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Definition
1914.
Description: Shows Germany's support to Austria
Significance: Creates an issue with Russia and Germany |
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1907
Description: Triple Entente is the alliance bw France,Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance contained Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Significance: Triple Entent is created after the three signed the Anglo-Russian Entente on Aug 31, 1907 |
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1914/1918
Description: Stalemate battle; germans finally stopped from advancement at Paris; stalemate lasts two years; nobody knows how to fight trench warfare
Significance: forced Germans to retreat; set precedent of trenchwarfare that would define WWI |
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11/11/1918
Description: "end of war,' 'cease fighting;' Germany's last effort that ends badly
Significance: Peace finally comes to Europe on 11:11:11 |
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River Somme, France, 1916
Description: British attempt to move forward, Germans surprise and kill all of British;
Significance: Notion of heroism is destroyed; example of how technology wins, not individuals |
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Russia, forms in 1905
Description: Takes power, group of middle class liberal men; needed to win war and control revolutionaries
Significance: creates Marxist opposition |
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March 1917
Description: was the soviet (worker's council) in Petrograd, Russia. It was established in March 1917 after the February Revolution as the self-governing representative body of Russian workers
Significance: becomes the rival power to the provisional goverment (liberal) |
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March, 1917
Description: anything that the provisional government does must be approved by the Petrograd Soviet
Significance: raises the question: will Russia end up being liberal or socialist? |
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April 1917
Description: Mensheviks (minority)-similar to SPD(?),let the Duma take over, then slowly took power,want reform
Bolsheviks-founded by Vladmir Lenin & Alexander Bogdanov; want to pass capitalist state defined by Marx, want revolution now
Significance: Bolsheviks came to power and became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Bolshevik v. Menshevisk issue divides the Petrograd Soviet |
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Definition
Russia, 1917
Description: Directive issued by Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Russia; stated that Russia must withdraw from WWI; denounced nationalism; overthrows Duma and gives power to Soviets; all property must be nationalized
Significance: establishes Communist society |
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Russia, 1917
Description: attack against Russian provisional government; start a military autocracy;
Significance: this idea of a military autocracy scares people and pushes them into Lenin's camp |
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Definition
Around 1916-1918
Description: Germany punished for involvement in war; treaty accuses Germany for its previous 'blank check''; puts all blame on Germany; Germany was told they had to pay back everyone for the war
Significance: Germany hit hard, sunk into depression |
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Definition
US-Europe, 1924
Description: "-abandoned gold standard, issued bonds at a certain interest rates that were worthless by the end of the year??1924
situation is bettered by Dawes Plan—American financier who loaned money,
interest rates would go up as Germany got on its feet but it was too late because the middle class was already too badly struggling with the economy"
Significance: financial ruin of the middleclass; poverty |
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Definition
Europe, 1929
Description: -in Germany, worst unemployment—Britain 25%, France 25%, Germany 40% unemployment
Significance: -liberal notion of self-regulating economy (invisible hand) looked like a "broken hand" becomes major benefit for Hitler's campaign |
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Russia, 1917
Description: overthrow of the russian provisional government;
Significance: followed by the Russian civil war and creation of the Soviet Union |
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Definition
Germany, 1918-1919
Description: "-people are starving in Germany
-British keep food from coming into Germany
-demobilization of soldiers that are coming back, restless and traumatized"
Significance: creates a rash of revolutionary movements (communist); revolt is quickly put down by the government of New Right |
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Definition
Germany
description: fascist response to communism; street thugs - killing in cold blood; veterans of WWI
Significance: shows polarization of communism and fascism |
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Term
| Mussolini's March on Rome |
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Definition
1922
Description: Mussolini's conquest of power for his fascist party; marked beginning of fascist rule
Significance: -new right nationalism, mass politics which embraces all people in Italy |
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Term
| Hitler's National Socialism |
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Definition
1920
Description: grew up in Austria, soaking up Vietnamese Antisemitism
Significance: impossible to explain? |
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Definition
Germany, 1933
Description: fire at the Reichstag, completely destroyed-Hitler blames the communists for starting the fire, in turn allows him to establish emergency decrees -gives police right to arrest and keep in custody communists or anyone a threat to the state
Significance: imposition of Hitler's apparatus of fear; polarization of communism and fascism |
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Definition
Spain, 1936-1939
Description: class war in Spain between army and republicans?; both Hitler and Mussolini want to defeat Franco (Spanish leader) for the land and try out their new weapons
Significance: seen as a "dress-rehersal" for World War II battle between communism and fascism; shows that communism and fascism are completely overshadowing liberalism |
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Definition
1935
Description: republicans unite with communits to fight against fascism
Significance: becomes inevitable that war is once again upon the world; |
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1938 Austria & Nazi Germany
Description: the unity"; occupation and annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany
Significance: -no one does anything about it, allows Czechs to be surrounded by 3 sides by Nazis; Germany takes over country |
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Term
| Remilitarization of the Rhineland |
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Definition
Germany, 1936
Description: Germans move in with troops to Rhineland, Germany; nobody reacts
Significance: directly violates the Versailles Tready; question of wether the Germans could have been stopped at this point |
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Term
| Cold War Foreign Policy/ Truman Doctrine |
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Definition
1947
Description: Truman's Doctrine of containment; idea that the US would defend wherever the Soviet would try to conquor
Significance: famous policy of containment; backbone of foreign policy during Cold War |
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Definition
Poland ,1939
Description: Hitler was in hurry to conquer Poland before the rainy season
Significance: the stakes of this invasion were high because many allies said they would defend Poland if Hitler tried it |
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Term
| German-Soviet Non-Agression Pact |
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Definition
1939
Description: Allowed Hitler to make sure he was only fighting against just the Polish, not the Soviets as well
Significance: Stalin and Hitler secretely divide up Poland |
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Definition
Poland (Europe), 1939
Description: military technique based on long preparation and then one, decisive strike; Panzers (tanks) that moved quickly; Hitler's technique during war, especially in his invasion to Poland
Significance: Notion of time and space are changed by Hitler's technology and warfare style |
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Definition
Poland, 1940
Description: Germans were creating a genocide in Poland; the rest of the world did not initially know; Germans dehumanizing Polish
Significance: creation of German terror apparatus; ignorance of the rest of the world |
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Definition
France, 1940
Description: French didn't think it was safe to live next to Germans; fortify a wall on border
Significance: Germans ended up just going around it |
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Definition
France, 1940
Description: French were surrounded, try to retreat with boats; British soldiers get to boats first and leave French behind
Significance: saltiness between British and French |
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Term
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Definition
Formed: 1918
Used by Hitler: 1940ish
Description: British had the strongest Navy, so Hitler decides to attack them through the air;
Significance: greatest air battle in history |
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Definition
Great Britian, 1941
Description: Aerial warfare branch of Nazis; Hitler (foolishly) bombed Britians minor cities, he gave moral permission for others to bomb Germany by making first move
Significance: Hitler loses, decides to quickly invade Soviet Union |
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Definition
France, 1987
Description: Inability of French to face up to their role in WWII of collaberating with Germany to execute the Holocaust
Significance: another example of memory |
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Definition
Germany, 1935
Description: Jews become second class citizens, policy to maintain sexual purity among aryan race;
Significance: purpose of these laws were to force Jews to emmigrate out of country, hard to get into other countries with depression, though; many Jews still in denial about Hitler |
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Definition
Germany, 1938
Description: night of broken glass;' synagogues destroyed; Jews arrested; "Night of broken glass" coordinated attacks against Nazi Germany and Nazi Austria; Jewish stores were destroyed and about 1,000 synagogues. It was carried out by SA paramilitary
Significance: shatters continuity of Jewish life; establishes random acts of violence against Jews; beginning of the "final solution" as referred to by Nazis |
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Definition
1941
Description: Invasion of Soviet Union, called 'holy war against Judeo-bolschevism; Germans endorse persecution of Jews and others
Significance: glimpse of the systematic tendencies of Germany |
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Definition
Ukraine, 1941
Description: ravine that was used as huge coffin for Jews (30,000)
Significance: massacre of Jews |
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Definition
Wansee, Germany, 1942
Description: it was decided the Jews must be exterminated
Significance: final solution to the Jewish problem |
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Definition
1959
Description: Isreal officials bring him back to Isreal where he is executed
Significance: _______ |
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Definition
Leningrad, Russia, winter of 1941-1942
Description: German forces wanted to take over Leningrad for its munitions; sealed off city - no food/resources;
Significance: horrible winter; many died of starvation |
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Term
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Definition
1942
Description: Leningrad lake freezes over and allows people to escape
Significance: Germans allow this to happen because of their occupation with Stalingrad |
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Definition
Stalingrad, Russia, 1942
Description: Hitler wanted battle over early, lasted 199 days; 9/10 of Russians surrounded, refuse to surrender; General Paulus leads group and surrounds Germans on foggy day (the cauldron); Hitler refuses to retreat
Significance: Turning point in war; tragedy of Teutonic (german) obedience; no effort to commemorate Germans after war by Russians; Hitler wanted to secure oil reserves and deny it to the Soviets and wanted the Volga River |
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Term
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Definition
______
Description: Hitler led his army into the Battle of Stalingrad because he was interested in securing this river as a supply line.
Significance: ______ |
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Definition
Stalingrad, Russia ___
Description: "General
Friedrich Paulus wants to retreat but Hitler refuses to let him. The Russians surround the Germans on a very foggy night-- this is what is known as the ""cauldron"" Many German men die of starvation and injuries.The men resort to eating their dogs, horses, and even motor oil. "
Significance: Hitler too obsessed with Stalingrad to retreat, only 20% of supplies comes that Hitler promises |
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Term
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Definition
1942-1945
Description: Fortified by Field Marshall Erwin Rommel; deadly array of defenses; hard to penetrate
Significance: _____ |
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Term
| "The long sobs of the violins of autumn" |
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Definition
BBC radio, D-Day 1944
Description: First part of BBC that would signal to the French that the invasion would be in two weeks, second part to come within 24 hours of the invasion;
Significance: Example of secrecy - de Gaulle left out of loop |
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Definition
D-Day, 1944
Description: First troops to invade, most courageous; landed in enemy territory to create drop zones
Significance: _______ |
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Term
| H-Hour: Omaha and Nebraska Beaches |
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Definition
______
Description: Cliffs proved to be deadly obstacle for troops
significance: ______ |
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Term
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Definition
May, 1945
Description: The end of the war, surrender of Germany; celebrations;
Significance: emergence of US as world power;Germany occupied by the four victors - GB, US, USSR, France |
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Term
| Soviet "sattelite states" |
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Definition
Germany 1945
Description: States that fell under Stalin's control
Significance: ______ |
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Term
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Definition
Germany, 1945
Description: Some Nazi officers brought to justice
Significance: No such trials in Austria - notion of covering up and letting people off |
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Definition
Great Britian, 1946
Description: Insures safety net for unemployment, sickness, retirement
Significance: ______ |
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Definition
Germany, Europe, late 1940s
Description: Germans cope with war by throwing themselves into work; economy grows 300%; Germany creates complete economic recovery
Significance: Creates large abundance of immigrant work force |
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Term
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Definition
US/Europe, 1948??
Description: US loaned money to Europe at decreasing interest rates
Significance: established Americanization in Europe |
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Definition
Crimea, 1945
Description: Discussion between US and Russia (the war's winners) over who gets what; Stalin gets Eastern Europe and parts of Germany;
Significance: controversy of Stalin taking advantage of FDR; Soviet block is put on paper |
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Term
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Definition
Yugoslavia, 1948
Description: Yugoslavia was only European country to liberate itself; Tito refused Stalinism and wanted Yugoslavia to remain independent;
Significance: Stalin becomes paranoid of Titoism - that Europe will follow Yugoslavia and he will lose power; creates rigged elections |
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Definition
1953
Description: Men chraged with Titoism and Zionsim (wanting to return to Zion); tortured until they falsely confessed;
Significance: notion of memory taken to extreme in communism; network of lies and false consciousness; shocking to rest of work |
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Term
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Definition
Germany, 1961
Description: created because of the emergency of people emmigrating from communist eastern Germany;
Significance: theme of containment? |
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Definition
Germany ____
Description: Where the American sector of the Berlin Wall was;
Significance: ______ |
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Term
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Definition
Hiroshima, Japan,1945
Description: bombs dropped, made by US Manhatten project; 90-166k deaths
Significance: The ultimate Frankenstein; beginning of the atomic age; human race passes new threshold of capability with self-extermination |
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Term
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Definition
New York, US 1942
Description: leaders try to create insturment of peace; based and funded by and in US; created bipolar system
Significance: attempts to constitute world order; contributed to US world dominance |
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Term
| Churchill's "Iron Curtain" |
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Definition
1946
Description: Stalin's speech about the isolation of Stalin's Russia/Germany
Significance: Stalin became angry; Stalin and US both convinced the other was bent on world domination |
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Definition
1947
Description: Truman's theory that wherever Soviet tried to conquor the US would defend
Significance: famous policy of containment; backbone of US foreign policy for decades |
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Term
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Definition
1948-1949
Description: Soviets tried to ceal off west Berlin (the wall was not built yet); US flies in supplies for help
Significance: example of indirect battlegrounds of the Cold War; resemblance to Stalingrad |
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Term
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Definition
1952-1956
Description: In Kenya, formed due to the fact they were enslaved, secret army
Significance: Part of the decolonization of Britain's empire |
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Term
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Definition
Bengali, India, 1943
Description: Churchill and British intentially created food cricis in Bengal in order to discourage Japenese from taking it over; millions of Bengalis starved and died;
Significance: Ghandi appaled - demanded independence through passive resistance; British realized they had to give it up and India was finally liberated |
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Term
| National Liberation Front (FLN) |
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Definition
Algeria, 1962
Description: France owned Algeria and did not want to give it up; ugliest war of decolonization
Significance: First war in which terrorism plays role; first moment when islamic fundamentalism plays role in geopolitics - used religion to get people to figh |
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Term
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Definition
______
Description: King (Sis) defies mortality by imprisoning god of Death, is punished by having to roll ball up mountain endlessly; similar to myth of Prometheus
Significance: Sartre uses this myth to reture clains of the dismal existentialism: if you consciously embrace meaninglessness and transend it, you can find meaning in the worst of fates |
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Definition
Europe, post-WWII
Description: flood of Ame; rican commodities into Europe; US creates multi-national corporations (Coke, gum, cigarettes)
Significance: the triumph of the international market and the nationalization of the commodity |
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Term
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Definition
______
Description: many American troops in Europe for denazification, protection against soviet invasion; tension arises among Europeans - they think Americans are uncultured
Significance: stereotyped Americans as ugly, rude, modern, wealthy; example of cultural imperialism |
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Term
| "Radio Free Europe/Voice of America" |
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Definition
The Cold War
Description: evangelical' radio shows to show people in communist societies what freedom was like; shows about cowboys, gangsters, Lincoln;
Significance: How cultural imperialism starts - but is never jammed down their throats, like what Stalin did |
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Term
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Definition
____
Description: Try to unite Europe through its industries - coal and steel, especially; was successful
Significance: leads to EEC? |
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Term
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Definition
1957
Description: officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC),
Significance: was an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) |
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Term
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Definition
1958
Description: European Economic Community; created through Treaty of Rome; free movement
Significance: creates tariff free Europe; problems uniting people and policy issues |
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Term
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Definition
1967
Description: Written by Servan Schrieber - advocated the copy cat approach, emphasizes economic strength, especially through science and technology
Significance: Contrasted de Gaulle's approach of nationalism; embraces US |
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Term
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Definition
1946-1964
Description: Men come back after war and have lots of sex; birth rates up 30%; babies don't have much in common with parents
Significance: This generation starts the revolutions of 1960s |
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Term
| Berkely Free Speech Movement |
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Definition
Berkely, California, 1964
Description: sets organizational patterns for rest of revolutions that follow; precedents of direct action, active participation; and no central leaders
Significance: sets precedents; contrast between liberal expectations and authority |
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Term
| Free University demonstrations |
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Definition
Germany, 1964
Description: demonstrations led by Rudi Dutschke to protest Vietnam war; police put down efforts
Significance: question of free speech in Europe against America; fear of nuclear annhilation |
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Term
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Definition
Paris, France, 1968
Description: students protest against poor reforms of higher education - had to immediately pick major, no failing, etc.
Significance: biggest revolution of 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
France, 1968
Description: enraged ones'; wanted to completely start over with education, contrast to moderates
Significance: cycle of direct action, police brutality, increaing response, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
1968
Description: captures rise of revolutionary spirit against Stalinism; student uprising lead by Alexander Dubchek; students demand liberlization; Ducheck gets small liberations of border openings but was put down
Significance: all revolutions end in defeat; their strength (no leaders) were also their weakness |
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Term
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Definition
1960
Description: creation of paperback book, cheap; population becomes more literate; considered obscene, banned
Significance: censoring |
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Term
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Definition
1960
Description: biggest technological advance;
Significance: gives women sexual freedom; equalizes sex |
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Term
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Definition
1969
Description: "Stonewall" was bar in NYC; police harrass gays; gays fight back
Significance: exhibits existential notion of self determination |
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Term
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Definition
Poland, 1980
Description: Lech Walsea's party; wants unions to be seperate governments, embarrased the Polish communist party
Significance: ends in martial law |
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Term
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Definition
China, 1989
Description: students resisted the martial law, were beaten
Significance: threatened the other rises against communism and dreams of freedom across Europe |
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Term
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Definition
Chekz,1977
Description: spoke out against communism
Significance: Charter 77 started movement and was lead by Havel |
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Term
| The Plastic People of the Universe |
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Definition
Austria 1968-1989
Description: Austrian rock group
Significance: brought power to the anti-communist movement; example of living in the truth |
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Term
| Cliche Sous-Bois and karcherise |
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Definition
France, 2005
Description: riots triggered by police brutality of two boys; Sarkozy wanted to sand-blast ghetto clean
Significance: idea of hygenic cleansing |
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Term
| The Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962 |
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Definition
Great Britian, 1962
Description: restriction of immigration
Significance: British decided not to even deal with immigration issue |
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Term
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Definition
1996
Description: shows the importance of music and how it becomes such a large part of culture and life
Significance: Seen as a foreshadowing |
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Term
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Definition
Russia, 1984
Description: After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1984, he advanced this policy, aiming to open the USSR to criticism, freedom of thought, open elections, American investment, and reconciliation with the West.
Significance: ________ |
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