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| 1862-1935, Belgian Historian, created a thesis about the origins of the middle ages. Significance: Created a model of the development of the medieval city, author of numerous writings concerning the history of Europe. |
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| 354-430 (4th/5th Century) philosopher and theologian that lived in Rome, converted to Christianity after a conversion. Significance: Writings influential in developing Western Christianity, created a new Christian understanding of human society and the individual’s relation to God, Salvation was free |
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| Latin for faith alone, justification by faith alone, a person can’t do anything to improve their chances to be saved, important aspect in Protestant theology. Significance: major contention between the church and Protestants, foundation of protestant theology |
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| city founded during the middle ages, located in Germany. Significance: Char’s residence during his reign as King of the Franks, became the focus of his courts and the political center of the empire |
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| in philosophy the study of principles including correct reasoning, studied in philosophy, math. Significance: established as a doctrine by Aristotle, fundamental place in philosophy (classic trivium, grammar, rhetoric) |
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| - 686-741 and the grandfather of Char, responsible for defeating the Muslims at the battle of Poitiers/tours in 732, expanded the use of cavalry with the stirrup, significance: Martel’s check on Muslims power was the last time they would try invading that area of Europe, protected the rest of Western Europe from the Muslim advance |
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| A monk 480-543 AD who established a set of guidelines for monasteries in the 6th century. Significance: he founded 12 monasteries and contributed to the traditional lifestyle of simple living that continues today |
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| throughout middle ages estate of land that is the basic feudal unit, historically connected with territorial divisions. Significance: established the feudal society (element of the social system) |
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| group of Scandinavian people who raided, traded and explored Europe, Asia and N. Atlantic islands 8th-mid 11th centuries. Significance: fought several battles with char and his heirs, internal divisions occurred making the empire easy prey for the Vikings |
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| giving all the wealth/land to the first born son, exemplified during the early middle ages and high middle ages. Significance: helped not to break up kingdoms as quickly and led to an influx of knights |
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| 1225-1274 Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic church, refused to accept the separation of faith and reason. Significance: recasted Christian doctrine with philosophy, replaced their Neo-Platonism foundation with an Aristotelian base, not at first widely accepted but later came to dominate Christian intellectual life for century |
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| occurred in the high middle ages and included revolutions such as the heavy plow and the three field crop system. Significance: supported: population growth, new types of food that lead to a longer life span, economic growth |
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| group of people that ruled parts of Central Asia and Middle East, 11th-14th centuries, established a new empire, target of the first crusade. Significance: major role in the middle ages in defending the Islamic world against the Crusaders, conquered large parts of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| 12-13th century feudal states, Asian Minor, Greece and the Holy Land. Significance: European military campaigns, established their own states in the conquered regions |
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| established in the early 11th century, a group of advisors to the current pope. Significance: still is in modern practice today and demonstrated how it was becoming an institution |
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| intellectual method that grows out of fascination with Aristotle (11th century) Significance: became the dominate method of the faculty in schools and universities |
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| style of architecture known for its pointed arches and flying buttresses, came after Romanesque. Late 11th century Significance: shows scientific achievements though the buttress and also a change in style, things start to become more ornamental |
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| 1348-1350 occurred throughout Europe after originating in parts of Asia, disease caused by Yersinia pestis, death toll of 35 million people. Significance: intermediate effects: death everywhere, breakdown of the economy, disintegration of bonds. Long-term effects: economy shifting, interference by government, cultural preoccupation of death |
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| 1309-1376 (14th century) 7 popes resided in Avignon France, conflict between the papacy and the French crown. Significance: clement v refused to move from France, moved his court to France, remained for 6 decades; all 7 popes were heavily under the influence of the French crown |
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| cartels that led to the appearance of the middle class, monopolies on a business that controlled wages, who could be in the guild, prices for goods. Significance: the appearance of a middle class led to people besides the aristocracy having power, guilds were powerful and shaped the economy of the middle ages. Examples were breweries, merchants, knitting, candle making |
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| Francesco Petrarcha (Petrarch) |
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| 1304-1374, first Renaissance humanist, introduced classics to contemporaries, accomplished politicians and poet (Italian). Significance: first renaissance Humanist, sparked the Italian renaissance. Changed the way people thought about current affairs |
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| 1466-1536, Dutch humanist, catholic priest and theologian, practical impact of ideas v. the ideas themselves, angered protestants and conservative Catholics, restore the experiences of Christ to the center of Christianity. Significance: committed to reform from within (middle rode ides for reform kept him in the church). Influential humanist in both catholic and protestant circles |
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| 15th century 1450 AD by Johannes Gutenberg, a machine that created mass production of publicans. Significance: books became available to all types of people, publications in different languages, accessibility to books |
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| 1545-1563 called by Pope Paul lll, condemned protestant heresies and defined church teachings, reform council. Significance: answered prost. Disputes (salvation and sacraments) embodied the Counter Reformation |
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| 1648, series of treaties that ended the 30 yr’s war. Significance: defined political boarders in Europe that lasted a century, reflected prost. Sovereign states. |
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| rituals through with a Christian could atone for sins and receive forgiveness. There were 7 primary ones: communion, baptism, marriage, last rites, confirmation, ordination, confession. Observed primary in 13-15th century. Significance: part of the late medieval religion and helped reach salvation. Also the ideology of community based was a big factor in achieving sacraments there also needed to be a priest for each sacrament |
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| 1643-1715 the “sun “king, compulsory attendance at Versailles to limit independence of nobility, benefited from talent ministers and advisors. Significance: for much of his reign France was the most powerful nation in Europe, after him the political landscape of Europe changed |
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| founded in 1660, granted a royal charted by King Charles II, extension of the invisible college (place of research and discussion). Significance: the group discussed “new science”, primary goal were to organize and view experiments, expansion of the scientific revolution |
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| holds the foot of a rider, increase the riders ability to stay in the saddle, prominent in the Carolingian period (8th cent) Charles Martel, Significance: feudalization of power, horses were not a monopoly of the state (aristocrats can afford) need a powerful leader to control these people |
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| 1473-1543, author of Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, suggested the universe was heliocentric, did not have the math to support his work. Significance: broke with tradition (bible in error, all things tend toward the center law of science), led to an increase in peoples exploring his idea, eventually the math was worked out |
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