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History 1400
UConn's Hist. 1400 class
177
History
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2012

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Term
• Charles De Gualle
Definition
faith that he had a historical mission to reestablish the greatness of France
Term
French Popular Movement
Definition
rightist organization, blames parties for France’s political mess
Calls for stronger presidency
Term
• Nationalization
Definition
Government ownership of industries
Term
o Adenauer
Definition
leader of Christian Dems, “Founding Hero” of Federal Republic
Term
Welfare state
Definition
equal opportunity, equal distribution of wealth, public responsibility for those unable to take care of selves
Term
European Coal and Steel Community
Definition
• Create common market for coal and steel products by eliminating trade barriers
Term
Rome Treaty
Definition
creates European Economic Community (Common Market)
Term
 Simone De Beauvoir
Definition
• Supported herself as a teacher, novelist, writer
• Lived “liberated”
• Saw that women had less rights
• Wrote “The Second Sex”
Term
 Betty Friedan
Definition
• Disliked playing traditional female role
• Published “The Feminine Mystique”
o Women kept from reaching full potential
Term
o Jackson Pollock
Definition
Painter of abstract impressionism
Term
 Theater of the Absurd
Definition
• Convention of drama, began in France
• Not realistic
Term
• Samuel Beckett
Definition
Proponent of Theater of the Absurd; wrote Waiting for Godot
Term
 Gunter Grass
Definition
wrote The Tin Drum – reflects postwar Germany’s preoccupation with incomprehensibility of Nazi Germany
Term
Helinski Agreement
Definition
US, Canada, European nations
 1975
 Recognized all borders established since WWII
 Acknowledge Soviet influence
Term
INF treaty
Definition
• Agreement with US and Russia to eliminate intermediate range nukes
Ends Cold War
Term
Persian Gulf War
Definition
• Iraqi forces occupy Kuwait (international outcry)
• US liberates Kuwait
Term
Irish Republican Army
Definition
• Attack in Northern Ireland
• Deaths of 2000 people, mostly civilians
Term
Postmodernism
Definition
rejects modern Western belief in an objective truth, instead focuses on relative nature of reality and knowledge.
Term
 Ferdinand de Saussure
Definition
structuralism
• Language is a human construct
• Humans possessed no capacity for knowledge until language was devised
Term
Jacques Derrida
Definition
• Binary oppositions
• One set favored over other (i.e. speech over writing)
• The privileged depends on the inferior
Term
Poststructuralism
Definition
• Culture is created and can therefore be analyzed in a variety of ways
Term
Michael Foucault
Definition
explore relationships of power
• Power is exercised, rather than possessed
Term
Magic Realism
Definition
combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds
Term
Marshall Plan 1947
Definition
invest 23 billion in it to increase production, improve economy
Term
Common Market - 1957
Definition
o Basis of European Union
o Free movement of labor and trade between countries
Term
Stagflation
Definition
(stagnation – unemployment 10% - and inflation)
Term
Simone de Beavoir
Definition
Wrote "The Second Sex"
Term
Leipzig Debate
Definition
Luther debates with Catholic theologian, denies
Term
Peasant's War
Definition
 Peasants had not experience economic growth; abused by lords; too many taxes
 Luther supports rulers, speaks against peasants
Term
Transubstantiation
Definition
taught that the substance of the bread and wine is transformed into body and blood
Term
The Anabaptists
Definition
 Reject theological speculation for simple Christian living
 Complete separation of church and state
Term
Melchiorites
Definition
adhere to millenarianism
Term
millenarianism
Definition
end of the world is at hand, usher in kingdom of God
Term
Menno Simons
Definition
rejuvenates Dutch Anabaptism
o Mennonites
Term
Treason Act
Definition
makes it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church
Term
Consistory
Definition
special body for enforcing moral discipline
• Geneva becomes center of Protestantism
Term
• Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Definition
John Calvin's new church constitution
Term
Council of Trent
Definition
Reaffirm sacraments (mass, indulgences, celibacy, purgatory, faith, good works). Defines Catholicism to this day.
Term
Maleficia
Definition
ability to do harm, diabolism (worship of satan)
Term
Hermeticism
Definition
mathematics and magic (math considered to be magical)
Term
Hermeticism
Definition
mathematics and magic (math considered to be magical)
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
Believed man and Earth to be center of universe
Term
Copernicus
Definition
Suggest that sun is stationary, earth rotates, moon revolves around earth
Term
Brahe
Definition
Rejects Ptolemy (earth center) but does not believe that earth rotates
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
Astronomer who believed the Earth was the stationary center of the universe
Term
• Hermeticism
Definition
The belief that numbers and math were magical
Term
o Copernicus
Definition
Invents heliocentric (sun-centered) model of solar system
Term
o Brahe
Definition
Rejects Ptolemy's earth-centered universe but does not believe earth rotates
Term
o Kepler
Definition
Discovers elliptical orbits
Term
o Geocentric Conception
Definition
Earth is the center of the universe, everything orbits earth
Term
Galileo
Definition
Invents telescope, makes discoveries. Condemned by catholic church.
Term
Newton
Definition
Invented calculus, universal laws of gravitation.
Term
Parcelus
Definition
 Diseases not caused by bad humors but due to chemical imbalances, treated by chemical remedies
 Diagnosis and treatment of disease
Term
Vesalius
Definition
 Published “On the Fabric of the Human Body”
 Careful examination of individual organs and general structure of human body
Term
William Harvey
Definition
 On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, published 1628

Corrected theories about the cardiovascular system
Term
Margaret Cavendish
Definition
 Attacked rationalist and empiricist views
Term
Maria Merian
Definition
 Entomologist (studying insects)
 Fieldwork in Surinam (South America)
Term
Maria Winkelman
Definition
 Female astronomer
 Highly qualified but rejected to teach at universities (was a woman)
Term
Cartesian Dualism
Definition
mind/soul separate
Term
Rationalism
Definition
Accept nothing as true which was not evidently known to be such
Term
Francis Bacon
Definition
few scientific credentials, attempt to put forward new method of acquiring knowledge (beginnings of scientific method)
 Inductive principles - make an educated guess, test it
Term
Spinoza
Definition
Pantheism (God is everything, everything is God)
Everything has rational explanation
Using logic and reason people can find true happiness
Term
Descartes
Definition
Rationalism (accept nothing as true unless proven), separate mind/body
Term
Pascal
Definition
Keep reason and religion united (appeal to logic AND emotion)
Term
Fontenelle
Definition
possessed knowledge of all scientific works of all previous centuries; communicated scientific knowledge to the masses by writing books
Term
Pierre Bayle
Definition
Compelling people to believe was wrong; they should use their brains to decide for themselves
Term
Philosophes
Definition
intellectuals of the enlightenment
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
attack traditional religion, apply scientific method to laws/politics
Term
Deism
Definition
existence of God, however he just created the world and now had no involvement
Term
Diderot
Definition
freelance writer, studied many subjects and languages
 Condemned Christianity as unreasonable and fanatical
 Encyclopedia: or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, arts, and Trades
• Advocate toleration, program for social, legal, political improvements
Term
D'holbach
Definition
God was a product of the mind, humans and everything else were just machines
Term
Rosseau
Definition
 Private property was the beginning of unhappiness
 Government evil, but necessary since dawn of property
 The Social Contract – published to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority
Term
Romanticism
Definition
emphasis on heart and sentiment
Term
Rococo
Definition
art style of grace and gentle action; fondness for curves, natural lines
Term
Watteau
Definition
surface of upper-class pleasure and joy, but underneath, sadness of the transient nature of pleasure, love, life.
Term
High culture
Definition
the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes
Term
The Spectator
Definition
one of the first prominent magazines
Term
Popular Culture
Definition
written and unwritten lore of the masses, passed down orally.
Term
Tolerance Patent of 1781
Definition
gives rights for non-state religious adherents to practice privately; allows Jews more freedom
Term
Pogroms
Definition
Jewish communities looted and massacred
Term
Pietism
Definition
response to desire for deeper personal devotion to God. Focuses on personal experience of God.
Term
Zinzendorf
Definition
spreads pietism
Term
Wesley
Definition
Anglican minister, undergoes spiritual crisis, wants to bring salvation to all people. Believed all could be saved by experiencing God.
Term
Calas case
Definition
Torture, murder for son attempting to convert to Catholicism in a Protestant family – example of intoleration
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
the Wealth of Nations (1776) – markets should not be fixed
Term
Old nobility
Definition
(Hereditary). Nobility of the sword.
Term
New nobility
Definition
Men who are made noble by the king for service (military, within bureaucracy)
Term
First, second, third estate
Definition
Clergy, nobles, commoners
Term
Estates General
Definition
consisted of reps from the 3 orders of French society
Term
National Assembly
Definition
• Failure of gov’t to assume leadership at opening of estates-general
• Swore to continue meeting until they had produced a new constitution
Term
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Definition
• Similar to American state constitutions and declaration of independence
Term
Paris Commune
Definition
consists of sans-culottes patriots
• Sought revenge on those who had aided the king
Term
Mountain (french rev.)
Definition
represents interests of the city of Paris. Strenth from radical and popular elements in the city.
Term
Girondins
Definition
fear radical mobs in paris, disposed to keep king alive to protect against future issues
Term
Law of General Maximum
Definition
price controls on goods declared of first necessity
Term
Toussaint L'Overture
Definition
o Leadership of slave revolt
Term
Robespierre
Definition
Keeps Reign of Terror long after its purpose is served; had become obsessed with purifying body of politics from anything corrupt
Term
Civil Code/Code Napoleon
Definition
• Napoleon codifies laws for entire nation
Prior to this, each section had different laws/customs
Term
Prefects
Definition
In french bureaucracy responsible for supervising all aspects of local gov’t
Term
Germaine de Stael
Definition
writes against Napoleon. Books banned, exiled to Germany.
Term
Locke
Definition
Believes in tabula rasa, or "blank slate" at birth
Term
Physiocrats
Definition
Wish to discover economic laws that govern people; reject mercantilism, accept laissez-faire
Term
Voltaire
Definition
Religious toleration, science and reason, progress.
Term
Social Harmony Club
Definition
designations for equality, enlightenment, sexual equality
 Female members had same duties as male members
Term
Jethro Tull
Definition
leads England revolution to put nitrogen in soil for agricultural revolution
Term
Henry Cort - Puddling
Definition
burn away impurities in iron to produce high quality iron
Term
• Richard Trevithick
Definition
First steam-powered locomotive
Term
Joint-stock investment banks
Definition
mobilize savings of thousands of investors, create supply of capital. Responsibility only for amount of investment, no more.
Term
The Great Hunger
Definition
Bad harvests causing emigrants - southern Germany, Ireland (potatoes)
Term
Edwin Chadwick
Definition
eliminating poverty and squalor of metropolitan areas. Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain
Term
Trade Union
Definition
formed by workers to preserve own position and to gain benefits from employers
Term
Amalgated Society of Engineers
Definition
largest and most successful trade union of the time
Term
Luddites
Definition
skilled craftspeople in Midlands and northern England who attacked the machines that they believed threatened livelihoods
Term
Chartism
Definition
first important political movement of working men organized during 19th century. Try to achieve political democracy.
Term
Party of Movement
Definition
Favors ministerial responsibility, active foreign policy, limited expansion of franchise (France)
Term
Party of Resistance
Definition
Believed that France had reached “perfect form” of government. Dominated by 1840.
Term
Reform Act of 1832 (England)
Definition
Enfranchised new tons and cities; gave urban industrial communities more voice in the gov’t.
Term
Poor Law of 1834
Definition
cut off money to poor to prevent laziness (make miserable conditions forcing poor to “seek better employment”
Term
Frankfurt Assembly
Definition
prepare constitution for united Germany. Consisted of educated, articulate, middle class delegates.
Term
Big German VS Small German
Definition
Include or exclude Austria
Term
o Reisorgimento
Definition
Italian "resurgence" revolutionary movement
Term
Mazzini
Definition
Italian revolutionary calling for united Italy.
Term
Belgioso
Definition
Italian aristocratic woman who worked for Italian unification
Term
John Marshall
Definition
makes it the right of the court to overrule Congress
Term
Tariffs
Definition
guarantee domestic markets for products of own industries.
Term
Cartels
Definition
decrease internal competition. Independent enterprises work together to control prices, fix production quotas.
Term
Josephine Butler
Definition
Protests sexism in prostitution laws (punishment for women with STIs, not men)
During spread of industrialization
Term
German Social Democratic Party
Definition
Socialist party, eventually becomes largest single party in Germany
Term
Bernstein
Definition
Argues against Marx. Middle class was actually expanding, while proletariat was rising as well. No class struggle.
Term
Bakunin
Definition
believed small revolutionary groups could produce enough violence to dissolve gov’t, usher in golden age of anarchy
Term
Huber
Definition
offer good housing at low rates during 2nd ind. Rev. to force other landlords to offer better housing.
Term
Plutocrats
Definition
wealthy big business investors (invest in railways, gov’t bonds, etc)
Term
Cult of Domesticity
Definition
• Leisure time should be devoted to constructive purposes
Term
Barbara Bodichon
Definition
established school where girls were trained for economic independence and domesticity
Term
Thomas Cook
Definition
organized temperance gatherings; later offers regular trips at lowered prices, increased profit
Term
Astride Boucicat
Definition
took over small retail shop for dry goods, clothing. Became Bon Marche, world’s first department store
Term
Blanc
Definition
Socialism; state to guarantee jobs, wages, workers (not industrialists) control workshops. Government must step in to create socialistic conditions.
Term
Conscription
Definition
compulsory enlistment
Term
Black Hand
Definition
Serbian terrorist organization. Assassinate Ferdinand, Austrian Archduke
Term
Schlieffen Plan
Definition
vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France, to surround French army
Term
Battles of Tannenberg
Definition
 Russia defeated by Germany (WWI)
Term
Total War
Definition
unrestricted in terms of weapons, objectives, etc
Term
Liberals VS socialists (WWI)
Definition
o Liberals wanted peace solutions through negotiation, no land acquisitions. (Ignored).
o Socialists – Called for negotiated settlements, have dramatic protests
Term
Defence of the Realm Act
Definition
allows public authorities to arrest dissenters as traitors
Term
Georges Clemenceau
Definition
Comes to power during WWI, France's traditionally liberal policies end
Term
David Lloyd George
Definition
British prime minister who believed that war was causing all classes to be selfless
Term
Rasputin
Definition
peasant who the Tsar’s wife, Alexandra, regarded as holy because he could stop her hemophiliac son from bleeding
• Influenced the throne
• Assassinated by conservative aristocrats, even though they and he supported the monarchy
• However they were too late to save the monarchy
Term
Soviets
Definition
(councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies) sprung up in army units and towns. Represent radical interests of lower classes; socialism
Term
Mensheviks
Definition
want the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on Western model
Term
Bolsheviks
Definition
in favor of Lenin. Violent revolution.
Term
War Communism
Definition
includes nationalization of banks, most industries; forcible requisition of grain from peasants, centralization of state administration
Term
Leon Trotsky
Definition
Leads Red Army to be well-disciplined, organized
Term
Cheka
Definition
• Red secret police
Term
Second Battle of the Marne
Definition
• Germany takes one final military gamble, is defeated
Term
Fourteen Points
Definition
submitted by Wilson to Congress which he believed justified military struggle
Term
Paris Peace Conference
Definition
27 nations represented to negotiate worldwide ceasefire
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
most important of treaties, holds Germany responsible for starting war. Pretty severe – reparations, reduce military, have demilitarized buffer
Term
Squadristi
Definition
bands of armed fascists in Italy
Term
Lebensraum
Definition
Nazi idea of living space for superior nations
Term
German Labor Front
Definition
under Robert Ley – state-controlled union. Used workbook to control laborers – every salaried worker had one.
Term
The SS
Definition
Hitler’s bodyguard which ended up controlling all secret police forces
Term
Nuremburg Laws
Definition
exclude German Jews from citizenship, forbade marriages and affairs between Jews and citizens
Term
Kristallnacht
Definition
destructive rampage against Jews in which synagogues were burned, thousands of Jewish businesses destroyed, one hundred Jews killed
Term
New Economic Policy NEP
Definition
modified version of capitalist system – peasants allowed to sell produce openly, retail stores/small businesses could operate under private ownership
Term
Authoritarian State
Definition
limit participation of the masses
Term
Engelbert Dollfuss
Definition
Christian Chancellor uses armed forces to crush Social Democrats and create Christian corporate state
Term
Popular Front
Definition
democrats, socialists, revolutionary left, takes control of Spain in 1936
Term
Franco
Definition
Spain -  Dictatorship that lasted until his death
 Favor landowners, business, and catholic clergy
 Traditional, conservative, authoritarian regime
Term
Acerbo Law
Definition
Italy - 1923. If 25% of the vote = 2/3 of the seats
Term
Lateran Accords
Definition
Vatican City – Catholocism sole religion of state
Term
Weimar
Definition
German republic established after WWI, before Nazis
Term
The Sorrows of Young Werther
Definition
Romanticism. (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) – sought freedom in order to fulfill himself – misunderstood, rejected by society. Commits suicide over deep love for a girl who did not love him
Term
Friedrich
Definition
Artist - preoccupation with God and nature, painted landscapes conveying mystery and mysticism
Term
Turner
Definition
Artist - painted landscapes, seascapes, sunrises, sunsets. Did not idealize or reproduce with realistic accuracy (Convey moods of nature)
Term
Beethoven
Definition
Communicate cherished beliefs, originally did classical but began to use elements of romanticism in uncontrolled rhythms to create drama and uplifted resolution (bridge from classical to romantic)
Term
Berlioz
Definition
Composer - Intended to study medicine, but changes mind to become composer; Use emotions/moods in music to depict stories
Term
Babi Yar
Definition
Holocaust - in a few weeks, 34000 executed by Action/intervention
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