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History 106 - Test 1 - OleMiss
Fall 2011. Test 1: Sept. 20
45
History
Undergraduate 3
09/19/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Definition

separate accomodations did not deprive

 

blacks of equal rights if the accomodations

 

were equal.

Term

Cumming

v.

County Board of Education

(1899)

Definition

communities could establish schools for

 

whites only, even if there were no

 

comparable schools for blacks.

Term
black disenfranchisement
Definition

poor whites feared rich whites would use black votes against them

 

rich whites feared poor whites would use black votes against them

Term

 

 

Jim Crow laws

Definition

 

an elaborate system of segregation

reaching into almost every area

of southern life

Term

 

 

Ida B. Wells

Definition

black journalist who published series of articles after 3 friends' lynched in Memphis.

 

launched international antilynching movement

Term

 

 

Sharecropping

Definition

endebted farmers (black & white) worked their lands for someone else, who had claim on a part of the farmers' crops.

 

"slavery by another name"

Term

 

 

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Definition

law forbidding immigration of "skilled and unskilled" Chinese workers

 

also forbade courts from administering citizenship to any Chinese already in US

Term

 

 

The Dawes Act of 1887

Definition

gradually eliminated tribal ownership by forcing Indians to become farmers

 

assimilation: sent Indian children to boarding schools, Christian churches, etc...

Term

 

 

The Homestead Act of 1862

Definition

permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres

 

for a small fee if they occupied that land for

 

5 years and improved it.

Term

 

 

multiracial working class

Definition

whites worked w/ blacks, chinese, mexican, indians, etc.

whites work in management & skilled labor

immigrants worked unskilled labor: mines, railroad, agriculture, etc...

Term

 

 

"range wars"

Definition

great tension in the west

 

competition between:

sheepmen and cattlemen,

ranchers and farmers.

Term

 

 

3 Romances of the West

Definition

1. famous landscape paintings

2. idolizing the rugged, free-spirited lifestyle of the "cowboy"

3. the fascination of the frontier

Term

 

 

"Concentration" Policy

 

(1851)

Definition

government assigned all Native American tribes their own defined reservations

 

this divided the tribes from each other and made them easier for the govt. to control.

Term

 

 

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

Definition

Indian leaders Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull lead army of 2,500 tribal warriors to S. Montana

they surprised Col. Custer and his regiment, and killed every man.

Term

 

 

Wounded Knee Massacre

 

(December 29, 1890)

Definition

cause of the battle is unknown

 

fighting broke out

 

40 white soldiers, 200+ Sioux died.

Term

 

 

manifest destiny

Definition
the belief that the US had a God-given right and responsibility to aggressively spread the views of the white civilization from ocean to ocean
Term

 

 

"Taylorism"

("scientific management")

Definition

theoretician: Frederick Winslow Taylor

 

made human labor compatible with the demands of the machine age and increased employers' control of the workplace

Term

 

 

impact of electric power

 

1870s

Definition

electricity as source of light and power

 

Charles F. Brush - arc lamp for streets

 

Edison - incandescent lamp (lightbulb)

Term

 

 

Bessemer process

Definition

process for converting iron into steel by blowing air through molten iron to burn out impurities and create much stronger metal.

 

created by Henry Bessemer & William Kelly

Term

 

"horizontal integration"

and

"vertical integration"

Definition

horizontal: combined many firms in same enterprise into a single corporation

 

vertical: took over all diff. businesses it relied on for its primary function

Term

 

 

Standard Oil Company

Definition

J.D. Rockefeller's oil co. in Cleveland

 

expanded horiz. & vert. = MONOPOLY

 

created "cutthroat competition"

Term

 

 

"holding company"

Definition
a central corporate body that would buy up the stock of various members of a Company's trust and establish direct, formal ownership of them.
Term

 

 

Social Darwinism

Definition
Charles Darwin's social theory that suggests that, similar to the natural selection process of evolution, only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace.
Term

 

 

"gospel of wealth"

Definition

belief that people of great wealth not only had great power but a great responsibility to use their riches for the good of the community.

Andrew Carnegie-donated much to charity

Term

 

 

child labor

Definition

38 states publicly pressured to pass laws,  child farming: exempt from this,

child factory workers: the law merely set minimum age of 12 & maximum workday of 10 hours - employers often ignored this

Term

 

 

Railroad Strike of 1877

Definition

10% wage cut, workers destroyed equiptment, rioted in streets, etc..

over 100 people died before strike ended.

 

America's 1st major national labor conflict

Term

 

 

the Tycoons

Definition

Andrew Carnegie - steel industry (vertical integration)

Gustavus Swift - meatpacking

Henry Heinz - canned foods


JP Morgan - Finance Capitalism "watered" stock


Rockefeller - Standard Oil, trusts, holding companies (horizontal integration)

Term

 

 

Knights of Labor

Definition

workers & women who fought against child labor & long hours but wanted a long-range reform of the economy.

Terence V. Powderly - lead Knights to 700,000 members by 1886.

Term

 

 

American Federation of Labor

(AFL)

Definition

 

Samuel Gompers: leader, focused on: wages, hours, conditions.

demanded national 8-hour workday - would strike if not granted by May 1, 1886.

as promised, strikes & demonstrations occurred nation-wide.

(see Haymarket Bombing)

 

Term

 

 

Haymarket Bombing

Definition

May 1st - strikers at Haymarket Square in Chicago, bomb thrown, killing 7 policement, injured 67 others.

police killed 4 strikers (and 4 strikers the day before)


this was an alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism for middle-class Americans.

Term

 

 

Labor Weakness

Definition
despite the creation of new labor unions and a wave of strikes and protests, workers failed to create successful organizations or to protect their interests.
Term

 

 

In the 1880s, who were viewed as the most powerful men in the nation?

Definition

 

J.P. Morgan

John D. Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Term

 

 

Panama Canal

Definition

Theodore Roosevelt was denied his request to build a canal through Central America.

 

So he backed the local Panama revolution for independence from Columbia.

Term

 

 

"immigrant ghettoes"

Definition

ethnic neighborhoods that provided

newspapers & theatres in native languages,

native foods,

church & other native organizations

Term

 

 

tenements

Definition

multiple-family rental buildings in NYC

 

many windowless rooms

 

little or no plumbing or heating

Term

 

 

urban transportation

Definition

 

1870 NYC opened first elevated railway

 

1897 Boston opened the first American subway

Term

 

 

rising income = mass consumption

Definition

ready-made clothing

mail-order houses, chains & dept. stores

Sears & Roebuck - 1st mail-order catalog

Chicago-Marshall Field 1st US dept. store

Term

 

 

leisure

Definition

sports: baseball, football

Vaudeville: music, comedy, magic, etc...

movies - DW Griffith 1st gave films plots

Coney Island: Luna Park 1903

reading: "dime novels"

Term

 

 

The Bell System

Definition

1878: first "switchboard" opened, making the use of telephones more practical

 

the job of telephone operator was born

(used young white women-enjoyable)

Term

 

 

Stalwarts v. Half-Breeds

Definition

2 groups competing for Rep. party control

 

Stalwarts: traditional, machine politics

 

Half-Breeds: reform politics

Term

 

 

The Depression of 1893

Definition

nearly half of labor force out of work

 

lasted 4 years

 

Coxey's Army-create jobs for unemployed

Term

 

 

The Platt Amendment

Definition

an amendment that barred Cuba from any political independence whatsoever

gave US the right to intervene in any and all of Cuba's affairs;

US naval stations on Cuba territory

Term

 

 

Nineteenth Amendment

Definition

Amendment passed in 1920,

guaranteeing voting rights to women throughout the nation.

Term

 

 

Settlement Houses

Definition
educated young single women moving into house in poor neighborhood, provide services (daycare, classes, lectures, job training, college courses)
Chicago: Hull House
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