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| Conditions for the restoration of the rebellious states to the union |
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| assumed the presidency and brought a different view on reconstruction to the Executive Branch. Born in Tennessee, grew up in the South. Although he was a Republican at this time, he was really a "Jacksonian Democrat." He believed in state's rights and he had intense feelings toward the South that clouded his judgment at times. He also had been a slave owner at one time and did not favor civil rights. In one of his most racist statements in 1867, Johnson said, "...[that blacks] possessed less capacity for government than any other race of people. No independent government of any form has ever been successful in their hands;...wherever they have been left to their own devices they have shown a constant tendency to relapse into barbarism." When the war ended the Constitutional debate over who would lead reconstruction - Congress or the Executive Branch - was a mute point. Congress was out of session until December of 1865 and was the only one in charge of Reconstruction. |
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| whose role was to assist former slaves in their transition to freedom. They provided food, medical services, built thousands of schools and some colleges, negotiated peacetime contracts with employers and managed confiscated land. |
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| restricted the freedoms of former slaves living in the South. These restrictions included curfews, vagrancy laws, segregated housing, restrictive labor contracts. |
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| which abolished slavery throughout the United States and it placed Congress in charge of enforcing this legislation and providing necessary programs to ensure forever the freedom of all men and women |
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| conferred citizenship on the freedmen and prohibited the states from abridging these rights. (Citizenship had always been in the hands of the state. Now it was reverting to the federal level.). Second, Confederate debt was null and void and the war debt of the U.S. was valid. Third, barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal offices. Fourth, dealt with representation - under the Constitution slaves were counted 3/5ths for southern representation, but the numbers now increased for southern representation as former slaves were no longer counted as 3/5th for representation purposes. |
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| which stated that people could not be denied the right to vote based upon race, color or previous servitude. |
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| northerners who won offices in the South |
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| A system that forever tied people to someone else's land because of continual debt, for many African Americans they did not oppose the system as much as one would think. |
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| a social club formed in 1866, its members met to discuss problems and reminisce about the past, the organization evolved into a racist brotherhood bent on preserving southern ideals and attacking anyone who interfered with the South, this included African Americans, ministers, politicians, businessmen or women reformers in the South. |
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| Military Reconstruction Act 1867 |
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| the plan divided the South into 5 military districts and placed under martial law until they completed the requirements of the act. These included: hold new state constitutional conventions and write new constitutions that guaranteed protection for former slaves; they must ratify the 14th Amendment; and hold elections in conjunction with the state constitutions that are open to all eligible voters including African American men. |
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| Coming of the state of Louisiana, this case originated as a dispute over a monopoly situation. Louisiana legislature granted a New Orleans slaughter house a monopoly on slaughtering livestock within the city. Other meat packers objected to this exclusive contract stating it violated their 14th Amendment rights. |
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| this centered on the Colfax massacre that occurred in 1873 where 70 African Americans were killed by a white mob. The white defendants were arrested and jailed based on violating these individuals rights based on the 14th Amendment. Based on the previous case, the answer appeared to be obvious, but it was not. The court argued the 14th Amendment only protected individuals from state discrimination not individual discrimination and it was the power of the state to regulate issues between individuals. The 14th Amendment only applied to states violating someone's civil rights. |
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| In the state of Kentucky, two elections officials refused to count African American votes. The court refused to interfere in the situation and stated, the 15th Amendment did not guarantee individuals the right to vote, instead people could not be denied the right to vote based on race, color or previous servitude. |
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| Building upon the U.S v. Reese case, this case demonstrated how states could deny people the right to vote without denying them their 15th Amendment rights. In this case, an African American man attempted to vote in the Mississippi. The voter registration clerk stated he had to pass a literacy test in order to vote. |
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| this case set the precedence for legalized segregation throughout the South. Louisiana required racial segregation on the trains within the state. a dark-skinned Creole who was 1/8th African American but under Louisiana law he was completely African American, was chosen to challenge the segregation laws on Louisiana's transportation system. He purchased a ticket and sat in the "white section." He was arrested and he sued and hoped to challenge the segregation laws. The court ruled that distinguishing between races was not a violation of the 13th or 14th Amendments. |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| connecting the East Coast to the West Coast |
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| This is a term that describes the type of advertising blitz companies used in the late 1800s. They created false advertisements and inaccurately described the land to entice people to purchase the land. By the late 1800s the federal government outlawed the use of this but before they did it was a successful tool used by the railroad companies to dump millions of acres of terrible land on unsuspecting buyers. |
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| between to retired train engines that Katy Railroad Lines used to make money in order to get out of debt. This attract thousands of people to watch this. |
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| people could receive a 160 acres of land if they paid their 10 dollar registration fee and they must live on and improve the land for 5 years. Improvement of the land was not too difficult, putting up a house or cutting down trees constituted improving the land. The problem was they were not able to really choose the lots they wanted and they were unfamiliar with the land. |
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| individuals could receive 640 acres in arid states for 1.25 per acres as long as they irrigated part of the land within 3 years. |
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| individuals could claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of the land. The federal government would continue to expand homestead grants until the early 1900s. |
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| The largest ranch in Texas. It was 3.5 million acres and covered portions of the Texas panhandle, eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado and the panhandle of Oklahoma. Owned by a Chicago syndicate of meatpackers who gained such large tracks of land because they built the current capitol building in Austin. |
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| companies quickly extracted rich minerals from the western mountains. (The federal government eventually outlawed hydraulic mining because it was environmentally devastating to the region. In the 1860s in Southern California this caused rivers to clog which resulted in severe flooding. |
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| To support these mining communities, mining camps sprung up. |
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| cheap .10 cent novels written about the west |
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| was signed with the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapahos and Crows (northern tribes) establishing the federal government's right to build forts and trading posts in the Great Plains. |
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| Battle of Little Big Horn |
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| In an attempt to bring the Sioux back on the reservation, General Custer pursued the group with 265 Calvary men. Given orders to locate and wait for reinforcements, Custer ignored this order. A future presidential hopeful, he knew great heroic warfare could lead to a presidential nomination. Outnumbered and maneuvered, Custer and his men died on the battlefield. In response to this situation, the military increased their raids on the Native groups. |
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| the Bureau of Indian Affairs developed a program to train children for farm work and prepare them for citizenship. Reservation schools appeared, taught by missionaries, the school emphasized American values and traits. In addition the BIA developed boarding schools in Pennsylvania, Oklahoma and other places. |
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| allowed for the carving up of tribal lands. Each family who did not resist received 160 acres with individuals receiving smaller parcels. They had to break their tribal heritage and became farmers on the Great Plains. The unused land would remain in trust for 25 years and the Indians would become U.S. citizens. It was believed this would end the violence forever and assimilate Natives into American society. |
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| Fascinated by the Christian doctrines of redemption and resurrection, he combined these concepts with Native beliefs and he preached a religion promising redemption for Natives on this earth and resurrection of the dead. stated that tribes had to perform a ritual dance that lasted 5 days. |
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| would bring back the buffalo, the natives killed in war and the Great Spirit would take away the white men from their land. attracted tends of thousands to it as it provided much needed hope |
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| Sioux fleeing the reservation were caught by the Army an incident occurred and over 200 men, women and children were killed that day in South Dakota. This was the last major battle and resistance of Natives in the 1800s. |
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