Trench warfare 

• British liner that was sank off the coast of Ireland by a German U-boat in 1915
• 1200 casualties, 28 Americans
• Germans had warned Americans to stay off British ships
• still put pressure on Wilson to join the war
• Jane Addams didn't want wilson to join the war
• significance- put pressure on Wilson to join the War

• German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexican Ambassador that was intercepted by the British
• it said that Germany would help Mexico get back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they declared war on the U.S
• Significance- made the U.S Call to war even stronger

• passed in 1917 and required all men between 21 and 30 to register with the draft board
• later modified 18-45
• secretary of war Baker was in charge of the draft and worked PR
• He made the draft registration a patriotic day of celebration to try to avoid riots
• significance- started the draft 

• John J. Pershing was an American general that was in charge of stopping attacks on US villages and citizens by a Mexican bandit named Pancho Villa.
• when Villa kept evading Pershing, Wilson ordered the US National Guard to patrol the border
• this angered the Mexicans because they saw Pancho Villa as a hero
• significance- caused anti-american feelings at the mexican border

Boxer Rebellion

• boxers were a secret group of anti-foreign chinese that killed thousands of chinese christians and foreigners in 1900
• their feelings were part of the old chinese way of thinking, people hated the western influence
• americans wanted to trade with china
• the US contributed 2500 soldiers
• successfully defeated them
• significance- strong anti american feelings in china

• man-made canal in panama
• connects the atlantic to the pacific
• started by the french but fell apart due to yellow fever and mismanagement
• France sold the project to US but Panama denied it so France organized a revolution and took over the gov.
• significance- major trading route than connected the atlantic and the pacific

• US aims in WWII as summed up by Wilson
• covered giving countries the freedom to choose their own political futures, considering the interests of the people in imperial disputes and a larger postwar plan. 
• solidified Americans' support for the war 
• significance- gave proof that America was getting involved for noble reasons, not selfish ones.

• conference between the French, British, Italian, Japanese, and American leaders that dealt with postwar decisions
• germany was to be punished for causing the war by being disarmed, stripped of its colonies, admitting to starting it, and having to pay reparations
• took away 1/8 of their land
• significance- made the Germans angry and bitter which paved the way for Hitler and world war 2

• A new international organization that was formed during the treaty of versailles. 
• one part of the treaty that embodied Wilson's vision for peace and justice
• wilson traveled around the country trying to gain support for it
• the exertion caused him to have a stroke
• senate split into 3 groups with different opinions on the league
• Wilson refused to compromise so the US never joined the league
• significance- Wilson's main focus that caused him to have a stroke

• rose to power in the 1920's again
• spurred by racial tensions and a movie glorifying the KKK
• 2 men from Georgia realized it could be a very profitable business 
• charged membership fees and sold robes
• strong mob mentality
• died out when the grand dragon was convicted of rape
• significance- strong terrorist organization that targeted different races

• Act passed in 1924 that severely restricted immigration to the US
• only 2% of the people from any origin of people from any origin were allowed to immigrate to America
• primarily aimed at southern and eastern europeans
• common impulse to keep america "american"
• war had boosted nativism
• significance- restricted immigration greatly

• belief that the bible told the literal truth
• targeted Darwin's theory of evolution 
• Scopes Trial
• mainly southern and western passed anti-evolution laws
• caused many judicial problems and laws prohibiting teaching evolution

• John Scopes was a teacher in Tennessee
• There was a law banning the teaching of evolution
• Scopes taught it anyway
• taken to court
• William Jennings Bryan joined the prosecution
• Clarence Darrow tried to make Bryan look ridiculous
• Scopes found guilty
• Significance: took the Butler Act to court

• symbolized the period of freedom after the war
• young people were swept away by the new jazz music that came about because of the modernist spirit of cultural innovation
• people enjoyed going out, drinking, and having a good time
• cars and other middle class items became more widely used
• women were more open to defying social norms
• significance- strong shift in culture

• sex, clothes, makeup, ideas, smoking, sophisticated, pleasure-mad
• started during the jazz age
• women were looser
• significance- women were defying previous social norms

• 20th century stereotype of young women
• short hair, wore shorter skirts, little hats, makeup
• perfect body was to be boyish and flat-chested
• smoked cigarettes, liked to experiment with sex, alcohol, drugs, and liked to dance
• rebels in a new age of freedom and enjoying life
• significance- represented the new age of women

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

• involved a shooting in Massachusetts in 1920
• a paymaster and guard were shot and killed, and two Italian immigrants were blamed for the crime
• the trial was filled with discriminatory views and hatred towards the immigrants 
• it was obvious they would be found guilty no matter what
• got executed 
• significance- showed the attitude of Americans at the time

• It was the 1919 prohibition law
• prohibited alcohol
• very difficult to enforce
• badly funded
• might have actually increased alcohol consumption because it made drinking more rebellious
• smuggling liquor and making moonshine was impossible to stop completely
• made huge profits
• significance- prohibited alcohol but was very hard to enforce

Harlem Renaissance

• time of great art and cultural development for blacks in America
• after WWI, more blacks had moved into harlem
• very close to nightclubs and theaters
• caused a whole new culture hat revolved around the black community
• jazz became popular 
• books by black authors such as Langston Hughes became popular
• broadway musicals had all black casts
• significance- major cultural impact

• founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
• originally from Jamaica
• moved to harlem and then tried to convince blacks to return to "mother Africa"
• glorified everything that was good about being black in a predominantly white society
• gained much support, but was eventually convicted of fraud and deported
• caused UNIA to fall apart
• significance- one of the first people to start the proud to be black movement

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• headquarters in New York City
• did everything it could to help colored people advance in society
• helped them find work
• offered welfare
• gave them lawyers and assisted them in trials if need be
• significance- provided a lot of service and support for black people

• President of the US
• elected because he did not support prohibition
• started off promising 
• promoted cooperative marketing
• started the idea for the Hoover Dam
• Great Depression destroyed his presidency
• his idea of private initiative did not satisfy the country
• raised taxes while wages were cut
• significance-president during the great depression

• WWI veterans marched to Washington DC and camped out
• demanded their bonus pay because of the great depression
• set up houses made of cardboard when congress refused to listen
• Hoover made the mistake of calling in armed forces and using tear gas and machine guns to drive them away
• significance- gave Hoover a bad image throughout the country and made him look heartless

• Keynes was a British economist that helped overcome the depression through deficit spending
• Adam Smith wrote the Wealth of Nations and developed the idea of the "invisible hand"
• he advocated Laissez Faire  
• significance- two prominent economists 

Social Security Act

• started in 1935 to aid those that were unemployed, disabled, victims of industrial accidents, or single mothers
• funds came from withholding some of workers pay and taxing employers as well
• welfare program that paved the way for what we are using today
• significance- important welfare program that is still in place today

Tennessee Valley Authority

• part of the Hundred Days, which was a period where congress enacted key measures to fix the great depression
• Tennessee Valley Authority was the most innovative program that they made
• involved taking an old hydroelectric plant that had been used during WWI and reopening it
• made new jobs for those that lived in this poverty-stricken area and also generated electricity and helped provide recreational facilities and reduced flooding and soil erosion
• significance- most successful achievement of the Hundred Days

• Also called the National Labor Relations Act of 1935
• guaranteed collective bargaining rights
• permitted closed shops
• outlawed blacklisting
• also created the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board)
• named after Robert Wagner, a senator
• significance- helped the labor movement greatly

• requested by FDR to replace the neutrality act of 1936
• allowed the US to sell supplies to the British as long as they paid in cash on the spot
• helped the British in WWII and helped the US economy
• significance- allowed the US to give aid to the British without technically being involved with the war

• Roosevelt said that Americans could lend or lease war materials to any nation vital to America's security
• passed in 1941
• Roosevelt sent aid to the Soviet Union despite being communist because he wanted to everything he could to defeat hitler
• revised the cash and carry policy
• significance- allowed the US to take part in the war without officially taking a stance

• Stated that arms sales and loans to nations at war were illegal and forbade Americans to travel on ships that belonged to countries that were at war
• it showed Americans longed for peace and did not want to get involved in a war they did not have a part in like in WWI
• significance- delayed American involvement in WWII

• attack on Pearl Habor was the final straw that pushed America into joining WWII
• Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941 and killed 2400 Americans
• destroyed 13 ships and 360 aircrafts
• decided to attack because America had stopped trading with them and had frozen all American assets in Japan
• significance- caused America to get involved in WWII

• Anti-Japanese views caused pressure to be put on Roosevelt, especially after Pearl Harbor
• Americans wanted to put Japanese-American citizens into camps fearing they were conspiring against the US
• told to sell all their possessions and were made to live in desolate parts of the Great Plains
• after the scare calmed down, some were allowed to attend college and get jobs
• the government apologized for the injustice in the 80s
• Clinton apologized again during his term
• also got paid for the injustice
• significance- exemplified the fear in the country at the time

• During WWII, women had to work in jobs men had previously occupied
• married women and mothers started entering the work force
• held non-traditional jobs such as operating cranes, driving taxis, making airplanes, loading shells, and worked in shop mills too
• Rosie was the stereotype of the muscular woman ready to get the job done
• they were still discriminated against and paid less
• significance- exemplified the woman ready to enter the work force

• Established by Roosevelt
• allocated materials and distributed the production of civilian goods 
• goods were rationed such as coffee, butter, sugar, gasoline, cheese and meat
• people held meatless Tuesdays 
• bumpers and other metal items were donated to help build airplanes
• significance- helped ration goods for the war

• FDR's policy that renounced any nation's right to intervene in the affairs of another
• withdrew troops out of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
• also terminated the Platt Amendment which took away any of US's rights in Cuba
• Significance- another attempt by FDR to stay neutral

• barred closed shops (workplace where all employees had to join the union)
• outlawed secondary boycotts
• required union officials to sign anti communist oath
• weakened organized labor as a force for social justice
• relocated labor intensive industries from Northwest and midwest to the sunbelt
• significance- changed the labor movement

• response to Stalin's blockade of Berlin
• American cargo planes carrying food and fuel landed in West Berlin every 3 min. around the clock
• provided city with a lifeline
• Stalin ended blockade
• revealed Stalin's readiness to use innocent people
• heightened anti-soviet feelings in the West
• significance- challenged Stalin's policies in Berlin, made the west dislike the Soviets even more

• First artificial satellite (launched by Soviets)
• put pressure on Eisenhower and America to show technological superiority
• led to creation of NASA
• improved education in US, especially to improve teachers of science, math, and foreign language
• significance- first space mission, started the technological war

• European Recovery Plan
• combat hunger, poverty, and desperation that spawned communism
• Soviet Union and satellites didn't take part
• western Europe began to get back on its feet and become an important trading center for America
• Significance- helped Western Europe recover from the war

• Churchill's speech at Westminster college in Missouri
• Stalin had spread an "iron curtain" over Eastern Europe
• called for an alliance of English speaking people and stressed the importance of Anglo-American monopoly on nuclear weapons

• 1947
• money supported Greece and Turkey in their fight against communist Soviet Union
• "freedom" and "liberty" against oppression and terror
• set standard for US foreign policy
• significance- first of many containment policies

• convinced both sides of the need for nuclear superiority
• Russians had nukes in Cuba pointed at the US
• ended without any fighting
• significance- scary point in the Cold War

• United military, economic and diplomatic strategies
• contain any further soviet communist expansion
• inspired by George F. Kennan's letter to Truman warning him of Soviet expansion
• significance- led to many different policies that would lead to our involvement in other countries to try to stop the spread of communism

• Eisenhower
• warns that if Vietnam fell to communists, then Thailand, Burma, Indonesia, and ultimately all of Asia would fall
• Significance- led to our involvement in Vietnam

• created after Truman Doctrine
• unified the armed forces under a single department of defense 
• created national security council
• created central intelligence agency
• significance- changed our defense strategies and created new departments

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Alliance of nations in which "an armed attack against one or more of them..shall be considered an attack against them all"
• marked formal end of US's avoiding entangling alliances abroad
• Soviet Union responded with East Germany and Warsaw pact
• significance- created a strong alliance with the US

• desperate to be reelected, Republican Senator Joseph R. Mccarthy began accusing hundreds people of being communists
• appealed to midwest republicans and blue collar workers
• significance- caused paranoia and people to be arrested for no reason

• HUAC
• held hearings to expose communists in film industry 
• the "Hollywood Ten" refused to testify about past political practices under 1st amendment 
• HUAC cited them for contempt of congress and sent them to federal prison
• Barred media from anything that seemed remotely un-american
• suppressed many labor unions who feared being red or pink
• significance- contributed greatly to the paranoia of communism

• 14 year old boy from Chicago
• murdered by roy Bryant  and J.W Milan for flirting with Bryant's wife
• caused outrage among black community
• mother had open casket, so everyone could see what happened
• two men were acquitted and later admitted their guilt
• significance- spurred an even stronger civil rights movement

• reversed precedent of separate but equal in Plessy Vs Ferguson
• Earl Warren spoke for unanimous court
• said black and white schools were inherently unequal and denied black children equal protection of the law
• integrated schools
• significance- ended school segregation

Freedom Rides

• organized by congress of racial equality (core)
• rode through the south on buses celebrating the ban of segregation in interstate transportation
• angered whites
• riders were beaten and bus was burned in Anniston, Alabama
• significance-forced ICC to desegregate all interstate carriers and terminals

• four black college freshmen sat at all white portion of woolworth's diner
• refused to move
• 100's of other followed with sit ins
• whites violently resisted
• Greensboro grudgingly let blacks sit at diners and be served
• significance- showed non-violent protests worked and encouraged youth to use non-violent resistance to make a stand 

• most significant civil rights law in US history 
• banned racial discrimination and segregation in public accommodations
• outlawed bias in federally funded programs
• granted fed. gov. new powers to fight school segregation 
• created equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC)
• significance- ended civil rights

• ended any tests or device that denied the vote
• authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks
• boosted the registered voters in south from 1 million to 3.1 million
• many more blacks started holding office
• raised overall quality of life for most blacks
• significance- important step in equality of the races

• expressed the need for militant self defense and rapid social change
• inspired largely by Malcolm X
• wanted nothing to do with whites
• significance- a strong black movement

• inspired by refugee physicists Leo Szilard, Enrico Fermi, and Albert Einstein who wanted FDR about Hitler's discovery of uranium fision
• project to develop the atomic bomb
• beat the germans in the race to develop A bombs
• changed the world
• led to end of war in Pacific
• significance- forever changed warfare

• Macarthur's strategy for war in the Pacific
• capture strategic islands (airfields) and move onto the next
• inched closer to Japanese homeland
• very successful
• significance- important strategy in world war I

• The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
• gave veteran's priority for many jobs, occupational guidance, and if needed, 1 year of unemployment benefits
• provided low interest loans to some 4 million trying to start a business, buy a home, or start a farm
• gov. paid up to 4 years of further education or job training
• democratized higher education
• new universities built to support the new incoming college students 
• less women were admitted
• significance- provided veterans with many services

• compensate for past racial discrimination
• set aside building contracts
• industries adopted hiring goals and recruitment training programs
• colleges reserved spots for minority applications
• University of California Regents V. Bakke said it was was unconstitutional to have racial quotas
• significance- gave minorities more of an opportunity

• LBJ's plan to end poverty and racial injustice 
• passed voting act, started medicare and medicaid
• dealt with enviornment
• extremely liberal
• hated by republicans
• helped millions of poor and underprivileged
• significance- created many new programs to help society

• supreme court case that said that police must advise suspects of their rights to remain silent and to have counsel during questioning
• Ernesto Miranda was arrested for rape
• confessed without the presence of a lawyer
• defense later appealed saying the confession was not voluntary
• Earl Warren said police had to inform people of their rights
• miranda was tried again and found guilty
• significance- established "Miranda Rights"

• Leader that helped advance Latinos in America
• fought for better conditions of farm workers
• teamed up with united farm workers (UFW)
• boycotted grapes
• significance- helped the advancement of Latino rights

Betty Frieden

• wrote the "Feminine Mystique"
• posed the "problem that has no name"
• the frustration of educated, middle-class wives and mothers who had subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men
• urged women to pursue careers that would establish their own identity
• significance- addressed a long standing social issue that had not been spoken of before

• formed by women who were mad that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission didn't enforce the ban on sex discrimination
• labored "to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society:
• lobbied for equal opportunity, filed lawsuits against gender discrimination and mobilized public opinion against sexism
• Significance- helped the women's right movement greatly

• conference in Geneva, Switzerland
• arranged a cease fire between France and Vietnam
• divided Vietnam at 7th parallel until elections in 1956 would choose the government of unified nation
• eisenhower refused to sign it
• southeast asia trety organization was created (SEATO)
• significance- divided Vietnam

• North Vietnamese patrol boats fired upon US destroyers in Tonkin Gulf
• LBJ says Americans are victims and asks congress to pass resolution which will give him authority to "take all necessary measure to repel any armed attack" and to "prevent aggression"
• senate and house both pass it (landslide)
• beginning of Vietnam

• Charlie Company under command of First Lieutenant William Carley enters village of My Lai where they  believe the Vietcong are
• found women and children instead
• massacred them
• military kept it a secret for a year
• when it surfaced, it became symbolic of the war's brutality and futility of the US war effort
• heightened anti-war feelings even more

• Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army unleashed massive offensive attack on first day of Tet (Vietnamese New Year)
• attacked over 100 towns and cities
• were repelled by south vietnamese and americans and failed
• American media showed that we could not win the war at an acceptable cost
• approval for the war sank even lower

• January 1973
• ended hostilities between America and N. Vietnam but didn't resolve the differences between North and South Vietnam
• during the war, America lost 58,00 and 300,000 were wounded
• spent at least 150 billion
• war was over for America