Term
|
Definition
1. stringy protein of 5 nm diameter;
2. especially in muscle where they aid in contraction
3. also found in most cells
4. labile proteins that are destroyed by many chemicals
5. myosin filaments of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. 20 nm and very stable;
ii. serve as anchors for cells; strength to hold organelles and
nucleus
iii. keratin is a tough protein found in skin
iv. vimentin surrounds nucleus and extends into cytoplasm
v. neurofilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. hollow tubules that grow and break down quickly
b. tubulin subunit proteins
c. help shape cell, cell motility,
d. mitosis - form the mitotic spindle
e. bind motor proteins to move organelles
f. allow cilia to bend |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Organizing centers of paired cylinders that form microtubules
b. 9 Triplet microtubules
c. duplicate in mitosis to move the chromosomes
d. form the microtubules found in cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. short or long finger-like extensions
2. shorter than cilia
3. actin microfilaments extend from the cytoplasm into the microvilli and provide
contractility
4. stereocilia are long microvilli (not cilia) that are found in the epididymis 1. cytoplasmic extensions as small fingers containing actin filaments
2. Form a terminal web that extends from the adhering junction
3. Form a "brush border" due to multiple cells with microvilli
4. A glycocalyx is found coating the microvilli as a carbohydrate coat that is pas +
5. stereocilia are not cilia, but instead are long microvilli |
|
|
Term
| microvilli in light microscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane (plasmalemma) |
|
Definition
1. Plasmalemma is a lipid bilayer with proteins
2. Osmium binds to the unsaturated fatty acids and demonstrates the
membrane as 2 lines in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. integral proteins; tightly bound or loose; some are transmembrane
2. peripheral proteins; bound to other proteins or lipids; internal or external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. carbohydrates (sugars) covering the surface
2. cell recognition, adhesion, absorption, antigenicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. channels formed by proteins
ii. receptors bind compounds such as steroids, peptides and
ions (Ca++) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. channels formed by proteins
ii. receptors bind compounds such as steroids, peptides and
ions (Ca++) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Endocytosis (molecules in solution)
ii. Fluid phase pinocytosis
iii. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
iv. molecules such as hormones move into cells by coated pits,
through coated vesicles
v. Exocytosis is a reverse endocytosis
vi. Phagocytosis is the uptake of larger particulates
accomplished by surrounding the particles with cytoplasmic
arms called pseudopodia. This process forms the
phagosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- microfilaments
- microtubules
- centrioles
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cell membrane
- proteins and lipids
- glycocalyx
- membrane transport
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ser
- peroxisomes
- inclusion bodies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. no ribosomes attached
2. reddish color staining with eosin (acid stain)
3. if in abundance can see with light microscopy
4. location of enzymes for synthesis of steroids, lipids and carbohydrates
5. participates in drug detoxification (location of P450 enzymes)
6. stores Ca++ (particularly important in muscle tissue)
7. “microsomes” (SER fragments left over after biochemical preparation of cells)
8. NOTE: Hematoxylin = basic dye = stains Blue = basic binds acids (DNA,
RNA)=acidophilic Eosin = acidic dye = stains Red = acid binds base (NH-proteins)=basophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. very small homogeneous bodies (microbodies) seen only by TEM
2. contain enzymes for biochemical detoxification (catalase decomposes H2O2,
which helps to prevent the buildup of free radicals in cells)
3. involved in cholesterol synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- glycogen
- pigments
- hemosiderin
- lipids
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
b. can be evidence of cells that are precancerous or undifferentiated
i. storage form of carbohydrates (sugars)
ii. found in clusters associated with a specific protein forming rosettes;
iii. routinely washed out because sugar is water soluble;
iv. can be preserved by special fixatives and stained by the PAS
method; Liver is a major site of storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Lipofuscin is the most common pigment;
i. yellowish-brown; found in aging cells;
ii. left over in lysosomes after digestion b. Melanin granules are found in skin and the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. iron-protein complex found following the degradation of red blood cells
(RBCs).
b. The presence of this pigment in excessive amounts is indicative of a
pathologic condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. within cells and vacuoles
b. extracted in processing tissues for histology
c. Stored as very large droplets in the fat cells. i. stored as cholesterol + fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. actin microfilaments at right angle to microvilli
2. interact with tight junction in epithelium |
|
|
Term
| protein synthesis and packaging |
|
Definition
- ribosomes
- rer
- golgi complex
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. 20x30 nm particles
2. for protein synthesis
3. free in the cytoplasm (for cytoplasmic proteins such as actin
4. polyribosomes (clusters of ribosomes)
5. some attached to endoplasmic reticulum = RER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Protein synthesis occurs here
2. Flattened membranes (parallel stacks of cisternae)
3. ribosomes are attached to the membranes (contain nucleic acids)
4. basophilic staining in H&E (bluish staining with hematoxylin)
5. enlarged if active protein synthesis is taking place |
|
|
Term
| Golgi complex (Apparatus) |
|
Definition
- structure
- activities
- secretory granules
- lysosomes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. curved stacks of smooth membranes (cisternae)
b. transfer vesicles, move proteins from RER to Golgi
c. larger vesicles (vacuoles in EM)
d. does Not Stain with most chemicals (clear zone near nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. package proteins for secretion & storage (concentrates the proteins
in vesicles)
b. adds new membrane and transmembrane proteins to the cell
membrane
c. glycosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that adds
sugars
d. lipoproteins (combines lipids from SER with proteins from the RER) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. exhibit metachromatic staining (different colors depending upon
contents of vesicles)
b. Toluidine blue stain is an example of a metachromatic stain
c. zymogen granules-purple; enzymes are inactive in the zymogen
granules (i.e. trypsin)
d. protein storage (200 times more concentrated than in RER) for later
release
e. membrane bound structures that can be rather large in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Membrane-bound round, densely stained bodies
b. contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes (proteins)
c. abundant in phagocytotic and endocytotic cells
d. packaged in the Golgi where the proteins are modified
e. histochemistry is used to stain for enzymes in lysosomes, e.g., acid
phosphatase
f. Primary lysosomes (small homogeneous bodies) fuse to form
Secondary lysosomes, which are heterogeneous in appearance
g. phagolysosomes are formed by the fusion of lysosomes and
phagosomes
h. Residual bodies are undigested materials which may be retained in
the cell as pigment called lipofuscin (the aging pigment)
i. Heterophagy is the act of a lysosome fusing with a phagosome
j. Autophagy is the fusion of cytoplasmic organelles with a lysosome for
destruction
K. Autolysis is cellular damage due to lysosomes rupturing and
releasing their enzymes into the surrounding tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- diffusion
- physical transport
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nucleus
- chromatin
- nucleolus
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- terms
- shape and numbers
- nuclear envelope
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. karyotype... chromosomal characteristics
b. karyokinesis... mitosis or division of the nucleus
c. karyolysis... destruction of the nucleus by autolysis |
|
|
Term
| nucleus shape and numbers |
|
Definition
a. spherical, ovoid to flat, indented lobulated,
b. most cells are uninucleate, however, some cells are binucleate (eg.,
hepatocytes)
c. Multinucleated (can be normal in some tissues) d. Enucleate (no nucleus) is found in most RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. osteoclast of bone marrow
ii. Giant cells may form under some pathological conditions
where cells merge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. parallel bi-membranes continuous with the RER
b. ribosomes attach to the outer membrane
c. Nuclear pores are formed to selectively pass molecules both
directions; mRNA, tRNA, hormones, receptors, carrier proteins,
histones, polymerases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4. DNA + proteins (such as histones)
5. term used when the cell is not dividing
6. chromosomes 7. Heterochromatin 8. "Barr body" 9. Euchromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA are terms for separated chromatin seen during cell
division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. intensely stained, condensed,
b. less capable of transcription,
c. indicates a less active cell
d. basophilic (stains blue with hematoxylin)
e. found at the margins of the karyoplasm; associated with nucleolus, in
patches within the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sex chromosome in females; seen in the germ cells; it is a
mass of heterochromatin that lies against the nuclear membrane; discovered
in cats by Dr. Barr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10. lightly stained; dispersed chromatin
11. indicative of active RNA synthesis (protein synthesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12. dense body within the nucleus
13. synthesis of mRNA
14. synthesis of rRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Greek word "histos" means ...tissue or fabric...; therefore histology means "the
study of the functional structure of organ systems and cellular subunits". Histology
requires the use of a microscope...so before 1665 (date of the first microscope)
histology as a subject was not possible. The purpose of histology is to view structures
within tissues. What is a heart made of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(small homogeneous bodies) fuse to form
Secondary lysosomes, which are heterogeneous in appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of histological methods in the study of diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long microvilli (not cilia) that are found in the epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic dye = stains Blue = basic binds acids (DNA,
RNA)=acidophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidic dye = stains Red = acid binds base (NH-proteins)=basophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. parallel membranes
2. inner projected membrane folds to form cristae
3. high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP) produced for metabolism
4. matrix contains enzymes of citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty
acid oxidation, steroid synthesis steps
5. accumulate for intense metabolic activity (more cristae)
6. in all cells except RBCs & cornified cells of skin |
|
|
Term
| mitochondria visualization |
|
Definition
1. Diameter = ~0.22 microns
2. About the limit of light microscope |
|
|
Term
| CELL DIVISION AND THE CELL CYCLE |
|
Definition
- interphase
- mitosis
- cellular activity
|
|
|
Term
| mitochondria energy sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Since the goal of histology is to see within tissues we must do anything imaginable to
see more with better resolution. The light microscope was invented in the late 1600's,
but a whole world was missing. In 1945 the 1st picture of a cell seen with the electron
microscope (EM) was published by Claude & Palade (Nobel Prize). Any structure that
is seen with higher resolution than the light microscope is called Ultrastructure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Another way we try to look inside tissues is with the special use of stains and chemical
procedures to detect specific information about tissues and cells and extracellular
matrix. Histochemistry can be used at both the light and electron microscopic levels. |
|
|
Term
| cell general characteristics |
|
Definition
use of histological methods in the study of diseases. - shape
- size
- organization
- activity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Round; stellate; fusiform (tapered); spindle-shaped; squamous; cuboidal;
columnar; polyhedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Dog RBC is a standard for estimating size (7 microns)
b. variation 2-300μm diameter (oocyte)
c. neurons with axons up to meters in length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Nucleus: codes for the various proteins
b. Cytoplasm: synthesizes the proteins and incorporates the proteins into
structures that carry out the functions of the cells, organs and tissues.
c. Polarization, as in epithelium |
|
|
Term
| cellular organization depends upon |
|
Definition
i. FUNCTION of the particular cell (protein secretion, steroid
production, detoxification, phagocytosis)
ii. LOCATION of the cell (in blood, in brain, in connective tissue, in an
epithelium)
iii. cellular ASSOCIATIONS (single cells or functional groups). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- basic tissues
- how do you recognize
- simple
- stratified
- transitional
- basement membrane
- cell junctions
- cell surface specializations
- glands
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. routine functions of the cell
b. the longest period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. histones and RNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. chromosomes condense
b. nuclear envelope disappears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. chromosomes aligned in the center
b. karyotyping is done at this time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. chromosomal movement to the pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. cytoplasmic constrictions
b. cytokinesis
c. nuclear envelope reformed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Differentiation
2. Determination
3. Induction
4. Migration
5. Death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Programmed cell death
ii. In response to signals or toxins, proteins synthesized that induce
careful death without spilling of the cytoplasmic organelles or
enzymes.
iii. Structural appearance: nucleus condenses, cell shrinks, usually
digested by adjacent cells or macrophages from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Disorderly death; induced by injury
ii. Membrane disruption; spillage of cytoplasm; induces pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no longer capable of dividing (nerve), or rarely can divide (skeletal
muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
little mitotic activity ... but vigorous under certain conditions, such as
injury and repair (liver, epithelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically are the stem cells ... regular mitotic activity ... cells that are
dispensable -- (eg.: blood, skin and epithelium in the intestines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- term used in Light microscopy to describe the layer just beneath the epithelium.
- basal lamina
- reticular lamina
- hemidesmosomes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Seen only at TEM magnification (50-100 nm thick)
2. a layer of type IV collagen plus anchoring protein components
3. synthesized by epithelial cells, serves as a scaffold and filtration barrier |
|
|
Term
basement membrane
layer stains with PAS because it consists of: |
|
Definition
1. basal lamina
2. connective tissue components, such as collagen, which contain polysaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. connective tissue consisting of very small collagen fibrils
2. associated with the basal lamina area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Epithelial membrane attachments along the basement membrane
2. Tonofilaments extend from the hemidesomsome into the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) |
|
Definition
| formation of blood cells before and after birth, occurs at different locations prenatally and within the bone marrow in birds and mammals postnatally |
|
|
Term
| cell surface specializations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of red blood cells, most active component of hemopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relating to or denoting substances able to produce an immune response |
|
|
