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Histology, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Joints,etc
Histology, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Joints, Muscles
78
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
07/13/2013

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Cards

Term
4 Tissue Types
Definition
epithelial, connective (97% mesoderm), muscular, and nervous
Term
Functions of epithial tissue
Definition

physical protection

absorption

secretion

excretion

filtration

diffusion

sensory perception

Term
What holds epithelial cells together
Definition
Glycoproteins and inercellular junctions
Term
What is epithelia classification based on?
Definition

1. number of cell layers related to the basement membrane

 

2. Surface cell shape

Term
Simple epithelia
Definition
All cells contace basement membrane
Term
Shapes of simple epithelia
Definition

simple squamous- endothelia, mesothelia

simple cuboidal- grandular ducts, kidney tubules

simple columnar- intestines and gall bladder, oviduct

pseudostratified columnar epithelium- cilia and scattered mucous secreting goblet cells in the trachea 

Term
stratified epithelia
Definition
only deepest cell layer contacts basement membrane
Term
shapes of stratified epithelia
Definition

stratified squamous- vagina, oral cavity

stratified cuboidal- rare, some large glands

transitional- urinary bladder

Term
Types of glandular epithelia
Definition

exocrine- secrete into ducts like sweat glands

endocrine- secrete into blood vessels (hormones)

 

Term
Methods of secretion
Definition

merocrine- mild and most common (salivary glands)

apocrine-loss of apical cytoplasm (mammary glands)

holocrine- entire cell dies and is replaced (sebaceous)

Term
Connective tissue
Definition
Derived from 96% mesoderm and 4% ectoderm
Term
3 types of CT
Definition
collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers
Term
Collagen
Definition
most abundant protein in the body
Term
6 mjaor types of CT proper
Definition

"loose CT":

-areolar CT

-reticular CT

adipose tissue

'DENSE CT":

-dense regular CT

-eense irregular CT

elastic CT

Term
3 types of chondroblasts
Definition

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition

clear, glassy appearance

most abundant type

precursor for most bones

ex. rings of trachea

Term
fibrocartilage
Definition

reinforced with collagenous fibers that withstand tension and compression

ex. intervertebral discs

Term
elastic cartilage
Definition

abundant elastic fibers

flexible

similar to hyaline

ex. epiglottis

Term
bone
Definition

most rigid type of CT

2 types- dense and spongy

 

Term
blood
Definition

fluid ct

55% plasma, 45% formed elements (RBC, WBC, and thrombocytes)

 

Term
muscle tissue
Definition

made of contractile fibers

96% mesoderm

 

Term
3 types muscle tissue
Definition

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

Term
skeletal muscle tissue
Definition

voluntary

striated

multinucleated fibers made of microfilaments (7 nm) forming repeating sarcomeres

Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition

involuntary

spindle shaped

one nucleus/cell

Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition

involuntary

striated

intercalated disces

one nucleus/cell

Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

transmits impulses through body and is derived from ectoderm

2 types- neurons and glial cells

Term
parts of neuron
Definition

cell body

dendrites

axon

Term
structural classification of neuron
Definition

number of cellular projections

-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar

Term
functional classification of neuron
Definition
sensory (afferent), moter (efferent), associational
Term
Glial cells
Definition

supporting cells with 4 CNS types and 2 PNS types

 

CNS- astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

PNS- schwann cells, satellite cells

Term
Integumentary system
Definition

skin is largest organ of body

covers 2 square meters

7% body wt.

1.4-4 mm thick

Term
7 functions of integumentary system
Definition

1. protection from disease

2. keratin minimizes water loss

3. temperature regulation controlled

4. metabolic reg. w/ synthesis of vit. D

5. immune system defense w/ Langerhan's cells

6. sensoru perception with curaneous receptors

7. excretion of water, salt, urea, and sebum

Term
Dermis layer
Definition
deepest layer of skin
Term
Epidermis
Definition

avascular

keratinized

stratified squamous

4-5 layers thick

.01-.12 mm thick

Term

Epidermal layers

(from superficial to deep)

Definition

Stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Term
Stratum basale
Definition

single layer of mitotically active cells pelacing lsot cells

contact wi/ dermis via basement membrane

all living cells

Term

stratum spinosum

(w/ stratum basale known as stratum germinativum)

Definition

several layers of polygonal cells w/ spinelike projections attaching cells together

limited mitotic activity

 

Term
stratum granulosum
Definition

flattened cells w/ dark-staining keratohyaline granules

cell death of superficial layers results in keratinization

Term
stratum lucidum
Definition

indistinct cells that appear clear

only found on thick skin

all cells are dead

Term
stratum corneum
Definition

20-30 layers of flattened, scalelike cells that flake off

hardened cells filled with keratin are all dead

increasing friction results in calluses

Term
melanin
Definition
produced by melanocytes in the basale and spinosum
Term
dermis
Definition

deeper and thicker

vascularized 

Term
two layers of dermis
Definition

papillary layer (1/5 of dermis)

Meissner's copuscles reticular layer 

Term
Hypodermis
Definition

deepest layer of integument

not a layer of skin

vascularized

made of loose CT

Term
Adipose
Definition

found in hypodermis

fat cell

stores lipids

insulates

regualtes body temp.

Term
Hair
Definition

features:

shaft

root

expanded bulb

anchored in hair follicle

Term
Hair layers (from inside out)
Definition

medulla

cortex

cuticle

Term
hair color
Definition

based on pigment

red hair from trichosiderin

Term
3 kinds of human hair
Definition

lanugo- fetal hair

vellus- short, fine hair

terminal-includes definitive and angora(continuously grows) hair

Term
3 Gland types
Definition

1. oil-producing sebaceous glands found with hair follicles

2. sweat glands

-eccrine makes thin watery sweat used or cooling

-apocrine- thick milky sweat at puberty

3. "other"

-mammary and ceruminous glands

-milk-producing

-earwax producing

 

Term
What formed from ectoderm?
Definition

superficial periderm and deeper germinal layer

epidermis

hair,nails, glands

Term
what formed from the mesoderm?
Definition

mesenchyme deep to germinal layer

dense, irregular CT w/ dermal papillae

dermis + hypodermis

Term
2 growth patterns of cartilage
Definition

interstitial

appositional

Term
how many bones in human body?
Definition
206
Term
2 types of bones
Definition

axial skeleton- skull, hyoid, rib cage, vertebrae

appendicular skeleton- pectoral gidle

arms, legs, pelvic girdle

Term
4 Functions of bone
Definition

1. support for soft tissues and protection for brain

2. movement for muscle attachments

3. hemopiesis- dev. of all elements of blood (spongy bone)

4. mineral storage and energy reserves, like calcium

Term
4 shapes of bones
Definition

1. long bones (limbs)

2. short bones (carpals, tarsals)

3. flat bones (scapula)

4. irregular bone ( vertebrae)

Term
diploe
Definition
spongy bone found between compact bone in flat bones of the skull
Term
4 types of bone cells
Definition

1. osteoprogenitor-stem cells derived from mesenchyme, will be osteoblast

2. osteoblast- secretes osteoid found in dev. bone and in periosteum

3. osteocyte- stellate shaped, inactive w/ cytoplasmic projections trammed in lacunae

4. oseoclast- enzyme that erodes bone tissue

Term
parathyroid
Definition
regulates Ca levels
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition

produces flat bones of skull, mandible, etc.

only in a few bones

Term
endochondral ossification
Definition

begins w/ hyaline cartilage and produces most bones

 

Term
3 types of joints
Definition

1. fibrous joints- lack joint cavity & held togther by CT

2. cartilaginous joints- lack joint cavity & held together by cartilage

3. synovial joint- has joint cavity 7 held together by ligaments

Term
3 types of joint movements
Definition

1. synarthroses- no movement, fibrous

2. amphiarthroses- slightly moveable, usually cartilaginous

3. diarthroses- freely moves, synovial

Term
3 types synarthroses joints (immovable)
Definition

1. suture

2. synchondroses

3. gomphoses

Term
3 types amphiarthroses (limited motion)
Definition

1. synchondroses

2. symphyses

3. syndesmoses

Term
diarthroses joint (freely moves) 4 major components
Definition

1. joint capsule

2. synovial membrane

3. fluid-filled synovial cavity

4. articular cartilage

Term
bursae
Definition
synovail fluid filled sacs used to cushion joints and facilitate movement of tendons and muscles
Term
Types of diarthroses
Definition

nonaxial- gliding, hinge, pivot

biaxial- condyloid, saddle

triaxial- ball & socket

Term
4 properties of muscles
Definition

1. excitability

2. contractility

3. extensibility

4. elasticity

Term
5 functiosn of muscles
Definition

1. body movement

2. temp. regulation

3. maintenace of posture

4. storage and movement of materials

5. support of organ position

Term
CT surounding muscles (from inside out)
Definition

endomysium

perimysium

epimysium

fascicle

fascia

Term
thin filaments
Definition
mad eof 3 proteins (actin, troponin, tropomyosin)
Term
A (anisotropic) bands
Definition

Dark

thick and thin filaments

Term
I (isotropic) bands
Definition

light

thin filaments

Term
H bands
Definition

thick filaments only

halfway between z lines

Term
synergist muscle groups
Definition
work together for similar action (biceps)
Term
antagonist muscle group
Definition
works against eachother to balance an action ( triceps)
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