Shared Flashcard Set

Details

history 1001 final
history 1001 final
116
History
Undergraduate 4
12/02/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Marcus Aurelius
Definition
Repelled attacks of Quadi and Marcomanni during the Barbarian attack
Term
Valerian
Definition
Soldier emperor, defeated and captured by Shapur II, showed the weak gov of the time
Term
Shapur II
Definition
Ruler of Persia, defeated and captured Valerian
Term
Septimius Severus
Definition
First of the “Barracks Emperors”
Term
Diocletian
Definition
Created the Tetrarchy to stabilize Rome, worked until his retirement ; put fixed prices on goods to try to stop inflation
Term
St. Paul
Definition
Origionally named Saul, preached Christianity to non-Jews which confused people
Term
Constantine
Definition
Son of a tetrarch, a traditionally ambitious Roman, took over and sole emperor
Term
Theodosius
Definition
Shut down all pagan religions, wanted unity throughout the empire
Term
Julian
Definition
Last non-Christian emperor, tried to undo Constantine’s work because he saw the church’s power rising
Term
Justinian
Definition
First of Byzantine Emperors but also last of Roman Emperors, heavily Christian, had a highly complex state and code of law in Latin, said emperor is a link between empire and heaven
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Born in Mecca, religious leader and starter of Islam
Term
Charles “The Hammer” Martel
Definition
Commander under Merovingian Dynasty, stop Muslim attack in the west, had succession problems
Term
Romulus Augustulus
Definition
Last emperor before the fall of Rome
Term
Clovis
Definition
Unites the Franks and founds Merovingian Dynasty
Term
Pepin the Short
Definition
Got the pope to elect him king in return for help, created the Papal States and precedent for Popes to make kings
Term
Pope Stephen
Definition
Granted authority of Pepin to become king of the Franks
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
(Carolus Magnus, “Charles the Great”), true founder of the Carolingian Dynasty, strongest ruler of the time, extended the Frankish kingdom to its greatest limits yet, crowned holy Roman Emperor
Term
Pope Leo III
Definition
Crowned Charlemagne, has power to make/break emperors
Term
Lothair
Definition
Louis the German, participated in the Treaty of Verdun
Term
Charles the Bald
Definition
Participated in the Treaty of Verdun
Term
Hugh Capet
Definition
First king of Capetian dynasty
Term
Otto II
Definition
German Holy roman emperor in the east
Term
William “the Conqueror” of Normandy
Definition
Established the Norman empire in England, disputes over the crown of England after the death of King Edward
Term
Pope Gregory VII
Definition
Stood up to Henry IV and threatened to excommunicate him during the investiture controversy
Term
Henry IV
Definition
King of Germany during the investiture controversy, had to apologize to Pope Gregory
Term
Pope Leo IX
Definition
Responsible for recognizing church system and taking measures against abuses by priests
Term
Pope Innocent III
Definition
Pope during the crusades, one of the most eloquent and outspoken popes
Term
Pontifex Maximus
Definition
“Bridge Builder”-one of the most important, chief priest of Christian Rome
Term
Pope Urban
Definition
Starter of the crusades, gave powerful speech and the council of clermont
Term
Henry II
Definition
Norman king that gets into conflict with Thomas Beckett because he wants control of the bishops, accidently has him killed
Term
Thomas Becket
Definition
Archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated because he didn’t agree with Henry II
Term
st. Anthony
Definition
The first monk, thought of as the perfect expression of Christian ideals
Term
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Definition
One of the most powerful medieval churchmen, went out into the world to help people instead of withdraw, great speaker and rhetoric
Term
Alexius Comnenus
Definition
Byzantine Emperor, calls on knights from the west to help him fight
Term
Saladin
Definition
(Salaheddin), took back Jerusalem for the Muslims
Term
Richard I
Definition
(Richard the Lion-hearted):Acre, gained new territory in the fight against islam, negotiated trade for POW’s, gave rise to story of Robin Hood
Term
King Baybar
Definition
Merciless Mamluk leader and their biggest hero
Term
Emperor Fredrick Barborossa
Definition
German king that chartered the university of Bologna
Term
St. Augustine
Definition
Wrote City of God
Term
St. Thomas Aquinas
Definition
Rethought major issues of the church, like whether God existed, using logical and philosophical reasoning
Term
Joan of Arc
Definition
Religious girl that rallied the French troops but eventually captured and killed by the English
Term
Boniface VII
Definition
Claimed to have absolute papal authority and that they don’t have to listen to kings, but dies half way through this
Term
Clement V
Definition
French pope put into power by King Phillip
Term
Maniple
Definition
Roman fighting style
Term
Acculturation
Definition
Idea that neighboring cultures will become more like each other
Term
Pax Deorum
Definition
Peace of the Gods
Term
Edict of Milan
Definition
Legalization of Christianity by Constantine
Term
Gnosticism
Definition
Early form of Christianity, a “dualistic” philosophical and religious system, later condemned as heresy
Term
Arian Controversy
Definition
Movement that asked whether Jesus was human or God, influenced by Greek thinking
Term
Council of Nicaea
Definition
Defines the trinity by deciding that Jesus was both God and human
Term
Byzantium
Definition
Rome’s new capitol under Constantine, often called Constantinople, larger version of Rome
Term
Hagia Sophia
Definition
Greatest accomplishment of religious architecture at this time
Term
Circus
Definition
Chariot racing, most popular form of entertainment
Term
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Definition
In Jerusalem, said to be built over site where Jesus is buried
Term
Iconoclastic Controversy
Definition
The huge controversy on whether or not religious images were OK or not, laid the ground work for the break between east and west
Term
Battle of Yarmuk
Definition
Major victory of Islam, claimed Palestine after this
Term
Nabataea
Definition
Trading kingdom of Arabia/Jordan/Syria; Ishmaelite’s- from the other son of Abraham
Term
“Baetyls”
Definition
Sacred stone in sun/star religion of Arabs
Term
Hijrah/Hegira
Definition
Muhammad’s flight to Medina b/c he was thought of as a threat, basis of Islamic growth
Term
Qur’an/Koran
Definition
Book written by Muhammad, said to be words God told to him by Gabrielle, effective way to spread Islam
Term
Dome of the Rock
Definition
Church built in Jerusalem that had messages aimed at Christians saying they should convert to Islam
Term
Caliphs
Definition
Umayyads and Abbasids, rulers of Islam after Muhammad’s death, moved the capitol to Damascus but then back to Baghdad
Term
Andalusia
Definition
Islam domain in Spain, “the Moors”
Term
Sunni
Definition
Not in the blood line of Muhammad, wanted Umayyads to have control in the interest of stability
Term
Shi’ites
Definition
Thought Ali should remain in power b/c he is in Muhammad’s bloodline
Term
Battle of Poitiers (Tours)
Definition
Charles Martel, the Germanic commander, turn back Muslim forces; last major battle fought by Muslims in the west
Term
Battle of Adrianople
Definition
Visigoths attack Constantinople and are winning but never get to the city
Term
Sack of Rome
Definition
Visigoths sack Rome, many believed b/c they turned their back on pagan gods
Term
Merovingian Dynasty
Definition
First Frankish dynasty, successful for 300 years, convert to orthodox Catholicism eventually
Term
Battle of Vouille
Definition
Clovis defeats the Visigoths and secures most of southern Gaul for the Franks
Term
Carolingian miniscule
Definition
Easy to write and copy to manuscripts, could write in lower capitols
Term
Treaty of Verdun
Definition
The formation of Charlemagne’s empire split into two
Term
Premogeniture
Definition
Legal law in which the first son inherits everything
Term
Capetian Dynasty
Definition
Started by Hugh Capet, not much more than feudal lords around France
Term
Ottonian (Saxon) Kings
Definition
Started by Hugh Capet, not much more than feudal lords around France
Term
Ottonian (Saxon) Kings
Definition
German kings to the east, very different from the French
Term
Latifundia
Definition
Land owned by top aristocrat is farmed by tenants and he gets paid, hereditary jobs
Term
Manoralism
Definition
The social/economical backbone of life in medieval Europe; Lords and their serfs- a system of mutual obligations enforced by custom
Term
Feudalism
Definition
Feudal politics based on social relationships b/c of the weak central gov
Term
The Bayeux Tapestry
Definition
Depiction of Harold swearing loyalty to King Edward of England
Term
Suzerains
Definition
Lords in the feudal system, give land to vassals to use, not to own
Term
Vassals
Definition
Underlings of the feudal system
Term
Fief
Definition
Land given to a vassal
Term
Investiture
Definition
The granting of symbols and authority from the lord to the vassal
Term
Battle of Hastings
Definition
Duke William of Normandy deafeats the Saxons and wins his claim to be king of England, start of Norman conquest
Term
Investiture Controversy
Definition
Controvery over who had the power to name and invest church officials and who will have Henry IV’s domain
Term
Unam Sanctum
Definition
The idea of church and state as two swords, one as the military power of the king and one as the church controlled by the pope
Term
Cannon Laws
Definition
Laws of the church separate from laws of the king
Term
The Crusades
Definition
(Wars of the Cross), campaigns by Christians to take back the holy lands in the east from the control of the Muslims
Term
Seljuk Turks
Definition
War like people from central Asia that take over the Abbasid dynasty, ruled the Arab world after this
Term
Battle of Manzikert
Definition
Overwhelming defeat of the Byzantium empire by the Turks, led to fall of Constantinople
Term
Council of Clermont
Definition
Pope Urban makes powerful speech to start the crusades and defeat the Turks in the east
Term
The Peasant’s Crusade
Definition
The “First Crusade”, peasants went out to fight so that their sins would be forgiven , end up getting massacred by the Turks
Term
The Knight’s Crusade
Definition
Knight’s thought they could parade around and pray, eventually they mounted a siege and took Jerusalem in an absolute bloodbath
Term
Knights of the Temple
Definition
(Knight’s Templar), “Knights Hospitaler”, named after the temple of Salemin
Term
Edessa
Definition
Target of the crusades because legend said it had been a Christian haven since the Roman ages
Term
The Third Crusade
Definition
Most famous crusade because of the people involved, not much accomplished
Term
Battle of Hattin
Definition
Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin
Term
The Fourth Crusade
Definition
Tragic episode, started using ships to enter the east, Phoenicianspaid to join, Constantinople gets taken over to for a new Latin Kingdom
Term
Mamlucks
Definition
Former slaves trained in military affairs, take control of Egypt
Term
Collegia
Definition
(guilds) become basis of economic activity
Term
Guild
Definition
A closed group of specific workers, only ones in the field, gave way to monopolies
Term
Apprentices
Definition
Term
Apprentices
Definition
Tranees in guild profession
Term
City of God
Definition
Written by St. Augustine in response to pagan believers, most effective form of philosophy of the time
Term
Romanesque
Definition
Tied to the Arch, wanted bigger, airier structures with more light but stone too heavy for windows so churches like dark forts
Term
The Gothic Revolution
Definition
Architectural innovations, pointed arches distribute weight up for taller structures, flying buttresses
Term
Cathedral of Vezlay
Definition
Transition forms, flying buttresses and pointed arches
Term
Abbey of St. Denis
Definition
First “pure” Gothic cathedral, lighter and more airy church, lots of stained glass
Term
Notre Dame
Definition
In Paris, the “mature” Gothic cathedral
Term
Flagellants
Definition
People that go around beating themselves and others hoping to save themselves from plague or the end of the world.
Term
100 Year’s War
Definition
England VS France, King od England thought he should be king of France also
Term
Norman Conquest
Definition
Began with William the conqueror’s victory at the battle of hastings, pivotal event in English history
Term
Battle of Kosovo
Definition
Battle won by the Turks, felt like heroes b/c fighting for Christianity but felt abandoned by the Christians in the west
Term
Avignon Papacy
Definition
France during the time of Clement V’s papacy
Term
Great Schism
Definition
Two popes for a time, people thought the pope was in the King’s pocket so they elected another pope
Supporting users have an ad free experience!