Term
|
Definition
| cells which make the functional units of an organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| the connective tissue framework associated with the epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelia and its associated connective tissue which line the external surfaces of body tubes with an external connection and secrete a watery-type secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelia and its associated connective tissue which line the luminal surfaces of body tubes with an external connection and secrete thick viscous fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, surface reception, reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| line the inner surfaces of some body cavities, and outer surfaces of internal organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| a coating of glycoproteins and other complex sugars which cover the external surface of the apical plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a cylindrical array of microtubules, consisting of 9 “doublets” of microtubules around two single centrally located microtubules |
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Term
|
Definition
| function as “fixed” (not readily mobile) fibroblasts which synthesize reticular fibers (type III collagen); in lymphoid organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| capable of migrating away from the vessel and differentiating into other CT cells (fibroblasts /smooth muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagen type found in skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, and other interstitial spaces (course fibers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collagen type found in cartilage, nucleus pulposus (spinal column), and the vitreous body (eye)(fine fibers) |
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Term
| Functions of Connective Tissue Proper |
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Definition
| connect, suspend, form, thermodynamically insulate and mechanically cushion, site of food storage (energy), & important in repair and regeneration |
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Term
| Functions of Adipose Tissue |
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Definition
| conservation of heat and mechanical cushioning, also an important energy store (more energy pr gm); fat metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| region which separates from and physically binds the cartilage to the surrounding non-collagenous tissue; like a “capsule” in other organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural unit of bone formed by concentric layers around a central canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| a center of osteon – contains blood vessels, vasomotor nerves, and lining cells called endosteum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Concentric layers of bony matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| act to interconnect longitudinally arranged central canals with each other and the internal medullary cavity of the bone (lined with endosteum) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fragments of partially degraded, no Haversian Canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasmalemma of a muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitochondria of muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of muscle myofilaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| a single muscle cell, made up of multiple myofibrils, which are in turn made up of myofilaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structural and contractile unit of muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow twitch or type I fiber (slower contractile cycles) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fast twitch or typeII fiber (rapid contraction cycles) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Invaginations of the plasma membrane in smooth muscle to facilitate movement of Ca in and out of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| CT fibers and matrix surrounding each individual myofiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds bundles (groups) of myofibers, call fascicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds organized groups of fascicles (anatomically discrete muscles) – referred to as fascia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cell processes in the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cell processes in the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex network of nerve cell processes and connective tissue in which nerve cell bodies of the CNS are embedded |
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Term
| What do euchromatic nuclei look like and are they active or inactive |
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Definition
| They are light staining with basic dyes and are active |
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Term
| What do heterochromatic nuclei look like and are they avtive or not |
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Definition
| Tightly coiled chromosomal material that stains deeply during interphase and is believed to be genetically inactive. |
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Term
| intramembranous bone formation |
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Definition
| bone that is formed within embryonic connective tissue without a cartilaginous model precursor, replacement of loose connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of epithelium that lines vessels and is simple squamous epothelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of epithelium that lines all body cavities, and is simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| all serosal surfaces of the small intestine are lined by what |
|
Definition
| mesothelium lines all serosal serfaces in the small intestine |
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|
Term
| goblet cells are also called what, and what do they secrete |
|
Definition
| called unicellular glands, and secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
| what purpose does mucus serve |
|
Definition
| lubricate the passage of ingesta |
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Term
|
Definition
| microvilli lining the simple columnar epithelium of the proximal renal tubules of the kidneys is referred to as the brush border. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The microvilli lining the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine is referred to as the striated border |
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Term
|
Definition
| pleuripotntial stem cells that can develop into any connective tissue cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| made up of fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular) and amorphous ground substance |
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Term
| what type of cells secrete extracellular matrix |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| chondroprogenitor cells in cellular layer of the perichondrium give rise to chondroblasts that secrete extracellular matrix onto preexisting cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| chondrocytes out in the matrix undergo division |
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|
Term
| what is elastic cartilage |
|
Definition
| composed of hyaline cartilage frame that is reinforced with elastic fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| lacunae are key to recognizing it, found in carious location, particularly areas of transition from hyaline cartilage to tendons or ligaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensive branching at the termination of an axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| nervous tissue at CNS containing nerve cell bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| collagenous fibers and CT matrix between individual, adjacent nerve fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized ependymal cells ing the ventricles that contribute to the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid |
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|
Term
| 3 anatomic classifications of neurons and describe how different |
|
Definition
unipolar- one axon that bifricates
bipolar- two axon processes
multipolar- several axons and dendrites |
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|
Term
| 3 apical surface modifications and describe their function |
|
Definition
cilia- aid in the movement of material
stereocilia- increase surface area and absorption
microvilli- increase surface area and absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cell chiefly responsible for synthesizing circulating antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific type of fiber (lattice) located exclusively in basement membranes, adhesive in properties, not fibrillar |
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Term
|
Definition
| referred to as an undifferentiated, stellate shaped cell, these cells are pleuripotent and have the ability to differentiate into other CT cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| collective term for the connective tissue coverings around the central nervous |
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Term
|
Definition
| the structure responsible for bringing the action potential to the level of each sarcomere (activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the organic substance first laid down by an osteoblast before it is infiltrated with hydroxyapatite |
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Term
|
Definition
| space between osteoclast and the bony surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| attachment points for bundles of smooth muscle myofilaments, this is analogous to the Z line in skeletal and cardiac muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| modified cardiac muscle fibers- longer and paler staining, conduct nerve impulses within the myocardium |
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|
Term
| list luminal structures an O2 molec would pass, starting from larynx to type I pneumocyte in the lung. |
|
Definition
| larnyx..trachea.. bronchi.. bronchial.. alveolar duct.. alveolar sac.. pulmonary alveolus |
|
|
Term
| list 3 catergories of arteries and describe their structure and function |
|
Definition
arterioles- primary control of systemic blood pressure (control the distribution of blood to capilary)
elastic- conducting, large amounts of elastic fibers and function to maintain even flow and constant blood pressure
muscular- distributing, internal elastic membrane is usually highly convoluted, and functions to regulate volume in response to functional demand |
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|
Term
| three types of cells found in specialized sensory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ |
|
Definition
sustenacular (supportive)
basal (progenitor)
olfactory (neurosensory) |
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|
Term
| lymph flows into a lymph node by way of a ..... lymphatic vessel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lymph enters the ..... space/sinus just bebeath the limiting connective sissure border of the node. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lymph then flows through the ..... between lumphatic nodules to the ..... which is bound by the medullary cords rich in..... lumphocytes. |
|
Definition
cortical sinus
medullar sinus
b-lumphocytes |
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|
Term
| lymph exits the lumph node via ..... lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the 3 types of granular leukocytes and the basic differences between them ( what is the dye affinity of each, not the color) |
|
Definition
neutrophil- neutral, no color
eosinophil- acidic, acidiophilic, red/pink
basophil- basic, basophilic, blue/purple |
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|
Term
| two architectural types of bone |
|
Definition
spongy,cancelous, trabecular
compact, cortical |
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|
Term
| the primary cell type that makes up the bulk of the cells in the parenchyma of the thymus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| t-cells are supported by a cellular scaffolding within the parenchyma, these cells are called |
|
Definition
| epithelio-reticular cells |
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|
Term
| 4 classifications of connective tissue proper |
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue
loose irregular connective tissue
adipose tissue |
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|
Term
| an organized collection of nerve cell processes that form a definable anatomical structure is called a __ peripherally PNS and a __ centrally CNS. nerve cell bodies are often found in clusters or groups and have common functions. inside the CNS these coll |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two major components that make up the matrix of cartilage |
|
Definition
fibers (type II collagen)
proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate) |
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Term
|
Definition
| large, stellate shaped cells located in lymphoid organs and bone marrow which synthesize type III collagen |
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Term
|
Definition
| the structure which is not normally part of a tissue but is created during the making of the slide, a false structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of nerve cell body, and act to increase its surface area and enhance points of contact with other neurons (input region) |
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Term
|
Definition
| very large cell usually round but sometimes fusiform depending upon tissue site contains large amounts of heparin, histamine granules, plus proteases and esterases |
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Term
|
Definition
| region which separates from and physically binds the cartilage to the surrounding non-collagenous tissue, like a capsule in other organs composed of dense irregular CT surrounds all hyaline cartilage except articular surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| connect adjacent lacunae and enable cell-cell contact between osteocytes |
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|
Term
| skeletal muscle: location of nuclei? fiber shape? innervation? |
|
Definition
peripherally located
unbranched
voluntary |
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|
Term
| cardiac muscle: location of nuclei? fiber shape? innervation? |
|
Definition
centrally located
branched
involuntary |
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|
Term
| smooth muscle: location of nuclei? fiber shape? innervation? |
|
Definition
centrally located
fusiform
involuntary |
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Term
|
Definition
| high concentration of red cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds central arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
| acidophilic whorls unique to the thymus |
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Term
|
Definition
| often contains smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| germinal centers in spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| in between sinuses of red pulp |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflow space of node from afferent lymphatic |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arrange in order according to direction of blood flow through the spleen: ventral artery, venous sinus, trabecular artery, sheathed artery, splenic artery |
|
Definition
splenic artery
trabecular artery
central artery
sheathed artery
venous sinus |
|
|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
| replacement of loose CT with bone, no cartilage model/template |
|
|
Term
| endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| replacement of hyaline cartilage template with bone |
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|
Term
| 4 supportive cells of the CNS (central glial cells) |
|
Definition
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| if you were to prepare a blood smear from a healthy dog the two most common leukocytes expected to find would be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you were to prepare a blood smear from a healthy bovine the two most common leukocytes expected to find would be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space contained within a tube, cylinder or sphere |
|
|
Term
| 6 functions of epithelium |
|
Definition
protection
absorption
excretion
secretion
surface reception
reproduction |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of intercellular junctions |
|
Definition
anchoring
occluding
communicating |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of surface modifications |
|
Definition
microvilli
stereocilia
cilia
flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cylindrical array of microtubules, consisting of 9 doublets of microtubules around two single centrally located microtubules |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue components |
|
Definition
| cells, fibers, ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type I
type II
type III
type IV
type V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coarse fibers, most abundant, 90% body collagen, found in skin, bone, tendons, ligaments and other interstitial spaces |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fine fibers, found in cartilage, nucleus pulposus and vitreous body(eye) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reticular fibers, not easy to see without special stain, synthesized by epithelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| lattice, located exclusively in basement membranes, synthesized by epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| endochondrial ossification |
|
Definition
| replacement of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| 4 zones of endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
resting cartilage
zone of proliferation
zone of hypertrophy
zone of calcification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in cartilage and bone, cavity containing chondrocytes, cells divide and form isogenous groups or cell nests |
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Term
|
Definition
| microchannels withing the matrix that allow contact with adjacent osteocytes/blasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner cellular covering of bone, covers all inner surfaces- including the trabeculae and osteonal canals |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer covering of bone- highly vascularized and innervated (pian) |
|
|
Term
| most predominant cell type in periosteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts to anchor actin filaments, dark thin lines |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of centrally overlapping actin an myosin filaments at either end of the band and myosin alone in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of the Z line and the actin filament ends at either pole of two adjacent sarcomeres, (space on either side of a Z line) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of myosin only in the center of the sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center or sarcomere, composed of tails of thick myosin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT fibers and matrix surrounding each individual myofiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds bundles of myofibers called fascicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds organized groups of fascicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the cell body immediately surrounding the nucleus, typically highly granular and basophilic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of the nerve cell body and act to increase its surface area and enhance points of contact with other neurons, generally much shorter than axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term used to describe complex network of nerve cell processes and connective tissue in shich nerve cell bodies of the CNS are embedded, typicaly organized into functional groups called TRACTS which occupy specific regions of CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the formation of myelin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| very large nucleus, numerous thick processes, lie adjacent to blood vessels |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| neurolimmocyte equivalent in the CNS. smaller than astrocyte, few processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| origin appears to be the nonocyte, |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelial cells that line the neural canal of the spinal cord and the 4 ventricles of the barain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dura matter
arachnoid
pia matter
blood brain barrier |
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|
Term
| tunic pattern for blood vessels |
|
Definition
tunica interna-intima, internal elastic membrane
tunica media- smooth muscle in circular pattern
tunica externa-adventicia, external elastic membrane, blends into surrounding CT |
|
|
Term
| three types of capillaries |
|
Definition
continuous- continuous BM, lacks pores
fenestrated- fluid transport
sinusoidal- swiss cheese, discontinuous in BM, parenchyma of liver |
|
|
Term
| list the different tunics of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
tunica mucosa- lamina epithalialis, lamina propria, lamina muscularis
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica adventitia- when blended with trachea |
|
|
Term
| what is the propria submucosa |
|
Definition
| when no real definition between layer of smooth muscle for the lamina muscularis |
|
|
Term
| 4 parts to the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
vestibular region
respiratory region
olfactory region
volmeronasal organ |
|
|
Term
| what are the major changes that occur from the bronchi to the bronchioles |
|
Definition
| no cartilage, less smooth muscle, epithelium changes, no glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, pulmonary alveolus, type I pneumocyte, type II pneumocyte |
|
|
Term
| 3 cells of the immune system |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, stromal cells, antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gut associated lymphoid tissue, peyers patches of the young of certain species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| lumph nodes, spleen, MALT mucosa associated lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the pig lymph node |
|
Definition
| the organization is reversed, nodules in center, cords peripheral, flow inters the hillus and emerges in the capsular regions |
|
|
Term
| what is the flow within the lumph node |
|
Definition
| enters afferent lumphatics into subcapsular sinus into coritcal sinuses (in between nodules) to medullary sinuses (which are continuous with cortical sinuses) out via the efferent lymphatica at the hillus |
|
|
Term
| what is the arrangement of the medulla in the lymph node |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphoid tissue organized into branching lymphatic strands or medullary cords which are rich in B-lymphocytes, cords are surrounded my medullary sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce lymphocytes, filter lymph and produce antibodies |
|
|
Term
| flow through the vasculature of the spleen |
|
Definition
| splenic artery, trabecular arteries, central arteries, penicillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defensive
storage
intermediate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunologic defense- lymphocytes and antibodies
storage of red blood cells
filter blood- removal of worn out RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
palatine tonsil
lingual tonsil
phanyngeal tonsil
peyers patches (GALT)
cloacal bursa |
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|
