditary; defend community and take plunder from outsiders, military aristocracy (3-5% of population).
Workers - peasants(80%), farmers, artisans, merchants, farm, hereditary, provided food, cloth or whatever was needed, created low surplus so needed a lot. |
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Term
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Definition
| In France. Classic examples of Gothic architecture, Cruciform = in the shape of a cross, tall spires make you look up towards God, rosettes = circular panels like the inside of the Byzantine domes but flattened and made of glass, celestial dome |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally triple gates (doorways into cathedral). Often pillars surrounding had statues of saints, arches depict earthly realm (with carvings of Christ and angels), realm of the dead is the crypt. |
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Term
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Definition
| presentation scene. Jesus Crowning Mary. Dedicate life to Mary. stained glass windows show angels around her with Christ on her lap. |
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Term
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Definition
| maze drawing that is symbolic of the pilgrim’s path out of purgatory to heaven, representative of a flattened mountain shape and ascending the mountain of God, |
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Term
| “Scripture of the illiterate” |
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Definition
| medieval art retelling the Bible stories, taught the Bible to the illiterate |
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Term
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Definition
| at Easter time, people gather at the tomb and it is completely dark, patriarch plays the role of the high priest and is wearing a white robe, he goes into the holy sepulchre all alone and has 33 candles in a bundle, tradition is that his candles light themselves and then he walks out and uses them to light everyone elses candles and everyone ends up with lit candles, symbolizing Christ’s divine light spreading throughout the world, Pilgrims will blow their candles out and then go home and light candles everywhere in their hometown and then everyone has holy light, |
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Term
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Definition
| 1118-1312 monastic knights, knights of Christ, defenders of the Temple, combined priest and knight, white robes and a red cross, were destroyed by the French king who was worried that they as an independent power would threaten him accused them of heresy and then stole their lands and burned them at the stake. Still popular in modern literature (The DaVinci Code). |
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Term
| Saladin and the reconquest |
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Definition
| Saladin united Muslims, Jihad to defeat Crusaders. Hero in Islamic tradition because he turned the tide to deliver the Holy Land from the Crusaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reconquest of Acre and coast, Fails to take Jerusalem |
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Term
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Definition
| King of England, Captures Cyprus and gives to Lusignans. Involved in 3rd Crusade. |
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Definition
| Genghis Kahn is the leader. During crusader times they established largest empire, steppe people, nomadic, attacked muslim & christian empires, slaughtered everyone. |
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Term
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Definition
Jerusalem is added to with crusader architecture (walls, dry moat), conversion of Muslim spaces into Christian spaces, restored and rebuilt old Christian Churches and built new churches, rise of Italian control of oriental trade - merchants to visit China and India (Marco Polo), extension of expansionist ideals of Europeans, beginnings of missionary efforts (Franciscans and Dominicans), goal to find a sea route to get back to India/China after crusades were over.
Crusades ultimately failed because they kept fighting each other at home and couldn’t unite to go on crusade. Destruction of unity between eastern and western Christians, extensions of basic antagonism between Christians and Muslims, Destruction of Byzantine empire and the rise of the Ottoman Turks |
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Term
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Definition
| Central Eurasia, Indo-Europeans, nomadism |
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Term
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Definition
| flat grass-covered plains. 3 characteristics gave impact (1) limited rainfall limited agriculture (2) provides perfect environment for herding. (3) steppe land runs continuously from Hungary to Pacific Ocean. Links China, Near East, India, and Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desert, Steppe, and Forest. pastoral nomadism. dependent on their herds for food. followed grass and water. made state formation and taxation difficult because they could just migrate. organized into patriarchal family, clans and tribes (family groups). larger tribal confederations ruled by Khan=king/chief.Tribal democracy = egalitarian(can choose). migrating to sedentary zones often led to warfare. close ecological relationship with the horse. Domesticate animals instead of plants, tent cities=not civilized, migrate a few times a year, occasionally migrate into new lands (which is when they become important players in world history), independent and warlike (trade and combat with sedentary civilizations), obtain everything from animals. Declined around 1600. Tension between “steppe and sown”. Needed approval to govern (otherwise folks just ride away). Impact on history: constant invasions disrupted other civilizations, first hemispheric empire (whole hemisphere), linked Asia and Europe together culturally for the first time (Silk Road trade routes), transmission of ideas & technology (gunpowder and printing went from China to the West), etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of the horse and composite bow gave nomads an advantage over sedentarists. all males must serve as mounted archers. Used composite, curved bows. Parthian shot (shooting backwards) |
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Term
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Definition
| (shakas) one of the first great horseback riding nomadic people. participated as allies of Medes and babylonians to defeat Assyrian empire. Persians suppressed Scythians. overwhelmed and absorbed by Turko-Mongolian tribes. Bible calls “enemies from the north”, raided Israel and Judea in the 7th Century. Bible uses these groups as “Gog and Magog” symbols of evil |
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Term
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Definition
| turko-mongolian speaking. Eastern Huns conflicted with China. Migrated to europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest leader of the Huns that raided the Roman empire--brought Rome to its knees. Became the Khaghan(king). Plundered Balkans, France and Italy. Rome was spared by Pope Leo with promise of vast tribute and daughter of Roman emperor in marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into two factions after Attila. absorbed by Avars. direct affairs with Europe was negligible because raided for less than a decade, but their indirect affair led to many germanic tribes migrating to Roman empire. |
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Term
| Turks as military aristocracies |
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Definition
(conquer Iran, Baghdad, and then Jerusalem for a brief period)
were in control of nearly the entire Near East, former Byzantine empire, and much of Northern India |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| nomadic relgion. shaman is a priest or magician that had power over the forces. power to contact and appease the spirits of the dead. could transfer their spirit into the body of animals. had role of priests, prohpets, doctors, and magicians. worship of sky, nature spirits, animals. estatic visions and spirit possession = contact with divine. Silk road brought in other religions |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to tabernacle, had a great tent shrine that they carried on a cart |
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Definition
| United all the Mongols and spread the empire. Temuchin was orphaned as a young boy. gathered a growing band of Mongol warriors. United entire central steppe into a tribal confederation. “King of the world” |
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Term
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Definition
| First empire that extended across the whole hemisphere (Mediterranean to the Pacific and almost to the Atlantic make it to Germany but that’s as close as they got), falls because after Genghis’ death the empire is divided into 4 parts and fighting amongst the mongols themselves breaks out |
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Term
| Secret History of Mongols |
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Definition
| chronicles the rise of chingis Khan and the beginning of the Mongol conquests. Oral tradition of the mongols. Essentially the first book in Mongolian that was written down. |
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Term
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Definition
| (High God) - supreme god called Tengri(heaven and sky). Mongols believed they were appointed by Tengri to conquer “all under Heaven” or entire world. |
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Term
| Gunpowder and the fall of Central Asian Nomads |
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Definition
| nomadic, relied on bows and couldn’t match gunpowder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trade used to have go through central asia but new world trade routes led to decline in central eurasia. shift from silk road to maritime trade created. depression in central eurasia. Mongol invansions led to discoveries of new trade routes to china/india which led to discovery of America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jerusalem on the fringe of the Arabian desert and Steppe, Steppe country within a mile east of Jerusalem, Bedouins remain in Judean wilderness until today, israelites were first nomads to interact with Jerusalem (40 years in wilderness). 2nd was Scythians, never conquered Jerusalem. 3rd were Arabs, conquered jerusalem. 4th was Turks, Seljuqid tribe. 5th nomadic = khwarismians. 6th was Turkish Mamluks. 7th ottoman turks |
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Term
| Muslim Legends of the Temple Mount |
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Definition
| Muslims have their own stories of miracles, Bible stories, Muhammad’s ascent, etc. These tales are collected into a book by Mujir al-Din. |
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Term
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Definition
| muslim scholars, wrote commentaries on Muhammad’s vision and had own mystical ascents. Sufism is a form of Islam mystism in which the believer attempts to attain direct communication with and knowledge of God through renunciation of the world and the “annihilation” of the self through various mystical paths, beliefs and practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| (ascent to celestial temple) - Ibn Sina. more of a philospher than sufi. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Rumi) - the heart is the true temple where one find God. Solomon’s temple was not built of corruptible things but intelligences. the true Temple is the heart, and the physical journey of the pilgram to the temple is only an outward manifestation of the spirtual journey to God. |
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Term
| Muslim building program on the Temple Mount |
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Definition
| Saladin took down Christian signs. added Muslim ornamentation, domes, minarets, fountains and schools. Dome of the Ascension was transformed from Christian baptistery. |
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Term
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Definition
| All Turks, military slaves (elevated in terms of wealth and power), excellent soldiers(mounted archery), coup in Egypt, defeat of Mongols(ayn Jalut and Hims, save Jerusalem from Mongols, one of the few people to beat mongols in open battle repeatedly), defeat the Crusaders, good soldiers but brutal and warlike. |
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Term
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Definition
| Murdered sultan took the throne. Strict enforcement of Islam(islamic law/scholarship). Patronized Islamic arts to try to prove that they were good people not just murderers (ex. rebuilt the temple mount). |
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Term
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Definition
| Haram is the sacred ground, temple mount |
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Term
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Definition
| “Place of study” = schools. Jerusalem as a center of Islamic scholarship. college on temple mount. Still used as schools today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made the most famous “merits of Jerusalem” literature(collection of legends, miracles stories, lives of Muslim holy men, history, geography, and monuments). Collected “Muslim Legends of the Temple Mount”. |
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Term
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Definition
| call to prayer. Tower to call the prayer, 5 times a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| fountain built by Qait Bay. Open gates that mark sacred spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| built shrines over memorials or holy events or tombs of holy men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| Sultan who built a big fountain on the Temple Mount. His buildings are considered the high point of geometric art, stone carvings, and calligraphy. Also the name of a fortress he built. |
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Term
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Definition
| Baybars allowed the Franciscans to come back and to stay in Christian churches. Francis on Crusade tried to convert sultan. Cared for Catholic Churches and Monasteries ever since. |
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Term
| St. Peter’s Cathedral as temple |
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Definition
| epitome of ecclesiastical style, combining revived classical elements with new innovative architectural techniques as evidenced most famously in it magnificent dome. preserved and reintroduced many motifs of the ancient biblical temple. Had taken some of the columns from Temple when it was destroyed. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the beginning the Temple of Solomon had been enshrined in mystery and focus of esoteric speculation. Later, a move away from the belief that Solomon’s Temple was the unique bearer of sacredness to the idea that all temples, in whatever tradition, shared essential sacred qualities with Solomon’s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jewish traditions had supplemented Solomon’s knowledge of nature with wisdom of the supernatural, astrology, “power of the spirits” and secret wisdom. Able to exorcise and control demons. Was given a ring which had a seal engraved on precious stone that could bind demons to work on the temple. |
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Term
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Definition
| tradition says she was from Ethiopia. Brings tribute to Solomon. Tradition says they got married. |
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Term
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Definition
| Son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, becomes King of Ethiopia and converts the people to Judaism and then brings the ark of the covenant to Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| 100-700 AD. King Ezana converted to Christianity c. 330 AD. Axum was an important trading center. There are obelisks and tombs there (ascend obelisk into heaven). |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock cut church at New Jerusalem. sees a vision where God tells him to build new Jerusalem (church complex). cut down into rock. one giant piece of stone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monastery on top of a mountain where you have to climb up the cliffs to get in and is an example of Christian Monasticism (being a monk or a nun is very pius). Built a monastery on top a big mesa. no females, only men allowed in. Exemplifies Ethiopian monasticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews in Ethiopia, basically gone today, black jews in israel. Queen of Gudit united all the Jews and went to battle against the Christians (lost). Non-talmudic(interpretation of Judaism). Blood sacrifice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Been there since Byzantine times. All wear white robes on pilgrimmage. Greek Orthodox wanted the ethiopians to convert to Judaism when they arrived. Ethiopia had cultural influence on Jerusalem (and visa versa). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when the Western Wall became a Jewish sanctuary. Initially Muslims allow Jews to pray but eventually reject. came to believe that the wall was the wall of Solomon’s temple itself (actually the retaining wall). Built by Herod the Great. Destroyed by Romans. Jews begin to mourn loss of temple=wailing wall. Not permitted to ascend to Temple Mount (Rabbis say not to because unclean/unholy and might run into Holy of Holies and profane it). Shekina (presence of God) has never left the site. 1948 War--Western Wall off limits to Jews because Jordanians conquered the Old City. In 1967 Israelis conquer, excavate and create a huge plaza in front of the wall (for worship today). Men and women have separate halves--usually come on Sabbath Eve (Friday night) & holy days). Pray at wall, write notes (prayers) and stick them in the cracks in the wall. Men have more special clothing than women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews were great merchants in the O. empire. Control up until WW1 (400 years) when British took over Jerusalem. |
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Term
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Definition
| ruled during the height of Ottoman empire. Name is Turkish way to say Soloman. Restored Jerusalem |
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Term
| Modern Economic and Political decline of Jerusalem |
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Definition
| relative economic and political decline, shifting trade routes, Jews migrate to Ottoman empire but not to Jerusalem(because of economic reasons), Local eastern Christian population. Jerusalem didn’t keep up technologically with the rest of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman Empire at this time. European Imperialists want to dismantle the Ottoman Empire. |
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Term
| Building of European “colonies” |
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Definition
| all the “great powers” want a political and religious presence in Jerusalem (France, russia, germany, Austria, Italy, America, England) |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews want to return to Jerusalem and create a Jewish nation, Nationalism-if you are a Jew, you should live in Israel |
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Term
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Definition
| British conquest of Jerusalem 1917 - transitional event |
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Term
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Definition
| {1917-1948} - British take Jerusalem (a little bit like a colony). They allowed Jewish migration (Aliya) into Israel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-Semitism. Many Jews realized they weren’t treated well outside of Israel. Israel and America became places to live peacefully. |
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Term
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Definition
| (“Ascent” = immigration to Israel) - massive immigration after WW2 (Holocaust survivors, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tensions arise in the early 20th century (never fully solved). Problems: What do we do with the city of Jerusalem? What do we do with the Temple Mount (holy to both cultures)? Immigration of Jews vs. Jewish state. WWII and Holocaust. UN resolution divides the country. War 1948. Jordanian Jerusalem 1948-1967. Israeli Jerusalem 1967-2011 |
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Term
| Eschatological (study of the last days) Jerusalem |
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Definition
| makes problem of Jerusalem greater because all religions have different ideas on the last days. Who side is God on? Cosmic struggle not just a political struggle. |
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Term
| Orson Hyde Dedication Prayer |
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Definition
| Orson Hyde was sent to Jerusalem long before many other Christian religious missionaries to dedicate it for the restoration and the future aka the millenium etc. |
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Term
| Israeli Third Temple Movements |
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Definition
| belief that the Israelites should regain the temple mount, start sacrifice again, rebuild temple for Messiah or wait for the Messiah to rebuilt the temple. The secular Jews don’t like these ideas much. Some believe the temple should allow for Gentile worship on the Temple Mount - farther out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Successors to Alexander the Great |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander the Great's successor in Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander the Great's successor in Syria, Mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest Library, cultural mecca in Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
Roman peace
Christianity and Hellenism flourishes |
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Term
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Definition
| The Jews conformed to Hellenism somewhat, but kept their religion intact and did not syncretize |
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Term
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Definition
"Father of History"
Wrote "The Histories" about the Persian Wars. |
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Term
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Definition
"Father of Western Philosophy"
-Shoemaker
-master of dialectical Q & A
-professed no knowledge
-condemned to death by Poison for trying to change government |
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Term
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Definition
Student of Socrates
Talks about ideal society
Founded philosophical academy in Athens |
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Term
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Definition
Student of Plato
Contributed math, politics, science, physics.
His books were fundamnetal texts all over the world, and influenced Islam, Byzantine, Europe |
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Term
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Definition
sacrifice
elevated mount where they build important buildings |
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Term
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Definition
| initiation, sacred wisdom, secret doctrines, immortality |
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Term
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Definition
| Place of initiation, Perfection |
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Term
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Definition
| Goddess of fertility and grains |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oracle
temple site, home of Apollo |
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Term
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Definition
| questions on bronze tablets were taken to pythia who sat over a fissure in the earth that leaked steam and smoke to prophesy, Apollo would translate |
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Term
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Definition
"naval"
Center of the Universe
pedestal in Church of Holy Sepulchre |
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Term
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Definition
Family of Simon
Revolted to create independent Jewish state that ruled for 100 years |
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Term
| Who did Seleucids defeat? |
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Definition
Persians
ruled over Palestine |
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Seleucid general who tried to crush Jewish revolt
Called himself, "Epiphanes" - manifestation of God
Jews called him "Epimenes" - out of his mind |
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| Involves Jason, Onias III |
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Hasmodeans take over
Non-Davidic king
Levite
No right to Kingship/Priesthood
Dynasty becomes corrupt, Hellenistic |
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| Enforced Hellenization/Judaism |
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Antiochus forbade Judaism and its traditions
John Hyrcanus forced people to convert to Judaism |
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wrote Dead Sea Scrolls, first books of O.T.
Kicked out of Hasmonian rule
Viewed their own community as true |
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| Location of caves where Dead Sea Scrolls were buried |
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Study of End of World (Book of Rev)
-not believed by most at the time |
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| Ancient Indian philosophers that believed clothing and food inhibited spirituality and intellect |
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Cultural/linguistic group from Turkey that conquered Rome and settled in No. Italy.
Romans adapted their alphabet |
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Gov established on Twelve tablets of law written on bronze plates
Theoretically representative, but gave power to wealthy |
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Conflict between Rome and Carthage
Gave Romans control of Mediterranean |
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Originally Phoenician
Enemy of Romans
Thalassocracy - rule of the sea
Romans destroy Carthage while Hannibal is busy |
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| Greatest general, a Carthaginian who was defeated by Scipio and committed suicide to avoid Roman capture |
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| Great Roman poet, imitated Homer with "Aeneaus" a story of a refugee of Troy |
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| Scattering of the Jews to Alexandria |
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| Temenos was a barrier that marked off sacred space in a temple from the Gentiles, and soreg was that sacred space |
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| you walk down the dirty steps barefoot, and emerge up the clean steps |
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