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Histology of the Nervous System
UCCS Bio 2010 Lykins- Lab Practical 4, Ex. 15
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2013

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Term
neuroglia and types
Definition
aka glial cells; brace and protect neurons
CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells
PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells
Term
astrocytes
Definition
most abundant CNS neuroglia; control the chemical environment around the neurons
Term
microglial cells
Definition
defensive phagocytes of the CNS that eat debris
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
line CSF-filled cavities and help with its production
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
myelinate axons in CNS for faster conduction of action potentials
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
myelinate axons of the PNS, but isn't continuous like oligodendrocytes-creates saltatory propagation
Term
satellite cells
Definition
surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS and control the chemical environment around them
Term
neuron cell bodies make up
Definition

nuclei-clusters making up gray matter in the CNS

ganglia-clusters in the PNS

Term
bundles of axons form
Definition
white matter: tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS
Term
What structures are found in the cytoplasm of the neuron cell body, besides the nucleus?
Definition
neurofibrils (provide support for the cell and a means of substance transport)
Nissl bodies (darkly staining, elaborate rough ER involved in cell metabolic activity)
Term
dendrites
Definition
receptive processes that have receptors for neurotransmitters released by axon terminals of other neurons
Term
axons
Definition
nerve fibers that form the action potential conducting region of the neuron
Term
axon hillock
Definition
slightly enlarged cell body structure, just before the axon begins
Term
collateral branches
Definition
aka axon collaterals; where the axon may first branch to form one or more processes at the end of the presynaptic cell
Term
terminal branches
Definition
aka telondendria; where the axon branches off of the collateral branches at the absolute end
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
aka myelin sheath gap; gaps between the myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells on the axons of PNS neurons
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
tight core of plasma membrane made by Schwann cells encompassing an axon of the PNS
Term
structural classification neuron types
Definition
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar)
Term
unipolar neurons
Definition
has central and peripheral processes on different sides of the cell body, with only the most distal part of the peripheral process acting as a receptor, and the rest being an axon along with the central process
Term
What do unipolar neurons do?
Definition
they are sensory neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS (afferent); nearly all neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS are unipolar
Term
Why are unipolar neurons more accurately known as pseudounipolar?
Definition
they are derived from bipolar neurons
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
have one process coming from each side of the cell body, one being the dendrite, and the other being the axon
Term
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Definition
they are quite rare- as a part of the receptor apparatus of the eyes, ear, and olfactory mucosa
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
many processes issue from the cell body, all of them being dendrites except for the axon issuing from the other side
Term
Where are multipolar neurons located?
Definition
most neurons in the brain and spinal cord and those whose axons carry impulses away from the CNS are multipolar
Term
functional classification neuron types
Definition
sensory (or afferent), motor (or efferent), and interneurons
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
aka afferent neurons; carry impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs, skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs
Term
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons typically located?
Definition
in the ganglion outside the CNS
Term
What types of neurons are sensory neurons, usually?
Definition
unipolar
Term
motor neurons
Definition
aka efferent neurons; carry impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or body muscles and glands
Term
What type of neurons are motor neurons, usually?
Definition
multipolar
Term
Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons typically located?
Definition
in the CNS
Term
interneurons
Definition
aka association neurons; situated b/w and contribute to pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons
Term
What type of neurons are interneurons?
Definition
multipolar
Term
Where are interneuron cell bodies always located?
Definition
in the CNS
Term
What type of nerves are the ventral roots of the spinal cord?
Definition
motor nerves
Term
Most nerves of the body, including all of the ____, are what type?
Definition
spinal nerves,mixed
Term
Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath called a(n) ____, which insulated it from the other neuron processes adjacent to it.
Definition
endoneurium
Term
Groups of axons are bound by a coarser connective tissue called the _____, forming bundles of fibers called _____.
Definition
perineurium, fascicles
Term
All of the fascicles are bound together by a white, fibrous connective tissue sheath called the _____, forming the cordlike _____.
Definition
epineurium, nerve
Term
synaptic terminals
Definition
aka axon terminals; the bulb end of an axon where neurotransmitters are stored and released
Term
nucleolus
Definition
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
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