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Histology- Unit 3
Head and Neck (T Pierce)
378
Anatomy
Graduate
11/19/2008

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Cards

Term
Name the structures between which you will find the outer ear
Definition
  • external auditory meatus to tympanic membrane
Term
Name the structures which make up the boundaries of the middle ear
Definition
tympanic membrane to orifice of eustacian tube
Term

Name the structure that makes up the inner ear

Definition
Membranous labyrinth
Term
Name the part of the middle ear that is attached to the tympanic membrane
Definition

malleus

Term
Name the part of the middle ear that is attached to the oval window
Definition
stapes
Term
What structure connects the middle ear to the pharynx?
Definition
eustacian tube
Term
Where within the skull is the inner ear found?
Definition
Bony labyrinth (complex hole in petrous temporal bone)
Term
When stapes attachs to oval window, this marks the beginning of what structure?
Definition
scala vestibuli
Term

What structures mark the beginning of the scala tympani?

Definition
  • apex of cochlea (helicotrema) (continuous with scala vestibuli)
  • end at round window
Term
Describe the location of the scala media
Definition
Between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
Term
Name the type of epithelium linin the membranous labyrinth.
Definition
Simple squamous
Term
Name the six patches of neuroepithelium found in the inner ear and what structures they are associated with
Definition
  • three cristae ampulares (semicircular canals)
  • two maculae (with uttricle and saccule)
  • organ of Corti
Term

Name the innervation of the inner ear and their branches

Definition

Cranial Nerve 8

  • superior/posterior vestibular N.
  • anterior/inferior cochlear N.
Term
What fluid surrounds the membranous labyrinth? What fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth?
Definition

Perilymph

endolymph

Term
What is the function of the macula utricle and macula sacule?
Definition
sense changes in inertia of head
Term
What is the function of the semicircular canals each containing crista ampula and cupula?
Definition
Sense changes in angular momentum of head
Term
What is the function of the organ of Corti?
Definition
Sense sound
Term
What where is the endolymph produced? Where is it absorbed
Definition

stria vascularis

endolymphatic sac

Term
What are the two types of hair cells you will find the vestibular apparatus?
Definition
  • kinocilium (nonmotile cilium)
  • sterocilia (modified microvilli)
Term
What is the effect of slight deformation on the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus?
Definition

It will open mechanically gated ion channels and cause depolarization.

Term

What is the threshold for the opening of the ion channels wihin hair cell of the vestibular apparatus?

Definition
3 nm (VERY SMALL)
Term

Describe the mechanism of action of vestibular hair cells

Definition
  • Sterocilia bend toward kinocilium, putting tension of the tip links
  • Tip links will pull on the mechanicall gated ion channels, opening them
  • this leads to cells depolarizing and triggering action potential in efferent fibers
Term

What structure wraps around the Organ of Corti?

Definition
scala media
Term
What bone of the skull encloses the organ of Corti?
Definition
Modiolus (spiral of bone within petrous temporal bone)
Term
Name the location of the hair cells of the Organ of Corti.
Definition
Three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells.
Term
The organ of Corti rests on what?
Definition
Basilar membrane (btw scala media of scala tympani)
Term

Go through the mechanism of sound production

Definition
  1. pressure waves deflect tymphanic membrane
  2. osicles convey fibrations to oval window
  3. When oval window pushed in, round window bulges out
  4. perilymph (in SV, ST) vibratesw, causing resonant vibration in scala media
  5. Traveling wave passed down to basilar membrane
  6. Causes vibration of basilar fibers
  7. Fibers dampen sound, causing max displacement of basilar membrane, leadin to max stimulation of hair cells nearby
Term
Explain the structure of the basilar fibers found at different parts of the inner ear and its functional significance
Definition
  • at base of cochlea, fibers are short and fat
    • hair cells sensitive to high frequency sounds
  • at helicotrema (apex), fibers are long and thin
    • hair cells sensitive to low frequency sounds
Term
Describe the arrangement of the outer hair cells in the organ of corti
Definition
several rows of stereocilia arrayed in a W shape with NO kinocilium
Term
Describe the arrangement of the inner hair cells in the Organ of corti
Definition

Has several rows of stereocilia in a crescent shape with NO kinocilium

Term
How is sound conducted at the organ of corti to the CNS
Definition
  1. Work like other hair cells, stimulated to depolarize
  2. AP conveyed to nerve vibers through spiral ganglion, into acoustic nerve to brain
  3. Tonotopic mapping at cortex
Term
What are the various parts of the ear that serve as amplifiers?
Definition
  1. pinna
  2. ossicles mechanical advantage
  3. within organ of corti, hair cells at point of triangle formed by inner and outer pillar cells and on a lever (basilar membrane is the lever)
  4. Hair cells apical surface bathed in endolymph and basal surface in perilymph
  5. Much more negative restin potential, leading to increased sensitivity
Term

What processes occur during spermiogenesis?

Definition
  • nuclear condensation and streamlining
  • Golgi apparatus forms acrosome
  • centrioles spin out flagellum
  • mitochondria assemble around middle piece
  • mature spermatozoa shed from apical surface of sertoli cells
Term
Describe the histological structure of Sertoli cells.
Definition
  • form continuous layer of tall columnar cells
  • extend across entire thickness of seminiferous epithelium
  • indented nucleus with prominent nucleolus
  • rER and sER
  • many mitochondria
  • many junctional complexes, causing compartmentalization of seminiferous epithelium basal and luminal compartments
Term
What is the female homologue to Sertoli cells?
Definition
granulosa cells
Term
Function of sertoli cells
Definition
  • support spermatogenesis by providing hospitable microenvironment between the Sertoli cells
  • phagocytosis of residual bodies
  • synthesize and secrete ABP
Term
What is the functional significance of the junctional complexes that are between each Sertoli cell?
Definition

Forms a blood testis barrier, isolating adluminal compartment from immune surveillance.

Term
What cells are found within the basal compartment of the Sertoli cells?
Definition
Spermatogonia
Term
What cells are found within the adluminal component of the Sertoli cells?
Definition

Spermatocytes

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

Term
What is the function of ABP?
Definition
Ensure high regional concentrations of testosterone required for spermatogenesis
Term
Contents of the testicular interstitial tissue
Definition
  • CT
  • fibroblasts
  • capillaries
  • lymphatics
  • Leydig cells
Term
How do spermatogonia get from the basal compartment to the adluminal compartment?
Definition
They diffuse into the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell and get dumped out at the adluminal comparment.
Term
Describe the histology of the Leydig cells
Definition
  • lots of sER and mitochondria
  • some lipid droplets (store cholesterol esters)
  • protein crystals of Reinke
Term
Define rete testes
Definition
Anastomosing group of seminiferous tubules
Term
What is the structure of the seminiferous tubles that joins the rete testes?
Definition
tubuli recti
Term
Describe the structure of efferent ductules
Definition
  • many coiled tubes
  • connect rete testis to ductus epididymus
  • surrounded by smooth muscle
Term

Describe histology of efferent ductules

Definition
  • epithelium of variable height
  • some have tall columnar, others with shoter cells with microvilli
  • basal cells also present
  • contain myoid cells (contractile cells)
Term
Describe the transition of the seminiferous epithelium
Definition
  1. spermatogenic line disappears, leaving only tall then shorter Sertoli cells
  2. finally, simple columnar epithelium
Term

Describe the course of the epididymus

Definition
Long twisted tube with head and tail curving around the testes
Term
Describe the epithelium of the epididymus
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia and basal cells
Term
Describe the function of the stereocilia in the epithelium of the epididymus
Definition
  • absorption of fluid
  • smooth muscle peristalsis toward vas deferens
Term
Function of epididymus
Definition
  • sperm capacitation
  • fluid absorption
Term
Epididymus surrounded by what?
Definition
Smooth muscle coat
Term
Describe histology of vas deferens
Definition
  • pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia and basal cells
  • three smooth muscle coats 
    • outer and inner longitudinal
    • middle circular
Term

Ampulla of vas deferens, before the ejaculatory duct, meets with structures called what?

Definition
Seminal vesicles
Term
Describe the histological structure of seminal vesicles
Definition
  • no spermatozoa in lumen, only secretions
  • abundant smooth muscle in walls
  • mucosal epithelium pseudostratified and secretory
  • conspicuous mucosal foldings
Term
Describe the characteristics of secretions of seminal vesicles
Definition
  • yellowish
  • viscous
  • coagulate after ejaculation
Term
What are the contents of seminal vesicles?
Definition
  • sperm activators- citrate, fructose, inositol
  • prostaglandins
Term
What hormone in males stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the female?
Definition
Prostaglandins from seminal vesicles
Term
Describe histology of prostate gland
Definition
  • short periurethral and submucosal glands around urethra (poorly branched)
  • long main glands throughout its body
  • Corpora amylacea- coagulated secretions that build up in duct of glands
Term
What are the various zones of the prostate gland?
Definition

peripheral

transition zone

central zone (w/prostatic urethra)

Term

What are the contents of secretions of prostate gland?

Definition
  • PSA
  • acid phosphatase
  • fibrinolysin
  • amylase
Term
Characteristic appearance of prostate gland
Definition
opalescent
Term
What happens if the corpora amylacea becomes too large?
Definition
Block off any secretions, leading to hyperplasia of the prostate.
Term
Cause of nodal hyperplasia
Definition

Expansion of periurethral and submucosal glands

Term
What is the major complication of nodal hyperplasia? What is the treatment?
Definition
  • complication- restricts urethra, leading to prevention or prohibition of urinations
  • treatment- transurethral resection
Term

Prostatic carcinoma is caused by what? How is it treated

Definition
  • Testosterone dependent malignant transformation of main glands
  • treated surgically
Term
What is prostatic carcinoma associated with?
Definition
elevated PSA
Term
Prognosis of prostatic carcinoma
Definition
  • intraprostatic usually treated successfully
  • once metastisized out of prostate, often fatal
Term

Diagnosis of prostate carcinoma

Definition
  • measure PSA in the blood, and if it is high or rising significantly, indicates prostate carcinoma
Term
Describe the histology of the penus
Definition
  • covered by thin skin
  • glans penis has numberous sensory genital corpuscles'
  • highly vascularized
  • surrounded by CT capsules
Term
Structure of penis
Definition
  • corpus cavernosum (main erectile tissue)
  • corpus spongiosum (contain penile urethra)
Term
What is the secretion product of the follicular epithelium cells of the thyroid gland?
Definition
thyroglobulin
Term
Effect of TSH on TG
Definition
  • stimulate uptake of TG from stored colloid 
  • cleave TG's iodonated AA's into T4 and T3 and release them into capillaries
Term
Function of parafollicular cells/C cells
Definition
secrete calcitonin
Term
Structure of follicles of thyroid gland
Definition
  • held together by delicate CT domain that also forms capsule
  • surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
Term
Histological apperance of C cells
Definition
  • larger, lightly stained nuclei
  • rounder
  • pale
Term
Mechanism of TG synthesis and storage
Definition
  • take up AA, sugars, iodine from capillaries
  • synthesize TG through rER, Golgi, secretory vesicles
  • TG stored as colloid in lumen of follicles
Term
Describe the histology of the parathyroid gland
Definition
  • chief cells (majority of parathyroid paranchyma)
  • oxyphil cells
  • CT elements
  • fenestrated capillaries
Term
Histological apperance of chief cells and their function
Definition
  • basophilic granular epithelial cells
  • function- secrete PTH
Term
Histological appearance of oxyphil cells
Definition
  • acidophilic epithelial cells
Term
Effect of PTH gland tumors
Definition
  • bone decalcification
  • osteoporosis
Term
Describe the blood flow within the adrenal medulla
Definition

Medullary A.'s pass directy from capsule to adrenal medullary veins, allowin for fast bypass of cortex to get catecholamines into the blood quickly.

Term

Describe blood flow within the adrenal cortex.

Definition

Cortical capillaries/sinusoids pass over adrenal cortex to get steroids into medulla, then systemic circulation.

Term
Describe structure of zona glomerulosa
Definition

cells in glomeruli surrounded by glomerular capillaries

Term
Describe structure of zona fasciculata
Definition
  • Cells in long radially arranged plates and cords
  • capillaries run parallel to cords
  • abundant vacuoles laden with cholesterol esters
Term
Describe the structure of zona reticularies
Definition
  • cells arranged as reticular cords
  • surrounded by anastamosing network of capillaries
Term
What organelles would be expected to be abundant within the adrenal cortex and why?
Definition
  • sER- enzymes for steroid biosynthesis
  • lipid vacuoles- stored cholesterol-ester precursors
  • mitochondria with tubular cristae (produce steroid synthesis enzymes)
Term
Name the type of cells that would be found within the adrenal medulla.
Definition
  • chromaffin cells
    • electron dense granule type (norepi.)
    • less electron dense granule type (epi.)
  • scattered ganglionic cells
  • scattered preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Term
Describe the potential anatomic distributions that endocrine cell and tissue can have
Definition
  • gathered together in one specialized endocrine gland organ (ex: pituitary gland)
  • discrete clusters in another specialized organ (ex: Islets of Langerhans)
  • dispersed singly among other cells in epithelial tissue (ex: GI, resp. tracts)
Term
Structure of an endocrine gland
Definition
  • no duct
  • surrounded by fenestrated capillaries (heavily vascularized)
  • secretory pole of endocrine cells adjacent to capillary wall
Term
Location of pituitary gland
Definition

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone attached to base of brain via pituitary stalk.

Term
Functional groups of hormones produced by pituitary gland
Definition
  • act on non-endocrine tissue (GH, PRL)
  • act on endocrine tissue (aka tropic hormones) (TSH)
Term
Structural composition of the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
  • pars distalis (main part)
  • pars tuberalis (envelops infundibular stem)
  • pars inermedia (separate distalis from nervosa)
Term
Pars tuberalis and infundibular stem come together for form what structure?
Definition
pituitary stalk
Term
Structural composition of neurohypophysis
Definition
  • pars nervosa
  • infundibulum
    • infundibular process
    • median eminence
Term

Describe the embryology of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Definition
  • adenohypophysis develops fron evagination of ectodermal region in the roof of the primitive mouth called Rathke's pouch
  • neurohypophysis develops from floor of diencephalon and grows toward primitive mouth
  • Rathke's pouch elongates toward infundibulum as infundibulum tries to descend along Rathke's pouch
  • as they meet, the inner layer of Rathke's pouch becomes the pars intermedia
Term
Cause and typical clinical signs of craniopharyngioma
Definition
  • cause- during embryological development, the Rathke's pouch regression did not happen completely, leaving tissue behind that becomes a tumor
  • clinical signs
    • pituitary compressed (primary hormone secretion down)
    • optic chiam compressed (bitemporal hemianopsia)
Term

Hormones produced by paraventricular nucleus

Definition
  • OT
  • somatostatin (GIH)
  • CRH (ant part)
Term
Nucleus responsible for producing ADH
Definition
supraoptic nucleus
Term
Hormones secreted by arcuate nucleus
Definition

GHRH

PIH

GnRH

Term
What nuclei can produce the GnRH
Definition

arcuate nucleus

preoptic area

Term

Hormone produced by dorsomedial nucleus

 

Definition
TRH
Term
Blood supply of adenohypophysis
Definition
superior hypophysial artery
Term
Blood supply of neurohypophysis
Definition

inferior hypophyseal A. (which forms a capillary plexus surrounding post. pit.)

trabecular A.

Term
Describe the flow of blood in the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Definition
  1. superior hypophyseal A.
  2. enters the median eminence and forms the primary capillary plexus
  3. portal veins
  4. secondary capillary plexus
Term
Components of pars distalis
Definition

cords of epithelial cells

minimal supportin CT

many fenestrated capillaries

Term
What are the different types of endocrine cells within pars distalis
Definition
  • chromophils
    • acidophils
    • basophils
  • chromophobes
Term
What cells within the pars distalis are classified as acidophils?
Definition

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

Term
What cells in the pars distalis are classified as basophils
Definition

thyrotrophs

gonadotrophs

corticotrophs

Term

Explain the distribution of the acidophils and basophils within the pars distalis

Definition
  • sides- somatotrophs
  • median portion
    • thyrotrophs
    • corticotrophs
  • scattered
    • mammotrophs
    • gonadotrophs
Term

How are endocrine cells within the pars distalis stored and released?

Definition

Stored in secretory granules and released in a pulsitile manner via exocytosis upon stimulation signal into the pericapillary space.

Term

Define dwarfism

Definition

low GH during childhood

Term
Define gigantism
Definition
excess of GH in children
Term
Define acromegaly
Definition

GH increase in adulthood

Term
What are the clinical signs of acromegaly? Why
Definition
  • enlarged hands, feet, jaws, soft tissue (growth plate is closed, so you cant grow in length)
Term
Mechanism of action of GH
Definition
  • stimulate release of IGF-1 by hepatocytes
  • IGF-1 stimulates growth of long bones and soft tissue by stimulating chondrocyte activity
Term
Describe the relationship between glucose levels and GH levels
Definition
  • high glucose inhibits GH
    • high IGF-1 sends negative feedback to pituitary gland and promote somatostatin synthesis by hypothalamus
Term
Major exogenous stimulus of PRL? Major endogenous stimuli? Major endogenous inhibitor?
Definition
  • major exogenous stimulant- suckling
  • major endogenous inhibitor- dopamine
  • major endogenous stimulant- TRH, PRH
Term
Function of FSH in male? female?
Definition
  • male- stimulate Sertoli cells to synthesize inhibin, activin, ABP
  • female- stimulate granulosa cells to proliferate and secrete E2, activin, inhibin
Term
Function of LH in male? female?
Definition
  • male- stimuate Leydig cells to produce testosterone
  • female- stimulate corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
Term
What thyroid hormone has inhibitory feedback on TSH secretion?
Definition
T3
Term
What time during the day does GH levels peak?
Definition
early in the morning before awakening
Term
Mechanism of secretion of ACTH
Definition
circadian (morning peaks followed by slow decline afterwards)
Term
Inhibitors of ACTH? Stimulators of ACTH?
Definition
  • inhibitors- high cortisol
  • stimulators- stress, low cortisol, ADH
Term

Structure of pars intermedia

Definition
  • landmark structure- Rathke's cysts (follicles filled with colloids)
  • weakly basophilic cells
  • lined by cuboidal epithelium
Term
Structure of pars tuberalis
Definition
  • upward extension of distalis
  • wraps around pituitary talk
  • mostly has gonadotrophs (but defects will not cause FSH, LH deficiency)
Term
Histologic components of neurohypophysis
Definition
  • pituicytes (glial cells)
  • fenestrated capillaries (from inf. hypophysial A.)
  • unmyelinated axons
Term
Mechanism of secretion of OT and ADH
Definition
  • Secreted with carrier protein called neurophysin
    • OT- neurophysin I
    • ADH- neurophysin II
  • controlled release by pituicytes located along unmyelinated axons and contain lipofuscin
  • Herring bodies contain secretory granules and are found along axons
Term
Specific role of pituicytes in release of post. pit. hormones and how it performs its role
Definition

They control the release and diffusion of hormones into the bloodstream. They contain cytoplasminc processes in contact with fenestrated capillaries and axon terminals of neuroendocrine cells, allowing it to block their release. When ADH, OT release, processes retract and give free access of hormones to the pericapillary space.

Term
Embryological origin of pineal gland
Definition

Comes from roof of posterior diencephalon in the midline of the third ventricle that thickens, and arranges into incomplete lobules

Term
Unique histological feature of pineal gland
Definition
brain sands
Term
Describe the retinohypothalamic tract of the pineal gland
Definition
  • light hits eye
  • SCM nucleus
  • hypothalamospinal tract
  • superior cervical ganglion
  • pineal gland
Term
Name of the cells that fill the pineal gland
Definition
pinealocytes
Term

Function of pineal gland

Definition
secrete melatonin
Term
Mechanism of melatonin release and its affects
Definition
  1. darkness stimulate melatonin relase
  2. inhibits GnRH, GH secretion
  3. induces sleepiness
Term
Name the three different types of pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT's).
Definition
  • well differentiated pineocytoma (PC)
  • poorly differentiated pineoblastoma (PB)
  • PPT with intermediate differentiation (PPTID)
Term
What PPT has good prognosis? poor prognosis?
Definition
  • good prognosis in pineocytomas
  • poor prognosis in pineoblastomas
Term
Three tunics of the eye
Definition
  • schlera (outer)
  • choroid (middle)
  • retina (inner)
Term
Structure of schlera
Definition
  • ant part is the cornea
  • composed of dense, regular CT with many fibroblasts and collagen fibers
  • attachment site for oculomotor muscles
  • opaque white of eye
Term
Five layers of cornea, in order of most superficial to most deep
Definition
  1. corneal epithelium
  2. Bowman's membrane
  3. corneal stroma
  4. Descemets membrane
  5. corneal endothelium
Term
Name the chambers of the eye and their general locations
Definition
  • anterior chamber (post. cornea to ant. iris)
  • posterior chamber (post. iris to ant. lens)
  • vitreous chamber (post. lens to neural retina)
Term
Structure and Function of anterior chamber
Definition
  • structure- modified vascular channel
  • function- outflow tract of aqueous humor
Term

Location of limbus

Definition
junction between cornea and rest of sclera (corneal, irideal junction)
Term
Contents of limbus
Definition

trabecular meshwork

canal of Schlem

Term

Describe order of drainage of aqueous humor

Definition
  1. produced by the ciliary body 
  2. aqueous humor drains into canal of Schlem
  3. filtered out by trabecular meshwork
Term
Structure and function of choroid
Definition
  • structure
    • highly pigmented, vascularized region (post.)
    • iris (ant.)
  • function- source of nutrients and oxygen for retina
Term
Central hole of iris is called the what?
Definition
pupil
Term

What is the posterior covering of retina?

Definition
pars iridica retinae
Term
Contents of middle part of iris
Definition
  • bv's
  • pigmented cells
  • CT
  • dilator and constrictor smooth muscles
Term

Odd proteins found within the lens

Definition
crystallins
Term
Structure of lense
Definition
  • refractive medium
  • avascular, but alive
  • made of tall thin columnar epithelial cells
  • many of surface crystal cells covered by gap junctions
Term

Location and contents of ciliary body

Definition
  • location- near limbus
  • contents
    • bv's
    • ciliary muscles
Term
Function of ciliary muscles
Definition
contract to increase the radius of curvature of the lens to focus on close objects
Term
Function of aqueous humor
Definition
bring nutrients to lens and cornea
Term
Definition of cataracts and what populations it is seen in
Definition
  • definition- opacity of lens
  • common populations- older people, diabetic patients
Term

Definition of glaucoma

Definition
increase in intraocular pressure
Term
What is the fundamental cause of glaucoma
Definition
imbalance of aqueous humor production and drainage
Term
Clinical causes of glaucoma
Definition
  • hypertension
  • congenital abnormalities in limbus
  • intraocular tumors
Term

Complications of severe glaucoma

Definition
compromise blood flow to retina, leading to cataracts and/or blindness
Term
Three parts of the retina
Definition

pars iradica

pars ciliaris

pars nervosa

Term
Pars iridica retina structure
Definition
  • outer layer- depigmented pupillary dilatory myoepithelial cells
  • inner layer- pigmented epithelium on posterior iris
Term
Structure of pars retinae ciliaris
Definition
  • Outer layer- pigmented
  • inner layer- unpigmented
Term
Pars nervosa retina location
Definition
begins at ora serrata
Term
histological structure of photoreceptors
Definition
  • outer segment
    • elaborately infolded surface membrane to be an antenna for light
    • membranes seeded with protein bound visual pigment
    • ATP dependent process to regenerate visual pigments
  • inner segment
    • many mitochondria
    • nucleated neurons
    • many synaptic connections with bipolar cells
Term
What is the first layer that light hits in the retina? the last?
Definition
  • first- inner limiting membrane
  • last- outer photoreceptor segments
Term
Name the layers of the retina in order of closest to farthest away from choroid
Definition
  1. outer segment of photoreceptors
  2. inner segment of photoreceptors
  3. outer nuclear layer
  4. outer plexiform layer
  5. inner nuclear layer
  6. inner plexiform layer
  7. ganglion cell layer
  8. optic N. fiber layer
  9. inner limiting membrane (light hits here first)
Term
chemical composition of rhodopsin
Definition
  • visual pigment (retinal)
  • metabolite of vitamin A
  • associated protein (opsin)
Term

Process of photoreceptor reaction when no light enters

Definition
  1. photoreceptor depolarize
  2. calcium channes open
  3. NT released
  4. IPSP in bipolar cells
  5. no NT release from bipolar cells
  6. no EPSP in ganglion cells
  7. no AP
Term
Process of photoreceptor reaction in the presence of light
Definition
  1. photoreceptor hyperpolarized
  2. calcium channels closed
  3. no NT rleased
  4. no IPSP, bipolar cell depolarize
  5. NT release in bipolar cells
  6. EPSP in ganglion cell
  7. AP's
Term
Effect of illumination on rhodopsin
Definition
Cause chemical change in pigment and confirmation change in protein
Term
Three varieties of pigment within cones
Definition
  • red range
  • blue range
  • green range
Term
Composition and functional advantage of fovea centralis
Definition
  • contains cones only with several retinal layers pushed aside
  • Function advantage- allows for maximal visual acuity (less structure to scatter light) with acute color vision
Term
Cause of retinal detachmenbt
Definition

physical trauma to the head, causing increase in space between pigmented and neural retina

Term
Major complication of retinal detachment
Definition
Separating the neural retina from the blood supply coming via the choroid layer (central retinal A.), causing irreversible blindness
Term

Parts of conjuctiva and their location

Definition
  • palpebral part (on back of eyelids)
  • bulbar part (reflects over onto corneal surface)
Term

Function and structure of palpebral conjunctiva

Definition
  • function- sweep cornea clean when we blink
  • structure- tall columnar epithelium with apical cleft
Term

Structure of eyelids

Definition
  • dense CT tarsal plate
  • covered on outer surface by thin skin
  • inner surface covered by palpebral conjuctiva
Term
Contents of the eyelid
Definition
  • Meibomian glands (in tarsal plate)
  • glands of mol (apocrine) (in lashes)
  • glands of Zeis (sebaceous) (in lashes)
Term
Function of eyelids
Definition
Secrete detergents to clean cornea and antibacterials to prevent conjunctivitis or corneal infections
Term
Function of lacrimal glands
Definition
secrete tears to cleanse cornea
Term
Major structures of the oral cavity
Definition

oral mucosa

tongue

teeth

lip

salivary glands

Term
Epithelium of oral mucosa
Definition

mostly non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Term
Although the majority of the oral mucosa is non-keratinized, what areas would get keratinized?
Definition
areas of considerable friction such as palate and gingiva
Term
Describe the structure of the lamina propria of the oral mucosa
Definition
  • well vascularized (give red color)
  • composed of dense CT
Term
What are the contents of the oral submucosa?
Definition
salivary glands
Term
What is the role of skeletal muscle in the oral mucosa?
Definition

alter size and shape of cavity

moving food

Term
Where in the oral mucosa would you find well skeletal fibers composing most of the structure?
Definition

bulk of tongue

cheeks

soft palate

Term
Where in the oral mucosa would you find mucus membrane resting on bony tissue?
Definition

hard palate

teeth

Term
What is the epithelium of the external surface of the lip?
Definition
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Contents of the dermis below the outer surface of the lip
Definition

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

hair follicles

Term

Define the Vermilion border of lip. Describe its structure

Definition
  • def.- point of transition where the skin merges with the oral mucosa of the inner surface
  • structure
    • lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (transparent)
    • well vascularized papillae
    • devoid of hair follcles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
Term
Describe the structure of the oral mucosa covering the inner surface of the lip.
Definition
  • thick stratified squamous epithelium
  • submucosa with many labial glands
    • mixed glands (mucous with serous demilunes)
Term
Describe the pattern of skeletal muscle fibers within the tongue
Definition
They run many directions: longitudinally, vertically, transversely, obliquely (with variable amounts of adipose tissue in between)
Term
Functional advantage of the arrangement of muscle in the tongue
Definition
  • gives tongue great mobitly to manipulate food around the mouth for efficient fragmentation and swallowing
  • provides fine control of tongue movement needed for speech
Term
Salivary lingual glands (location, composition, structure)
Definition
  • location- submucosa between muscular core of tongue and surface epithelium
  • composition- mixed glands with serous and mucus acini (slightly more mucus)
  • structure
    • interlobar ducts merge into excretory ducts
    • excretory ducts open into oral cavity on ventral surface of tongue
Term

Describe the epithelium of the tongue

Definition
  • ventral surface- thin nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium continous with floor of mouth
  • dorsal surface- thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with specializations called papillae on its surface
Term
Three types of papillae seen in humans
Definition

filiform

fungiform

circumvallate

Term
Describe the structure of the filliform papillae
Definition
  • conical shape
  • MOST ABUNDANT type
  • covered by partially keratinized stratified squamouse epithelium
  • has NO taste buds
Term

Describe structure of fungiform

Definition
  • mushroom like shape
  • covered by stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Describe structure and location of the circumvallate papillae
Definition
  • largest papillae
  • covered by stratified squamous epithelium
  • contain taste buds
  • 8-12 are located in front of sulcus terminalis
Term
Function of sulcus terminalis
Definition
divides upper surface of tongue in anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3
Term
Contents of the submucosa of the posterior 1/3 of tongue
Definition
lymphoid tissue (ligual tonsilar tissue)
Term
Function, location, and composition of von Ebner's glands
Definition
  • function- produce secretions that act as solvent for taste inducing substances
  • location- deep in lamina propria of tonuge
  • composition- serous glands
Term
Types of cells found in taste buds
Definition

sustentacular cells

gustatory cells

basal cells

Term

Location of stem cells. Why are they so important to the taste bud?

Definition
  • location- base of each taste bud
  • because of the rapid turnover of gustatory and sustenacular cells (10-14 days)
Term
Describe histological appearance of sustenacular cells of taste bud
Definition
  • elongated dark cytoplasm
  • dark nucleus
Term
Histological appearance of the gustatory cells of taste buds
Definition
  • light cytoplasm
  • more oval
  • rounded nucleus
Term
Mechanism of action of gustatory cells
Definition
  1. von Ebner's glands wash taste buds by entering at the base of the papillae
  2. secretions will dissolve different substances with the help of saliva
  3. substances can now enter taste pore
  4. stimulate gustatory cells
  5. contains unmyelinated axons that synapse on afferent sensory neurons of the facial and glossopharyngeal N.'s
Term
Apical modifications that are found in gustatory cells and sustentacular cells of taste buds
Definition

long microvilli that extend into and protrude through the taste pore into the furrow

Term
Name the basic tastes and where they would be most sensitive on the tongue
Definition
  • sour- lateral edges
  • salt- tip of tongue
  • bitter- posterior part of tongue
  • sweet- tip of tongue
Term
Five components to the mature tooth
Definition
  • central pulp cavity
  • cementum
  • periodontal ligament
  • dentine
  • enamel
Term
What are the two structural regions of the tooth?
Definition

crown (protrude into oral cavity)

root (embedded in bone)

Term

Contents of pulp cavity

Definition
  • colllagen and fibroblasts in a matrix of GAG's
  • nerves
  • bv's
  • neurovasculature leaves through small apical foramen at the tip of the root to nourish the odontoblasts
Term
Structure and composition of cementum
Definition
  • location- covers root of tooth
  • structure- calcified and contains collagen (bone like tissue)
  • composition
    • upper region- cellular
      • cementocytes and cementoblasts to produce new cementum if needed
    • lower region- acellular
Term
Function and composition of periodontal ligament
Definition
  • composition- dense collagen fibers
  • function- anchor tooth in alveolar bony socket and absorb shock
Term
Composition of dentine
Definition
  • calcium salts in form of hydroxyapatite arranged in long tubes called dentine tubules (70-80%)
  • GAG (20-30%)
Term
Cell responsible for synthesizing dentine
Definition
odontoblasts
Term

Composition of predentine

Definition
collagen fibers embedded in GAG matrix
Term
Mechanism of action of odontoblasts
Definition
  1. synthesize predentine
  2. initiate minerailzation to form dentine
    1. matrix vacuoles undergo maturation ans they migrate through odontoblast process
    2. continue to produce more calcium and phosphate ions, leading to mineralization via accretion
Term
Histological features of odontoblasts
Definition
  • tall, narrow cell
  • basal nucleus
  • cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, rER
  • at apex, odontoblast process running through predentine and dentine layers
Term
Contents of odontoblast processes
Definition

many microtubules (for migration)

matrix vacuoles rich in calcium and phosphate

Term
Compare and contrast the state of matrix vacuoles of odontoblasts when they are at the base of the cell and as they reach the apex
Definition
  • base- newly formed and contain few mineral salts
  • as they migrate, they produce more calcium and phosphate ions
Term
Cells that produce enamel
Definition
ameloblasts
Term
Structure/composition of enamel
Definition
  • almost entirely mineral hydroxyapatitie
    • arranged in tightly packed hexagonal enamel prisms
  • hardest tissue in the body
Term
Mechanism of action of ameloblasts
Definition
  1. mineralize enamel right away
    1. secretory vacuoles within Tomes' process operate in a way similar to odontoblast matrix vacuoles
Term
Effect of tooth eruption on enamel development
Definition
enamel cannot be replaced because once the tooth erupts, ameloblasts will degenerate
Term

Histological features of ameloblast

Definition
  • tall, narrow cell
  • base attached to cells in stratum intermedium
  • basally located nucleus
  • cytoplasm abundant in mitochondria
  • at upper pole, elongates into a single large Tomes' process
Term
Process for development of dentino-enamel junction
Definition
  1. ameloblasts are the first to appear followed by odontoblasts
  2. odontoblasts are the FIRST ACTIVE and begin making the predentine layer
  3. this trigger ameloblasts to form enamel layer
  4. at the same time, predentine is mineralized to form dentine (why dentine layer is thincker during late development stage of dentino-enamel junction)
  5. enamel layer fully formed
  6. tooth erupts, leading to ameloblast apoptosis
Term
composition of saliva
Definition
  • water
  • IgA
  • lactoferrin
  • electrolyes
  • enzymes
Term
Effect of autonomic NS on saliva secretion
Definition
  • parasymp.- water rich saliva
  • symp. protein rich saliva
Term

Functions of saliva

Definition
  • moisten and digest food
  • control bacterial flora in mouth to protect oral cavity against pathogens
Term
Secretory units salivary glands
Definition

acini

Term
histological features of serous cell in salivary glands
Definition
  • pyramidal shape
  • round nuclei centrally located in cytoplasm
  • secretory granules at the apex of cells
  • heavily stained in H&E
Term
Histological features of mucous acini in salivary glands
Definition
  • lightly stained in H&E
  • filled with mucous secretory product
  • nuclei flattened and located at base of cytoplasm
Term
Histological features of mixed acini
Definition

mucous cells are capped with serous cells in the form of a demilunes

Term
All the secretory acini of salivary glands are surrounded by what?
Definition
myoepithelial cells (between basement membrane and secretory cells)
Term
Pathway of saliva out of the gland
Definition
  1. intralobular ducts
    1. intercalated ducts
    2. striated ducts
  2. interlobular ducts
  3. interlobar duct
Term
Histological features of intercalated ducts of salivary glands
Definition
  • small lumen
  • cuboidal epithelium
Term
Histological features of striated ducts of salivary glands
Definition
  • larger lumen than intercalated ducts
  • simple columnar epithelium with basal striations
    • formed by deep infoldings of basal cell membrane and mitochondria
Term
Location of histological appearance of interlobular ducts
Definition
  • large lumen
  • pseudostratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium
  • located within CT of septa btw lobules
Term
Location and histological appearance of interlobar ducts
Definition
  • location- thick CT btw lobes
  • psuedostratified columnar (become pseudostratified squamous when continuous with lining of oral cavity)
Term
Structure of parotid gland
Definition
  • surrounded by CT capsule
  • CT septa contents
    • bv's
    • interlobular ducts
Term
Composition of lobule of parotid gland
Definition

mainly serous acini and occasional mucous acini

Term
Role of striated ducts in parotid duct
Definition
extract sodium and chloride ions so the saliva can become hypotonic
Term
Function of interlobular ducts of parotid glands
Definition
transport saliva
Term
Primary target of rabies and mumps
Definition
parotid gland
Term
Where is the most frequent site of slow growing benign salivary gland tumors?
Definition
parotid gland
Term
Percentage of saliva produced by submandibular glands and parotid glands
Definition
  • parotid- 25%
  • submandibular- 70%
Term
Composition of submandibular glands
Definition
serous/mucous tubuloacinar glands
Term
Three types of acini in submandibular glands
Definition
  • serous- predominant
  • mucous- located near ducts and are few
  • mixed
Term

Structure and composition of sublingual glands

Definition
  • NO defined capsule
  • predominantly mucous composition
  • intercalated ducts rare and not observed
Term
Describe respiratory epithelium
Definition
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Term
Epithelium lining nasal cavity
Definition
  • respiratory epithelium EXCEPT for:
    • vestibule (stratified squamous epithelium)
    • roof of nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium)
Term
Structure of olfactory epithelium
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium devoid of goblet cells
Term
Cells found in olfactory epithelium
Definition

basal cells

sustentacular cells

olfactory receptor cells

Term

Function of basal cells of nasal cavity

Definition
 maintain the integrity of the olfactory epithelium
Term
Lifespan of olfactor cells. What makes them unique as neurons
Definition
a month, only neurons that can regenerate after damage
Term
Location of sustentacular cells of nasal cavity
Definition
near the lumen (above olfactory cells)
Term
Structure of olfactor receptor cells
Definition
  • bipolar neurons
  • central buldge containing nucleus
  • from central buldge extend two cytoplasmic processes
    • dendritic process
    • proximal process
Term
Describe the course of the dendritic process of olfactory receptor cells
Definition
  • extend to surface of epithelium where tip expanded as olfactory vesicle
  • vesicle contains cilia that protrude into nasal cavity
Term
Describe the course of proximal process of olfactory receptor cells
Definition
  1. passes between basal cells and basal portions of sustentacular cells to penetrate basement membrane
  2. turn into unmyelinated axon
  3. several axons group together to form filia olfactoria in lamina propria
  4. filia olfactoria form synaptic connections in olfactory bulb
Term

Function, location, mechanism of action of Bowman's gland

Definition
  • loc.- lamina propia of nasal cavity
  • function- keep olfactory mucosa moist
  • mechanism of action- delivered to olfactory epithelium via ducts
Term
Contents of Bowman's glands secretions
Definition

Odorant binding protein (OBP)

IgA

lysozyme

Term
Mechanism of action of OBP
Definition
  1. OBP constantly released into nasal cavity and bind to specific odorant molecules (allows it to continuously detect and respond to new odors)
  2. odorant-OBP complex bind to receptor on surface of cilia of olfactory bipolar neurons
  3. stimulate receptor through proximal process
  4. communicates with olfactory bulb via fila olfactoria
Term

Epithelium of nasopharyx

Definition
  • respiratory epithelium
Term
Epithelium of oropharynx
Definition
unkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Term

Structure of oropharynx

Definition
  • lamina propria 
    • dense
    • fibroelastic
    • devoid of glands
  • skeletal muscle layer beneath mucosa
    • inner longitudinal
    • outer circular
Term
Structure of epiglottis
Definition
  • two sides
    • lingual/ant. side
      • epithelium: stratified squamouse
    • laryngeal/post. side
      • epithelium: respiratory epithelium
  • made of central core of elastic cartilage
  • mixed glands in lamina propria
Term

Structure and contents of false vocal cords

Definition
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria with mixed glands (predominantly mucus), CT, mast cells
  • lymphatic nodules
Term
Structure of true vocal cords
Definition
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • thin lamina propria devoid of glands
  • beneath vocal ligament, find fibers of vocalis
Term
Epithelium of ventricle
Definition
respiratory epithelium
Term
Structure of ovaries
Definition
  • simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium) continous with mesothelium of mesovarium
  • below epithelium, tunica albuginea (layer of dense CT)
  • cortical regioin at peripheral area
  • central medulla
Term
Contents of ovary cortical region
Definition
  • very cellullar stroma with CT, smooth muscle fibers
  • follicles containing ovaries
Term

Contents of medulla of ovary

Definition
  • loose CT
  • large bv's
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
Term
phases of menstrual cycle
Definition
  • menstrual phase (day 1-4)
  • proliferation phase (day 4-14)
  • ovulation (day 14)
  • secretory phase (day 15-28)
Term

How is the ovarian cycle broken up into phases?

Definition

follicular phase (day 1-14)

luteal phase (day 15-28)

Term
Different types of follicles
Definition
  • primordial follicles
  • primary follicles
    • unilaminar
    • multilaminar
  • secondary follicles
  • Graafian follicles
Term
What is contained within the primordial follicles
Definition

contain oocytes arrested before birth in prophase I of meiosis

Term
Location of primordial follicles
Definition
just beneath tunica albuginea
Term
Epithelium of primordial follicles and what surrounds the epithelium
Definition
simple squamous epithelial cells (follicular cells) with an outer surface bounded by basal lamina
Term
Structure of primordial follicles
Definition
  • large nucleolus
  • many mitochondria
  • many rER
  • several Golgi complexes
Term
Structure of primary unilaminar follicles
Definition
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • zona pellucida begins to form
  • oocyte is larger
  • follicles recrutied and develop in groups via gonadotrophin independent mechanism
Term
Structure of primary multilaminar follicles and its unique characteristics
Definition
  • stratified cuboidal epithelium (follicular cells undergo mitosis)
  • follicular cells now called granulosa cells
  • avascular
  • gap junctions btw granulosa cells
  • granulosa cells develop FSH, LH, estrogen receptors
  • ZP beomes thicker
  • communicate with ovary via gap junctions to give nutrients and regulatory signals
  • follicles migrate centrally toward ovarian medulla
  • stromal cells arrange around follicle arranged into theca interna and theca externa
Term
Structure of theca interna
Definition
  • cuboidal cells seperated from granulosa by basement membrane
  • capillary network
  • LH receptors
Term
Contents of theca externa
Definition
  • collagen fibers
  • smooth muscle fibers
Term
Structure of secondary follicles
Definition
  • oval shaped
  • contain antrum
Term
How does the body determine the dominant follicles?
Definition

At the beginning of follicular phase when FSH begins to rise, 5-10 antral follicles stimulated to continue to grow. From this, a dominant follicle emerges, and will be ovulated. It will be the one that produces more estradiol than the others.

Term
Structure of oocyte of secondary follicles
Definition
  • reached full size
  • growth inhibited to oocyte maturation inhbitor (sec. by granulosa cells into antral fluid)
  • oocyte located within cumulus oophorus
Term
Structure of granulosa cells of secondary follicles
Definition
  • 6-12 layers of granulosa cells
  • Call-Excner bodies presents
  • granulosa cells express FSH receptors in larger number (express LH receptors, but smaller number)
    • can also secrete inhibin to inhibit FSH at pituitary level
Term
How does the antrum develop in secondary follicle?
Definition
  1. irregular spaces appear among granulosa cells that contain follicular fluid (liquor folliculi)
  2. spaces coalesce to form antrum
Term
Describe the structure and function of the secondary follice theca cells
Definition
  • theca interna now expresses LH receptors
  • theca interna secrete androstenedione, which will cross the basement membrane and be converted to estradiol by granulosa cells via aromatase enzymes
Term

Effect of estradiol after being produced by granulosa cells

Definition

It will diffuse across basement membrane and enter the bv's of theca interna to raise the hormones in general circulation. It will also have a proliferative effect on granulosa cells (increase estradiol receptors in response to increase levels of hormone.)

Term
Events surrounding development of Graafian follicle
Definition
  • single layer of granulosa cells closest to ZP forms corona radiata
  • most rapid enlargement 5-6 days before ovulation
  • oocyte loosens from rest of granulosa cell by developing new spaces within cumulus oophorus
  • oocyte will travel down oviduct with corona radiata and many cumulus cells
Term
Function of FSH in ovulation
Definition

stimulate growth of follicles and their maturation (increasing number of gap junctions, induces aromatase activity in granulosa cells)

 

Term
Function of LH in ovulation
Definition
  • stimulate organization of thecal cells and stimulates them to secrete androgens
  • stimulate maturation of oocyte in growing follicles
Term
Function of estrogen in ovulation
Definition
  • promotes mitotic activity of granulosa cells
  • negative feedback on GnRH secretion
  • max secretion at mid cycle from dominant follicle, exerting positive feedback on GnRH secretion
Term
Describe what causes the FSH, LH spike and the effect
Definition
  1. at mid cycle, estrogen secreted by preovulatory follicle will cause increase in GnRH secretion and cause pituitary to be more sensitive to GnRH
  2. leads to LH surge
  3. FSH also has a small surge (due to LH stimuating progesterone production in granulosa cells)
  4. when LH increases, also cause completion of meiosis I
  5. 36 hours after LH surge begins and 12 hours after LH has peak levels in blood, ovulation occurs
Term
Structural mechanism of action of ovulation
Definition
  1. stigma forms on one side of the follicle
    • produced by lack of blood flow to particular area of the follicle
    • actions of enzymes such as collagenases (activated by LH surge)
  2. adjacent stroma and overlyin germinal epithelium thin out
  3. stigma buldge out of ovarian surface
  4. stigma rupture, gently releasing follicular fluid and blood with the ovum (still surrounded by ZP and cumulus oophorus)
Term
Cell types of of corpus luteum
Definition
  • granulosa cells become granulosa lutein cells, and make up bulk of corpus luteum
  • theca interna cells become theca lutein cells
Term
Function of granulosa lutein cells
Definition

secrete progesterone

secrete smaller amounts of estradiol

Term
Function of theca lutein cells
Definition
secrete androstenedione that is converented to estradiol by granulosa lutein cells
Term

How does CL form

Definition
  1. follicle wall collapses
  2. granulosa cell lining becomes convoluted
  3. basal lamina separating granulosa and theca cells dissolves
  4. leads to invassion of bv's from theca
  5. granulosa and theca cells enlarge, accummulate lipid
Term

Fate of corpus luteum without fertilization

Definition
  1. LH stimulate progesterone, estrogen secretion from CL
  2. this inhibits GnRH leadin to inhibition of FSH, LH
  3. when LH inhibited, luteal cells shrink and begin to lose their organization
  4. stromal cells invade remains of CL
  5. loss of CL means loss of progesterone, so GnRH acts on gonadotrops to produce FSH, LH
  6. remaining CL forms a scar, the corpus albicans
Term
Fate of CL with fertilization and implantation
Definition
  1. hCG produced by placenta stimulates CL for six months
  2. CL of pregnancy grows to 5 cm and continues to secrete progesterones until birth
  3. CL decreases its size in the last three months, and manufactures and releases relaxin
Term
Other than hCG, what other hormones contribute to formation of CL of pregnancy?
Definition

estradiol

IGF I and II (from ovary)

LH

Prolactin

insulin

Term
Function of relaxin
Definition
  • promotes dilation of cervix
  • softens CT of pubis symphysis
Term
Process of follicular atresia
Definition
  1. ovum shrink and degenerate
  2. degeneration of granulosa cells by detachin from each other and the basal lamina
    1. their nuclei become small and dense (pyknotic)
    2. cells are reabsorbed
  3. resulting gap in ovarian stroma quickly filled in
  4. mechanism of death via apoptosis
Term
Segments of uterine tube in order
Definition
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • intramura portion
Term
Structure of infundibulum of uterine tube
Definition
  • funnel shaped opening into peritoneal cavity
  • fimbria on its free margins
Term
Structure of ampulla of uterine tube
Definition
  • right after infundibulum
  • expanded lumen
  • site of fertilaization
  • makes up 2/3 of uterine tube
  • many elaborate mucosa folds
Term
Structure of isthmus of uterine tube
Definition
  • medial 1/3 of oviduct close to uterine wall
  • narrow lumen with less complex mucosal folds
  • thicker wall
Term
Structure of intramural portion of uterine tube
Definition
  • segment that penetrates uterine wall
  • few mucosal folds
Term
Layers of uterine tube
Definition
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. serosa (outermost layer)
Term
Structure/composition of mucosa of uterine tube
Definition
  • simple columnar epithelium resting on lamina propria which forms lumenal folds
  • lamina propria made mainly of reticular fibers, fibroblasts
    • can have some lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells
Term
Two different types of epithelial cells found in mucosa of uterine tube
Definition
  • ciliated columnar cells
  • secretory cells
Term

What is the height of ciliated columnar cells of the mucosa of uterine tube dependent on?

Definition
estradiol (not well developed cells in early follicular stages)
Term
Structure of ciliated columnar cells during different stages of follicular development
Definition
  • early- low cells, few cilia
  • at ovulation- tall, max number of cilia
  • during luteal phase- cells become shorter and have fewer cilia
Term
Describe structure of secretory cells/peg cells of mucosa of uterine tube
Definition
  • non ciliated
  • apical microvilli
  • true glands absent
Term

Function of secretory cells of mucosa of uterine tube. What increases number of secretory cells?

Definition
  • secrete substances to nourish the ovum and promote capacitation (activation) of sperm
  • progesterones increase number of secretory cells
Term
Structure of muscular layer of uterine tube
Definition
  • inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
  • two layers indistinct
  • increases in thickness as you get toward the uterus
Term
Structure of serosa of uterine tube
Definition
  • mesothelium continuous with mesosalpinx
Term
Mechansim of action of moving ovum from uterine tube to uterus
Definition
  1. veins in lamina propria that extend into fimbriae become distended
  2. brings infundibulum close to ovary

PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCULARIS AND BEATING OF THE MUCOSAL CILIA TRANSPORT THE OVUM TO UTERUS.

Term
Structure of myometrium
Definition
  • very thick
  • three ill defined layers of smooth muscle
    • middle layer highly vascularized
Term

Compare the structure of myometrium with pregnant and nonpregnant state

Definition
  • pregnant- undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia and CT increases (500 micrometers long)
  • nonpregnant- smooth muscle fibers 30-50 micrometers long
Term

Structure of myometrium AFTER giving birth

Definition
smooth muscle shrinks, the extra cells degenerate and are lost, so the uterus returns to original size
Term
Structure of endometrium
Definition
  • two layers
    • stratum functionalis
    • stratum basalis
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium (ciliated and secretory cells) with underlying lamina propria
  • epithelium invaginates into lamina propria to form uterin glands
Term

What does endometrium depend on for appearance and maintenance?

Definition

hormones

Term
Stratum basalis function and location
Definition
  • location- lies next to myometrium and is not sloughed off
  • function- source of cells that renew stratum functionalis
Term
Blood supply of endometrium
Definition
  1. arises from uterine arteries
  2. these arteies penetrate vascular layer of myometrium to become arcuate arteries
  3. arcuate arteries penetrate stratum basalis and can ascend to the functionalis layer to become spiral arteries
Term
In terms of the vasculature of the uterus, explain why the stratum functionalis is dependent on ovarian hormoones?
Definition

The spiral arteries of the stratum functionalis depend on ovarian hormones, and without it (during menses), they will undergo necrosis, bleed, and are sloughed off.

Term
State of uterus during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
Definition
  • under influence of estradiol, stratum basalis undergoes mitosis
  • stroma, glands, and spiral ateries of stratum functionalis begin to grow
  • glands lengthen but remain tubular and straight
Term
Structure of uterus during secretory phase of menstrual cycle
Definition
  • under influence of progesterone
  • uterine glands become intensely coiled, with large lumina
  • glands begin secreting glycogen and mucin
  • stroma becomes edematous
  • functionalis layer is now able to deal with a fertilized ovum
Term
Structure of uterus during menstrual phase of menstrual cycle
Definition
  • progesterone levels decrease due to corpus luteum degeneration
  • spiral arteries become constricted and vascular stasis occurs
  • this resulting anoxia causes spiral arteries to degenerate and functionalis dies
  • bleeding occurs and functionalis is sloughed off
Term

Mechanism of action of contraceptive estradiol

Definition
inhibit ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH
Term
Mechanism of action of progestorone contraception
Definition
inhibit ovulation by suppressing LH
Term
Structure of cervix- endocervix/cervical canal
Definition
  • simple columnar epithelium- secretes mucous
  • invaginates into cervical wall to form branched tubular mucous secreting glands that lumbricate the vagina
Term
Describe the mucous secreted by the glands of the cervix and what influences its composition
Definition
  • depends on ovarian hormones
    • usually very viscous and able to impede sperm and bacteria from entering uterus
    • during ovulation, secretion is thin and enhances sperm entry into uterus
Term
Structure of ectocervix (ext. surface)
Definition
  • composed of dense CT and smooth muscle 
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • continuous with vaginal epithelium
Term
Clinical application of there being a transition zone btw vaginal and cervical epithelium
Definition
used for Pap smears since it is the primary site of cervical cancer
Term
Structure of vagina mucosa
Definition
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamouse epithelium with underlying lamina propria
  • lamina propria with many elastic fibers, large venous plexus, NO GLANDS
Term

Layers of vagina

Definition

mucosa

muscular

adventitia

Term
what provides lubrication to vagina
Definition

cervical glands

vestibular mucous glands

Term
How is the acidic environment of vagina created?
Definition
  1. epithelial cells contain glycogen when estrogen levels are high
  2. bacteria in vagina ferment glycogen to form lactic acid, lowerin pH
Term

Why do post menopausal women not secrete much glycogen? What is the clinical significance of that?

Definition
low estradiol levels, leading to higher pH levels that leads to increased vaginal infections
Term
Structure of muscular layer of vagina
Definition

thin inner circular layer

thick longitudinal layer

Term
Contents of adventitial layer of vagina
Definition

elastic fibers

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

nerves

Term
Mechanism of exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases at placenta
Definition
do it without mixing any maternal and fetal blood
Term
State of uterus at time of fertilization
Definition
  • endometrium in secretory stage and has nutritive environment for implantation of blastocyst
  • glands contain glycogen, mucin, lipid (uterine milk)
Term
Explain the implantation window
Definition
  • it is 6-10 days after LH surge
  • this is when actions of estrogen and progesterone render endometrium receptive for implantation
Term
Mechanism of action of RU-486
Definition
  • anti progesterone drug (blocks receptors)
  • causes endometrium to become non supportive for embryonic growth
Term
Division of trophoblast happens when after fertilization? What are the layers
Definition
It break into cytotrophoblast (closest to inner cell mass) and syncytiotrophoblasts (outermost) by day 8.
Term
How is the syncytiotrophoblast formed?
Definition

There is fusion of cytotrophoblast cells, forming a multinucleated cytoplasmic mass (syncytium) with microvilli at its surface.

Term
Upon forming, what is the very next thin the syncytiotrophoblast will do?
Definition
  • invade endometrium (decidua) and rupture maternal arterial and venous blood vessels
  • maternal blood frlows from arterial vessels into spaces (lacunae) that form at day 9 within synchytiotrophoblast
  • maternal blood drained by ruptured veins and returns to mother's circulatory system
Term
Process of development of placental villi
Definition
  1. blastocyst embeded in endometrium (day 11)
  2. cytotrophoblast cells grown into syncytiotrophoblast to form primary villi (day 13)
  3. extraembryonic mesoderm derived from inner cell mass invades center of primary villi, producing secondary villi (day 16)
  4. fetal vessels grow into secondary villi, producting tertiary vill (day 21)
  5. lacunae coalesce to form large intervillous spaces
  6. some tertiary villi will extend into maternal decidua and firmly attach, producing anchoring/stem villi
  7. smaller tertiary villi began to sprout from larger tertiary villi (increase surface area for exchage)
Term

Structure of placental villi

Definition
  • first half of pregnancy- outer surfaces covered by syncytiotrophoblasts  with cytotrophoblasts lying just below it
  • last half of pregnancy- cytotrophoblasts disappears, allowing for more efficient maternal/fetal exchange
Term
Structure of placental barrier
Definition
  • endothelium of fetal capillaries
  • basal lamina of fetal capillaries
  • mesenchyme of interior of villus
  • basal lamina of trophoblasts
  • cytotrophoblast (first half of pregnancy)
  • syncytiotrophoblast
Term
Permeability of placental villi
Definition
  • what can come in
    • oxygen
    • water
    • electrolyes
    • carbs
    • lipids
    • proteins
    • antibodies
  • what fetal blood loses
    • carbon dioxide
    • water
    • hormone
    • metabolic waste products
Term
Hormones produced by syncytiotrophoblasts
Definition

hCG

estrogens

progesterone

hCS

Term

Hormones secreted by cytotrophoblasts

Definition

hCG

estrogen

progesterone

IGF-I and II

Term
Mechanism of production of estriol in fetus
Definition
convert from estradiol to estriol in cooperation with the fetal adrenal cortex providing precurors to placental cells (fetoplacental endocrine unit)
Term
Structural components of fetal portion of placenta
Definition
  • called chorion (trophoblast, extraembryonic mesoderm)
    • chorionic villi
    • chorionic plate (where villi arise)
    • chorion laeve (forms chorionic sac, so villi degenerate))
Term

When do endometrial cells become decidual cells?

Definition
after implantation
Term
Histological appearnace of decidual cells
Definition
  • large
  • slightly basophilic
  • prominent nucleolus
Term
Hormones secreted by decidual cells
Definition

relaxin (CL in last trimester)

decidual prolactin

prostaglandins

Term
Location of decidual cells
Definition
upper portion of decidua, closest to fetus
Term
Effect of decidual prolactin
Definition
trophic effects on CL and relaxin
Term
Function of PG's secreted by decidual cells
Definition
help prevent immunologic rejection of embryo
Term

Effect of lipid and glycogen content of decidual cells early in pregnancy

Definition
helps nourish implanting blastocyst
Term

Cells present in decidua

Definition

giant cells

decidual cells

Term

Origin of giant cells

Definition
trophoblast derivatives that migrate into deciduas from the cytotrophoblastic shell
Term
Function of giant cells
Definition
establish a cleavage plane for placental separation at birth
Term
Define cotyledons
Definition

areas divided up in fetal placenta via septae

Term
Parts of decidua
Definition
  • decidua basalis
  • decidua capsularis
  • decidua parietalis
Term
Structure of decidua basalis
Definition
  • part at base of placenta to which the anchoring villi attach
  • attaches to a more compact layer called basal plate
Term
Structure of decidua capsularis
Definition
encapsulates superficial portion of chorionic sac
Term

Structure of decidua parietalis

Definition
includes the remainder of uterine lining not coverd by other two layers of decidua
Term
What happens to the decidua capsularis and parietalis by the fifth month?
Definition
they will fuse, obliterating the uterine lumen
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