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| A law created by parliament under Edward III to supress the labor force by prohibiting the increase of wages and also prohibiting them moving from their home areas in search of better conditions. |
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| This is probably reffering to the time in the late 1300s when there was a split within the catholic church because there were simultneously multiple men claiming to be pope. Ended by the council of constance in 1418 |
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| The time during which seven consecutive popes resided in Avignon France instead of rome. This began following some conflict witht the french crown and the selection of a french pope. and ended after the popes began increasing falling under the influence of the french ruler so one moved back to rome. |
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| A reform movement in the catholic church that held that supreme authority rested with a council of church dignitaries, not the pope. This stemmed from the great schism between the rival popes and the fact that that was put to rest by a council of church dignitaries |
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| A political and religious movement, they were the followers of John Wycliffe. they sought reform of western christianity. |
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| A conflict that took about 100 years between the english and the french in dispute over the french throne. Began when william the conqueror became king of england and still retained lands in normandy. English kings were then feudally obligated to pay homage to the Phillip VI and when Edward III refused Phillip confiscated his lands in france. Edward responded by claiming that he was the rightful ruler of france. |
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| An ideal that originated during the reniassance of the value and potential of humans, individually and in groups. Humanists tried to encourage this potential through the study of the humanities, grammar, history, rhetoric, poetry and moral philosophy. |
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| A religious order fouded by Ignatius of Loyola. They considered themselves to be the "soldiers of god" and made it their goal to combat the reformation and ideally unify all of christianity under the pope in rome. |
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| The last monarch of the tudor dynasty, she bacame known as the virgin queen. She moderated the end of the long line of conversions of england from catholic to protestant and back again. It ended in a compromise where they kept some aspects of both catholicism and pretestantism. Became known as the church of england, or the anglican church. |
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| A noble house in Florence Italy, a banking family, a political dynasty and eventually a royal house. they supplied four popes and were a very influencial group of people in italy at the time. |
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| A very influential humanist philosopher in the early renniasance. he was in touch with every major academic thinker of his time and was the first to translate plato's complete works into latin. founded the florentine academy to revive plato's school. |
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| An influential french theologan and pastor, he is responsible for the calvinist movement during the reformation. Attempted to reform the church in Geneva but was expelled. Remained away for years before invited back to continue his work in Geneva. |
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| The 12 articles were put forth during the peasants revolt in 1525. they essentially were 12 was in which they sought to improve life for themselves and make things more fair. |
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| The systematic destruction of religious images and icols of a particular culture or faith. During the protestant reformation there was an iconoclasm during which many catholic images and icons were destroyed by the protestants. |
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| The founder of the Jesuits, he was a knight till he was wounded in battle and underwent a religious experience. He founded the jesuit order and cathered men to him to try to spread catholicism as much as possible. |
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| When the england broke with the catholic church they wound up reaffirming the 6 primary catholic doctarines in the 6 articles. |
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| The belief, held by the catholic church, that during communion the bread and wine literally transforms into the body and blood of jesus when eaten. |
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| They were the leaders of the professional mercenary armies that were contracted by the pope and the italian city states thtoughout the renniasance. |
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| An influential italian humanist, politician, diplomat and philosopher. He wrote the book the prince effectively stating that the ends justify the means. at least for those of nobility they do. |
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| priesthood of all believers |
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| The christian belief, not shared by catholics, that all ordinary christians share priesthood. Martin Luther proposed the idea that all baptized christians were equally spiritual as an ordained priest. |
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| A major revolt in germany in 1525, the lower class rose up because they felt that they were being mistreated. It failed due to very major opposition from the aristocracy. They slaughtered a full third of the poorly armed peasants and farmers who rebelled. |
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| A meeting where people gather to practice witchcraft. Many were accused of partaking in these gatherings and were burned at the stake or hung because of it. |
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| A ecumenical council held by the church in response to the reformation movement. It evaluated the reformation and what it was trying to accomplish, reaffirmed the catholic beliefs and also declared the protestants heretics. |
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| The act passed by Henry VIII that proclaimed the church of england as seperate from the catholic church and proclaimed him the official head of the church of england. This still applies today. |
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| Began as a conflict between catholics and protestants as they battled it out to determine the shifting balance of power in the holy roman empire shifted in their favor. The war eventually evolved into a less religious focused conflict and became a more general fight between major european powers. |
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