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History 1200 Pt.2
9-10 to end minus 10-1
57
History
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2008

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Transcontinental Railroad
Definition
         completed in 1869; links country (market network); fills western territories
Term
Oklahoma Land Rush
Definition
·       1889; OK had been assigned to Native Americans; 100,000 settlers entered Oklahoma on day it opened for settlers; by 1893, whole territory claimed by settlers; last territory to be filled by settlers
Term
Horatio Alger
Definition
·         writer of popular fiction books; very successful; all essentially had same story of single man in countryside moving to the city and using talent to rise to success; central concept: hard work=prosperity
Term

Andrew Carnegie

“Gospel of Wealth”

Definition

·         wealthy, powerful, innovative, ruthless in capturing market; son of immigrants; entered low position RR job, shifted interests to steel co., became very successful wealthy businessman and philanthropist; took steps to display that he was an example of “self made man”

·         originally Carnegie speech; so popular it turned into a book; said that businessmen had obligation not to keep money, but to put it back out into community
Term

“Confidence Man”

Jay Gould

New York Gold Conspiracy

Definition
·         only people who stabbed people in the back, broke moral rules, schemed to get ahead made it in this era·         one of wealthiest leading businessmen but later known as a con man; instead of putting money to charity, spent money on lavish things which he flaunted; involved in shady business; involved in NY gold conspiracy·         Gould and other businessmen bought all gold from market, price got very high; dumped it all on market, price plummetsàlots of people went out of business
Term
Industrial Capitalism
Definition
making money of laborers in factory setting
Term

Tramp Culture

Kosher Food Riot

Pullman Strike

Definition
·        “hobos”; factory workers pick up and leave often·        people couldn’t afford to feed their families so housewives stole food and burned it in bonfires in streets·         1890s railroad industry shut down for weeks because of strikers; national troops called in to stop strikers
Term
Sharecropping
Definition
emerged in the South; rich farmers leased land to poor farmers; workers got small portion of crop to sell; 1880s-1890s: working class bound to land b/c in debt; whites and blacks
Term

The Grange

National Farmers Alliance

Definition
The Grange: movement popular by 1870s; 1.5 million members; organized farmers for buying/selling in marketplace “for mutual protection and advancement”National Farmers Alliance: created in 1880s; did everything Grange did but also had political agenda: RR charges should be regulated by law, lowering of protective tariff, promoted federal income tax (caused wealthy to get wealthier), subtreasury plan (gov’t built large warehouses to put crops in to hold and gradually market)
Term

The People’s Party

Tom Watson

Definition
The People’s Party: people’s party; party of farmers; in populist movement of 1890s; convention promised to raise hellTom Watson: speaker at Populist convention
Term

National Railroad Strike

Haymarket Riot

Homestead Strike

Coxcy’s Army

Knights of Labor

Eugene V. Debs

Definition
National Railroad Strike: 1877 wage cuts in PA à workers go on strike & more people across country join; RR owners tried to protect RR and keep running; strike broken by RR workersHaymarket Riot: 1886; started over labor conflict; union went on strike; police came to keep order; bombs thrown into crowd injuring and killing; police caught 8 “radicals”; trial: jury of businessmen convicted them; 4 were executedàuproar: ppl argued that they were scapegoatsHomestead Strike: 1892; Homestead steel mill owned by Andrew Carnegie; wage cutsàunion goes on strike & Carnegie flees country; strikers destroy property; managers hire Pinkerton Protection Agency; battles b/w union and thugs gets violent; broken by companyCoxcy’s Army: 1894: severe recession in economy; ppl out of work (20% unemployed); ppl decide to confront gov’t to agitate for labor laws under leadership of Jacob Coxcy; walked from Ohio to DC; thousands set up tents “tent city”; army & police break it upKnights of Labor: first big labor movement post Civil War; called for 8 hr workday; abolition of child labor; humanitarian relief for unemployedEugene V. Debs: in RR industry; part of Unions; ended up going to jail; radical ideas; became leader of socialist party; ran for president multiple times
Term

American Federation of Labor

Samuel Gompers

Definition
American Federation of Labor: focused on economic objectives; pushed notion of objectives for workers; wanted nothing to do with socialist party; used collective bargaining, labor strikes, higher wages, lower hours, better working conditions; successful, but left ppl out: women, African Americans, unskilled workers, immigrants Samuel Gompers: leader of AFL 
Term

Scientific Racism

Henry Cabot Lodge

Definition
Scientific Racism: scientists (mainly biologists) claimed that immigrants biologically inferior to N. Europeans theoretically; immigrants should not be assimilatedHenry Cabot Lodge: Senator, leader of scientific racism; set up immigration laws limiting certain people
Term
Race Suicide
Theodore Roosevelt
Definition
“Race Suicide”: claim that #’s in Victorian families shrinking while #’s in immigrant families increasing; in 20 years, Victorians overwhelmed by numbersTheodore Roosevelt: “rising star” in Republican party; became interested in race suicide and gave speeches regarding topic
Term

Monopoly Capitalism

Charles Schwab

Definition
Monopoly Capitalism: shift away from small businesses to big corporations who want to dominate a particular industryCharles Schwab: head of U.S. Steel; nobody knew him, “faceless beurocrat”
Term
Standard Time
Definition
put into place by RR Co’s in 1880-90s; set up time zones for efficiency; later adopted by Congress
Term

Herbert Spencer

Liberal Protestantism

Definition
Herbert Spencer: English writer; hero to businessmen, said businessmen defined society, talked about dangers of overwork; concluded it was time to preach “gospel of relaxation”Liberal Protestantism: pre-war, lots of discussion about heaven, hell, & sins; post-war, mainstream Protestantism: put on Sunday outfits & go to church; weakened sermons (everyone good & less hell talk)
Term

Neurasthenia

George M. Beard

Definition
Neurasthenia: epidemic among Victorians in 1890s; symptoms: insomnia, desire for stimulants, hopelessness, fear of society & responsibility; attributed to fast-paced urban lifeGeorge M. Beard: defined & explored neurasthenia
Term
Depression of 1893
Definition
tremendous (second worst) economic depression; unemployment, huge impact on working class people, fueled a lot of labor discontent/Populist movement; symbol of crisis of late 19th century
Term

Spanish American War

Definition
 1898 US conflict with Spain, ended up involving Cuba and Philippines; first foreign war
Term
“Men of Dartmouth”
Definition
originally a poem, turned into a song; about football boys
Term
Civil Religion
Definition
belief that God had a special plan and place for USA
Term

“Yellow Press”

William McKinley

Definition
Yellow Press”: newspapers pressuring McKinley to get Spain out of “New World”William McKinley: President at time of Spanish-American War
Term

The Philippines

Admiral George Dewey

Emilio Aguinaldo

Definition
The Philippines: group of Spanish colonies that USA liberated from Spain during war; revolted against USAAdmiral George Dewey: leader of surge that entered Philippines to liberateEmilio Aguinaldo: leader of Philippine nationalists and guerrilla fighting
Term
“Rough Riders”
Definition
personally funded by Theodore Roosevelt; recruited people from college campuses (football players) and west (cowboys); famous for “charge of San Juan Hill” that made T.R. a hero
Term

William James

Mark Twain

Definition
William James: wrote against war (essays); believed U.S. had betrayed own anti-colonial traditionàUS now a colonial powerMark Twain: bitter opponent of Spanish American War; sarcastically suggested that flag should be changed: stripesàblack and red stripes; starsàskulls
Term
Credit Mobilier Trust
Definition
;s Credit Mobilier Trust bought out senators to not investigate their corrupt activities
Term

Bossism

Tammany Hall

George Washington Plunkitt

Definition
“Bossism”: big political machines in big cities run by political bosses; political boss would provide services (jobs, $, etc.) to immigrants in return for vote loyaltyTammany Hall: most famous political machine in NY; tan politics there for 20 or 30 yearsGeorge Washington Plunkitt: wrote book “Plunkitt of Tammany Hall”; was involved with running of Tammany Hall and outlined very frankly what went on within it
Term

Muckrakers

Ida Tarbell

Lincoln Steffens

Definition
Muckrakers: opponents of bossism; journalists who dug into corruption of political lifeIda Tarbell: most famous Muckraker journalist; wrote articles about John D. Rockefeller and laid out what he had done corruptly to buy off politicians “History of Standard Oil”Lincoln Steffens: focused on urban political machines; “The Shame of the Cities”
Term
Initiative and Referendum
Definition
attempt to return power to the people; people directly vote for legislation
Term
Robert LaFollette
Definition
 progressive from Midwest; Wisconsin governor and senator; pushed values of local progressives
Term

Square Deal

New Nationalism

(both by Teddy Roosevelt)

Definition

Square Deal: by Teddy Roosevelt; embodiment of national progressive movement; big government must be created to keep up with big business

“New Nationalism” : made by Teddy Roosevelt; his platform: corporate liberalism; big business/labor/government will work out legislation in public interest
Term
National Civic Federation
Definition
public interest group; members: Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, and other elected officials
Term
Consumer Capitalism
Definition
shift in economy; away from producer capitalism to consumer
Term
Self-Fulfillment
Definition
as opposed to self-control Victorian value
Term
Bureaucracies
Definition
in terms of organization of American life; shift from individualism
Term
Woodrow Wilson
Definition
Progressivist in democratic party, elected president in 1912; gained nomination from democratic party; proponent of “regulated competition”, urging national gov’t to break up big corporations; anti-war progressive and elected in 1916 based on anti-war platform; Progressive in politics, but in private life, was Victorian gentleman and stern moralist
Term

War Industries Board

Selective Service Act

George Creel, “Committee on Public Information"

Definition
War Industries Board: created in 1917 to organize industrial priorities; regulates what is produced and economic affairs during the war timeSelective Service Act:   May 1917; put millions of men into military draft; mass mobilization; 1918: 24 million men in draft in some fashion

George Creel, “Committee on Public Information”: one of gov’t agencies put together during war; aimed at getting public behind war; hired artists to make posters and art to support war; voluntary censorship: if you don’t like war, sensor yourself and don’t make it

Term
League of Nations
Definition
like United Nations; international body wherein future conflicts would be mediated by representatives of nations; Wilson supported and felt it would be useful for democracy
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
Europeans negotiated treaty; English and French punished Germany, extracting lots of money from Germany
Term
Chicago Race Riots
Definition
1919; violent clash between whites and blacks, lasts about 5 days; lots of ppl beaten up, many killed; racial fighting spread and loss and destruction of property
Term

“Red Scare”

A. Mitchell Palmer

Definition
“Red Scare”: 1919 and 1920: USA moving against radical laborers; gov’t throws them in jail; fear that communists are hiding everywhereA. Mitchell Palmer: leader against “Red Scare”
Term
Henry Ford
Definition
good example of American consumer capitalism; 1911 he opened up a large plant and begins to put out thousands of Model T Fords; assembly line system eased job, allowed for enormous production; Ford “put America on wheels” b/c millions of people could afford to purchase one
Term

Self-Fulfillment

Personality

Abundance

Definition
Self-Fulfillment: holds that people should feed their desires instead of suppressing their desires like old Victorian value in order to be happy“Personality”: images that people project outward to other people“Abundance”: characteristic of America; economic abundance; personal abundance: way to be happy is to have an “abundant” life emotionally, psychologically, economically, etc.
Term

Dale Carnegie. How To Win Friends and Influence People

Definition
Dale Carnegie. How To Win Friends and Influence People: one of the bestselling books in 20th century America; from Missouri and went to school in Warrensburg; went to NYC and became official for YMCA and began giving talks (which became very popular); compiled speeches into book, which is a “how to” book for middle class Americans; tells people that to get ahead in corporate America, people need to “cultivate” own image, develop pleasant and attractive personality; main message: if you want other people to do what you want, the key is to make them feel important, manipulating by “sucking up”
Term

Domestic Science

Good Housekeeping
Definition
training of scientific experts that look at family dynamics; how to improve and reorganize family life to make efficient; emphasis on consumer goods: mothers told that they could run an efficient household by buying newest consumer goods; washing machines, vacuums, etc; “declaration of war” on germs; mom was factory manager at home, striving to make household as efficient as possible
Term
Bruce Barton, "The Man Nobody Knows"
Definition
very influential figure in pop culture; born in 1880s to Protestant family (Victorian America); became interested in new ideas at turn of century; becomes famous when he writes articles about ministers who have become famous by having charismatic personality; 1919 founds ad agency, one of biggest and most popular in the country; 1925: writes book “The Man Nobody Knows”: biography of Jesus; presents Jesus as being “founder of modern business”, argues that Jesus was first “ad man”àknew marketing values of miracles, performed miracles then marketed across Jerusalem; Jesus’ sparkling personality propelled him forward; becomes “Jesus specialist” and consultant
Term
Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt
Definition

1922, famous novel,, main character: George Babbitt; lived in Midwest, real estate/insurance agent; epitomized consumer culture that had consolidated after WWI; babbittry became symbol of middle class life; Lewis did not like this

Term
Prohibition
Definition
“crusade” against alcohol
Term
Billy Sunday
Definition
1920s emerged as most important revivalists of Fundamental Religion; goes around preaching gospel in large meetings; charismatic speaker; worked people up; attacked: movie industry, popular entertainment, automobiles
Term
Scopes Trial
Definition
Dayton, Tennessee, John Scopes arrested for teaching evolution in biology class; put on trial; BIG NAMES: Clarence Darrow: famous trial lawyer went to TN to defend Scopes; William Jennings Bryan: went to assist prosecution; H.L. Mencken: journalist, funny man who had a large audience, believed law was stupid and people who supported law were idiots as well, wrote funny newspaper stories about trial: people there are primitive
Term
Ku Klux Klan (1920s)
Definition
most extreme example of dissent from right; went “underground” then reemerged in the Midwest and border states northward in the U.S.; agenda shifts to being against not only African Americans, but also against Jewish, Catholics, immigrants, etc.; motto: 100% Americanism
Term
Sacco and Vanzetti
Definition
1921 murder in business in middle of night; left security guard dying on street; Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian American socialist (radicals) immigrants that were brought to trial for murder; turned into political trial b/c people felt they were being tried since they were; after long trial, were convicted of crime and were executed in 1927; evidence has come to light that they were actually guilty of crime
Term
“Lost Generation”
Definition
refers to famous writers and artists that criticized mainstream America strongly, included F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway; leave country in 1920s for Paris out of disgust with mainstream American values; caught up in bohemian counterculture
Term
“Flappers”
Definition
new women of 20th century; strike terror to Victorian values, wore short loose clothing; sensuality, smoking, drinking, loose values
Term

Marcus Garvery

Black Nationalism

Definition
Marcus Garvery: 1920s founded organization: Universal Negro Improvement Association; pushed message of black separatism; insisted on black equality and black separatism: black America needs to carve out own niche in modern America; promoted “black capitalism”: blacks need to create own economy and blacks only buy from blacks; later said that separatism may not work and that blacks should think about pooling money and returning back to Africa; ended up getting in trouble with federal gov’t and goes to jailBlack Nationalism: black leaders suggest that blacks do not have a chance in with modern white Americans; should move away, separatism in order to be successful
Term

Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes

Louis Armstrong

Bessie Smith

Definition
Harlem Renaissance: Harlem: largest African American community in U.S.; in New York; explosion of cultural activity in many directions: writing and music (creation of Jazz); a lot of A.American critiques said that whites crowded out blacks to listen to jazzLangston Hughes: writer; wrote very powerful material; identified African Americans as collaborators and participants; blacks have shaped mainstream valuesLouis Armstrong: famous Jazz trumpet playerBessie Smith: famous Jazz vocalist
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