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| the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals, correlating specific structures with function |
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| process of enlarging the appearance of an object |
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| the detailed structure of a biological speciman, such as a cell, tissue, or organ that can be observed by electron microscopy |
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| the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue |
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| the main or fundamental component of the cell, guiding the cell structurally and functionally |
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| the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryotic species |
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| the process of partition of a cell's nucleus into daughter cells during cell division |
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| the complete dissolution of the chromatin matter of a dying cell due to activity of DNAase |
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| the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes ; can also mean the digestion of an enzyme by another molecule of the same enzyme |
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| individual cells containing more than one nucleus via nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis; multiple nuclei sharing one common cytoplasm |
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| to remove something, such as a tumor or an eye, whole or without rupture from an enveloping covering or sac; also to remove the nucleus of a cell; lacking a nucleus |
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| a double lipid bilayer that encloses genetic material in eukaryotic cells |
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| an octagonal opening where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous |
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| the complex of DNA and protein that makes of chromosomes and located in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells |
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| organized structures of DNA and proteins that are found in cells; singular piece of DNA containing genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences |
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| a tightly packed form of DNA, where transcription is limited; produces a darker stain than euchromatin |
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| the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye |
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| a stain commonly applied during the staining/preparation of histology slides; reveals cellular and extracellular components which would normally be transparent |
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| an inactive structure found in female individuals where one of the sex chromosomes is clustered throughout interphase; also known as sex chromatin |
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| a lightly packed form of chromatin that is rich in gene concentration and is often (but not always) under active transcription; produces and lighter stain than heterochromatin |
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| an area within the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA is synthesized and the ribosomal subunits are assembled; contains mostly protein and RNA and a small amount of DNA |
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| a membrane encolosed organelle responsible for generating most of the cell's supply of ATP; also involved in signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as control of the cell cycle and cell growth |
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| the internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; studded with proteins, including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes |
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| High-Energy phosphate bonds (ATP) |
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Definition
| the phosphate-phosphate bonds formed when compounds such as ADP and ATP are created; specifically formed with the dehydration of phosphoric acid derivative |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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| the metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP |
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| extremely minute structures (beyond the limit of the light microscope) responsible for the formation of polypeptides; complexes of RNA and proteins that function in the expression of genetic code from nucleic acid into proteins via translation |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| a network of interconnected tubules, vesicles and sacs that bears the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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| Golgi Complex (Apparatus) |
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Definition
| a cell structure mainly devoted to processing and packaging the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids synthsized in the cell, very important in processing proteins for secretion |
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| comprises a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus, usually in a group of about six and are responsible for carrying Golgi enzymes to help or to modify cargo proteins travelling through them destined to other parts of the cell; also carry structural proteins important for its maintenance as a flattened membrane and its stacking upon each other |
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| responsible for moving molecules between locations inside the cell (like between ER and Golgi) |
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| the enzymatic process that links complex sugars to proteins to form a glycoprotein |
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| a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids via convelent or non-covalent bonding; the way lipids travel in blood |
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| vesicles typically containing a combination of lipids/proteins that are released through the cell membrane |
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| Toluidine blue is a biological stain for staining nuclear material during mitosis. |
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| Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. |
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| Hydrolytic enzymes break down protein, carbohydrate, and fat molecules into their simplest units. |
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| A smooth vesicle (lysosome) that has shed their clathrin coat. Fuses with either phagosomes or pinosomes to form a secondary lysosome. |
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| A primary lysosome that has fused with either phagosomes or pinosomes. |
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| A membrane-bound vesicle, resulting from cellular ingestion of particulate matter such as heterophagosomes or autophagosomes. |
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| In lysosomal digestion, residual bodies are vesicles containing indigestible materials. Residual bodies are either secreted by the cell via exocytosis, or they become lipofuscin granules that remain in the cytosol indefinitely. |
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| Heterophagy is the process of lysosomal digestion of materials ingested from the extracellular environment. |
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| A catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. |
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| (aka plasma membrane) A selectively permeable lipid bi-layer (proteins and lipids) found in all cells. |
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| An Integral Membrane Protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the cell membrane. |
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| Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that adhere only temporarily to the cell membrane with which they are associated. These molecules attach to integral membrane proteins, or penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer. |
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| Extracellular polymeric material produced by some bacteria, epithelia and other cells. Term was initially applied to the polysaccharide matrix excreted by epithelial cells forming a coating on the surface of epithelial tissue. |
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| Membrane transport is the moving of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across biological membranes. |
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| Moving biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes without chemical energy. The four main kinds of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis. |
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| Facilitated diffusion (or facilitated transport) is a process of diffusion, a form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins. |
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| A family of biological membrane proteins which allow the passive movement of ions (ion channels), water (aquaporins) or other solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. |
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| A protein molecule, embedded in either the plasma membrane or cytoplasm of a cell, to which a mobile signaling (or "signal") molecule may attach. |
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| Primary active transport uses the chemical energy of, usually, ATP. Secondary active transport requires no source of energy and involves pore-forming proteins which form channels through the cell membrane. |
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| The uptake by or extrusion from a cell of fluid or particles, accomplished by invagination and vacuole formation (uptake) or by evagination (extrusion); it includes endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis. |
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| Endocytosis is a process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrance. |
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| “cell-drinking”. Small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| Also called clathrin-dependent endocytosis, is a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. |
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| The process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. |
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| Process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome. The phagosome is usually delivered to the lysosome, which fuses with the phagosome. The contents are subsequently degraded. |
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| Pseudopods or pseudopodia (false feet) are temporary projections of eukaryotic cells. |
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| A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism. It is connected to the nuclear envelope. |
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| Synthesis of steroids, lipids and carbohydrates |
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| Cytochrome P450 enzyme system is a group of enzymes involved in drug metabolism and found in high levels in the liver. These enzymes change many drugs, including anticancer drugs, into less toxic forms that are easier for the body to excrete. |
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| A small vesicle that is derived from fragmented smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Microsomes contain the cell's cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, involved in oxidative metabolism |
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| Extracted from the logwood tree. When oxidized, it forms a rich blue-purple color. Used to stain cell nuclei for microscope work. |
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| A dye that consists of an organic cation which combines with and stains negatively charged macromolecules, e.g. nucleic acids. It is used particularly for staining cell nuclei which contain nucleic acids. |
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| It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. |
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| Eosin is a fluorescent red dye resulting from the action of bromine on fluorescein. It can be used to stain cytoplasm, collagen and muscle fibers for examination under the microscope. |
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| An organic anion that binds to and stains positively charged macromolecules. |
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| Easily stained with acid dyes or grows well in acidic environments |
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Definition
| or a microbody, is a vesicle that contains a variety of oxidizing enzymes. These enzymes, particularly catalase and peroxidase, are involved in the regulation of H2O2 metabolism. |
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| A microbody is a cytoplasmic organelle of a more or less globular shape that comprises degradative enzymes bound within a single membrane. Microbodies are specialized as containers for metabolic activity. Types include peroxisomes, lysosomes, glyoxisomes, glycosomes and Woronin bodies. |
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| Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. |
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| Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose (Glc) which functions as the primary short term energy storage in animal cells. It is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by the brain, uterus, and the vagina. |
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| A pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. |
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| any of a group of fatty pigments that are found in various body cells and are associated with aging |
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| Responsible for skin color |
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| An abnormal microscopic pigment found in the human body that is composed of iron oxide & can accumulate in different organs in various diseases |
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| Any fat-soluble molecule such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins |
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| Cellelar 'skeleton' contained within the cytoplasm |
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| Thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplams of all eukaryotic cells |
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| One of the components of the cytoskeleton & of thin filaments |
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| Large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues that are responsible for actin-based motility |
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| Cytoskeletal structures formed by members of a family of related proteins |
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| Family of fibrous structural proteins |
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| Intermediate family of proteins found in cells of mesodermal orgin |
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| Intermediate filaments found specifically in neurons |
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| Made up of globular protein subunits which can readily be assembled & disassembled to provide for alterations in cell shape & position of organelles |
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| One of several members of a small family of globular proteins |
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| the arrangement of the axoneme, which makes up the core of the cilium (nine doublet pairs and two singlet arrangements of microtubules) |
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| Structure that separates the chromsomes into the daughter cells during cell division |
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| Barrel shaped organelle found in most animal eukaryotic cells |
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| Compose the walls of each centriole |
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| Cell-division cycle in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication including interphase |
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| Living' phase of cell, in which cell obtains nutrients, grows, copies its DNA, & conducts other "normal" cell functions |
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| Stage of mitosis when the chromosomes first become visible within the nucleus |
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| The nuclear envelope having disintegrated, the mitotic spindle moves into the nuclear area & each duplicated chromosome becomes attached, at a site called the kinetochore, to another group of microtubles of the mitotic spindle |
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| Characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species |
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| Stage of mitosis where the centromere (binds the chromatids of each duplicated chromosome) splits |
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| Final stage of mitosis- the chromosomes begin to uncoil & to regain their interphase conformation |
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| Process where the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to spawn 2 daughter cells, usually during the late stages of mitosis |
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| Process when a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type |
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| Form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms |
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| Unnatural death of cells & living tissue |
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| Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing programmed cell death of apoptosis |
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| Characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division |
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| Cell surface modifications |
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Definition
| modifications of specializations of the free or luminal surfaces of different cells (i.e. cilia, microvilli, glycocalyx) |
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| Organelle in eukaryotic cells that are tail-like projections |
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| Minute finger-like projections of the luminal plasma membrane found in many epithelia (those specialized for absorption where they increase surface area) |
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| Extremely long microvilli, readily visible w/ light microscopy (found in male reproductive tract such as the epididymis |
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