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Histology and Physiology of Tissues
The function and microscopic structure of epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2014

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Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
continuous sheets of membranes that cover the organs, line the body cavities and make up the layers of our skin
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
body's gatekeepers; protect, regulate and act as a barrier against movement of substances into and out of the body
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
continually lost and replaced by mitotic cell division; mouth and stomach every 2-3 days, skin every 2 weeks
Term
Glands
Definition
clusters of cells that are specialized to secrete and release substances
Term
Glands
Definition
are epithelial tissue and fall into 2 categories- exocrine and endocrine
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
remain connected to the epithelium by a passageway or duct (i.e. sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands)
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
become separated from the epithelium that produced them (i.e. hormones)
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
serves mainly to support and bind tissues together; consist of ground substance, fibers and various cells
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
6 types- loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
combines with epithelial tissue to form membranes; surrounds, cushions and supports most organs
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
3 types- areolar, adipose and reticular; contains capillaries and fluid-filled spaces that nourish the epithelium
Term
Areolar Connective Tissue
Definition
subcutaneous skin, mucous membranes, surrounding organs
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
subcutaneous skin, surrounding heart and kidneys
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition
supports liver, spleen and lymph nodes
Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
contains collagen fibers which are thick, numerous and densely packed with few cells; 2 types- regular and irregular
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition
are in an orderly arrangement; found in tendons and ligaments
Term
Tendon
Definition
connects bone to muscle; injury is a strain
Term
Ligament
Definition
connects bone to bone; injury is a sprain
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Definition
occurs in various directions; found in dermis of the skin
Term
Cartilage
Definition
flexible and resilient, consisting of widely spaced cells called chondrocytes surrounded by a thick, nonliving matrix called lacunae
Term
Cartilage
Definition
3 types- hyaline, fibro and elastic; covers the ends of bones at the joints, forms the ear, nose and intervertebral disc
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
white shiny substance; most abundant cartilage in the body and the weakest; supports joints, reduces friction and absorbs shock
Term
Fibro Cartilage
Definition
combines strength and rigidity and is the strongest cartilage; found in the intervertebral discs between vertebrae
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of structures (external ear)
Term
Bone Tissue
Definition
composed of osseous tissue (matrix of tissue hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate), periosteum, endosteum, red and yellow bone marrow
Term
Bone Tissue
Definition
classified as either compact or spongy depending on how the matrix and cells are organized
Term
Compact Bone Tissue
Definition
is an osteon (or haversion) system that contains lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a haversion canal
Term
Spongy Bone Tissue
Definition
consists of columns of trabeculae and contain some lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi
Term
Spongy Bone Tissue
Definition
spaces between lamellae are filled with red bone marrow
Term
Blood Tissue
Definition
composed largely of extracellular fluids; cellular portion consists of rbc's, wbc's and platelets all suspended in plasma
Term
Lymph
Definition
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition
specialized contractile tissue; consists of long, thin cells
Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition
3 types- skeletal, cardiac and smooth; produces motion, maintains posture and generates heat
Term
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Definition
voluntary or conscious control; main function is to move the skeleton
Term
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Definition
located only in the heart; spontaneously active and involuntary
Term
Intercalated Discs
Definition
interconnect cardiac muscle tissue, allow electrical signals to spread rapidly through the heart to stimulate coordinated contractions
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Definition
produces slow, sustained contractions that are mostly involuntary; named for lack of orderly arrangement of filaments
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Definition
embedded in the walls of the GI tract, uterus, bladder and large blood vessels
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
specialized tissue that transmits the electrical signals for all body parts to function
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
2 types of cells- neurons and neuroglia
Term
Squamous Cells
Definition
flat cells that attach to other cells like tiles; thinness allows for rapid passage of substances through them
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
lines the heart, blood vessels and lungs
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
multiple layers of cells; lines the mouth esophagus, vagina and tongue; 2 types- keratinized and non-keratinized
Term
Cuboidal Cells
Definition
cube shaped cells, sometimes have microvilli at their apical surface; function in secretion of mucus, sweat, enzymes and absorption of digested food
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
covers surface of ovaries, lens of eye, lines kidney tubules
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
makes up ducts of sweat glands and part of male urethra
Term
Columnar Cells
Definition
taller than they are wide; often have microvilli and cilia on their apical surface; protect underlying tissues
Term
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
lines GI tract glands
Term
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
lines upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, uterus
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
lines urethra and some glands
Term
Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
lines airways of upper respiratory tract and ducts of most glands
Term
Transition Cells
Definition
cells that change shape from cuboidal to flat and back as organs stretch; lines urinary bladder, ureters and urethra
Term
Collagen Fibers
Definition
very strong, flexible and resistant to pulling forces; consist of the protein collagen arranged in parallel bundles
Term
Collagen Fibers
Definition
found in bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
strong but extremenly flexible (can stretch up to 150% relaxed length without breaking); branches out and forms a network within a tissue
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
found in skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
supporting framework of many soft organs; consists of the protein collagen and glycoprotein produced by fibroblasts
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
found supporting the spleen, lymph nodes, fat cells, skeletal and smooth muscle
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cells
Definition
long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei; orderly pattern; 2% mitochondria in their cytoplasm
Term
Cardiac Muscle Cells
Definition
branched striated fibers separated by intercalated discs with one centrally located nucleus; orderly pattern
Term
Cardiac Muscle Cells
Definition
35% mitochondria in cytoplasm
Term
Smooth Muscle Cells
Definition
nonstriated fibers, thick in the middle and taper toward the end with one central nucleus; no kind of orderly pattern
Term
Neurons
Definition
contains a cell body, dendrites and axons
Term
Neuroglial Cells
Definition
surrounds, supports, electrically insulates and protects neurons
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