Term
| Name the three stone ages and defining features of them (relating to European history) |
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Definition
Paleolithic: 40,000 years ago, homosapians migrate from Africa to Europe
Mesolithic: Stone age, middle period, settlements arise
Neolithic: New stone age, tools refined, farming, trade/craft specialization |
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Term
| What are Venus figurines, what era, and what purpose did they have? |
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Definition
| Paleolithic figurines of well endowed/pregnant women. Probably for spirituality/rituals involving fertility, sexuality, or birth. |
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Term
| Which two places have the most famous cave paintings? What did one of these caves have that made it stand out? |
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Definition
| Lascaux France, Altamira Spain (which had handprint art) |
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Term
| Why were cave paintings made/what did they depict, and what time period? |
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Definition
| Paleolithic/Mesolithic era, depicted large game animals and symbols. Probably spiritual purposes or to "gain power" over the animals. Symbols for communication. |
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Term
| What were the main changes in the neolithic era? |
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Definition
Agriculture (wheat, barely, fruit, nuts...)
Domestication of animals (cow, pigs, sheep, goats)
Settling in villages
Trade
Specialization in a craft
Written culture, faster development of culture |
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Term
| What is Catal Huyuk and where is it, when was it? |
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Definition
| Largest preserved neolithic settlement. In Turkey. 6700-5700 BC. |
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Term
| What are the two main kinds of megaliths? What does "megalith" mean? |
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Definition
Megalith = "big stone".
Menhirs - upright, had markings
Dolmens - used as tombs with a roof slab, had spiritual meanings |
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Term
| What was a purpose for neolithic burial grounds besides burial? |
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Definition
| Astrological, sun worshipping. |
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Term
| What may have been the purpose of Stonehenge? What era were these created? |
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Definition
Neolithic era (7000BC to 1500BC)
Spirituality - worship of astrology, aligned with moon and sun, "protective" spiritual spaces |
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Term
| Name the five ancient Greek civilization periods and times. |
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Definition
Pre Greek (2000-1200BC) - minoans, myceneans
Dark Ages (1200-800BC)
Archaic Period (800-500BC)
Athenian Period (500-350BC)
Hellenism (333-31BC) |
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Term
| What did ancient Greeks "inherit" from the Minoans that came before them culturally? |
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Definition
Men and Women equal in society
Appreciation of art
Rationalism (i.e not brute force) to solve problems
Trade and Trade ideas |
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Term
| What were some differences between the Myceneans and Minoans? |
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Definition
Myceneans a waring people, no appreciation for art (blocky architecture, military like)
Minoans were peaceful, appreciated art, traded rather than plundered |
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Term
| What important tradition emerged during the Greek Dark Ages which helped the tribes to unify? What changed during this event? |
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Definition
| Olympic games. A truce was declared during the games (every 4 years) and helped develop a sense of Greek identity/had religious origins. |
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Term
| What were the two books Homer wrote? What impact did they have? |
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Definition
Illiad (conquer of Troy) and Odyssey (Journey home)
Helped shape image of a strong past and a hopeful future if unification occurred. |
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Term
| Define Polis, and its important features. What Greek era did this occur? |
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Definition
Polis = walkable city state. Archaic period.
Acropolis - protected worship/refuge site on hilltop
Agora - marketplace/meeting palce
STOA - covered walkway |
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Term
| How did the Athenian Age begin? |
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Definition
| Persians attacked Athens (battle of Marathon) and Athenians win - Spartans (other power centre) unite with Athens and all others recognize it as intellectual and Maritime capital |
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Term
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Definition
Greek states resented sending tribute money to Athens (especially Sparta)
Athens fragments into weaker groups
Peloponnesian wars with Sparta begin
Macedonians take over the area (Alexander the Great) |
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Term
| Name important features of Alexander the Great |
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Definition
Fan of Greek culture, pragmatic military
Conquered with a great army but benevolent
Founded Alexandria and the great library |
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Term
| Name some important Roman monuments (connected to war) |
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Definition
| Triumphal arch, Trajan's column, Statue of Soldier holding Dacians head, Rain Miracle, Ara Pacis Agustae, Relief from Arch of Titus, Colosseum |
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Term
| What people group did the Romans adopt basic practices from? What was a landmark from them? |
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Definition
The Estrucans (dining as couples, etc)
Villa Giulia |
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Term
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Definition
| A Roman port, which had an artificial harbour. Emperor Nero's predecessor built it. Had the Square of the Corporations, and advanced sewer system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best preserved Roman town, which was hit by a volcanic eruption. A wealthy retirement town. Has "Garden of the Fugitives" and "House of Vetti". |
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Term
| What was the name of the Roman province that became Spain at the end of the Roman empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the three Northern Barbarian tribes which invaded/took advantage of the weakening Roman Empire? Which held power? |
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Definition
| Franks, Visigoths, Vandals. Vandals held power until Muslim arrival. |
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Term
| What two factors lead to the Byzantine Empire in the East? |
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Definition
Adoption of Christianity by Rome in 4th century
Move to Constantinople (wealthy capital) |
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Term
| What inspired Muhammad to start Islam? |
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Definition
| Visions from Gabriel as a child during seizure episodes |
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Term
| What factors set Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain) apart from the rest of Spain? |
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Definition
Religious tolerance, blended customs
Learned culture (advanced math, scientific, and medical knowledge from Greek scholars)
Diverse diet and agriculture
Papermaking from China |
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Term
| What was the capital of Moorish Spain? What could be found there? |
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Definition
| Cordoba. Roman aqueducts, thousands of shops and mosques, 27 schools (elite men), largest library. Alcazar palace/fortress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 3rd largest Mosque at the time in the Muslim world, later converted to a cathedral. |
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Term
| What were Muslim-Christian relations like outside of Moorish Spain? Name a brief timeline of events. |
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Definition
| Muslims first seen and portrayed as a threat by Christians. Muslims first indifferent, but then became hostile out of fear of belief contamination. Segregation occurred amongst both groups. |
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Term
| What was the Reconquista? Name a timeline of events. |
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Definition
Takeover of Spain by Christians (kicked Muslims out). Bloody, destroyed Moorish art and architecture.
Began in 1100 by joint effort of Christian kings
1236 Cordoba falls
Granada last place to fall
Last Moores expelled by 1492 |
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Term
| What was the major development of Emperor Constantine? |
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Definition
| He developed Constantinople - separated Rome and Constantinople (which became Byzantine Empire) |
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Term
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Definition
| Invaded by barbarians and semi-nomadic peoples being pushed out of Asia by the Huns |
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Term
Which people ruled over Rome by 500AD?
Name specific people groups for Italy, Spain, England, and France |
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Definition
| Germanic Kings: Italy - Ostragoths, Spain - Visigoths, England - Angles and Saxons, France - Franks |
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Term
| Who was Theodore (Rome, 500AD)? |
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Definition
First Ostragoth ruler in Italy
Benevolant ruler (Successors not)
Maintained Roman govt style |
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Term
| Who was the first King of the Franks (482-511AD)? What religion (if any) did he follow? |
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Definition
Clovis
Converted to Catholicism in 500AD |
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Term
| How did Catholicism begin? |
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Definition
Pope Gregory I
Created Papal states, sent missionaries to Germanic kingdoms (civilize), Monasteries |
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Term
| Who was Emperor Justinian, and which Empire was he Emperor of? |
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Definition
He was an Byzantine Empire Emperor
Expanded kingdom (Southern Italy, Coastal Greece, Turkey, North Africa) - defeated Vandals and Ostragoths
Codified Roman Law (first to do it)
Built large important churches |
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Term
| Who was Charlemange, what were his largest accomplishments? |
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Definition
King of the Franks (300 years post Clovis)
-Enlightened Ruler (schools, academia, judicial courts, trade increase)
-Helped found the Holy Roman Empire
-Established the Carolingian Empire (short lived) |
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Term
| What divided Charlemange's kingdom, and who took each part? |
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Definition
treaty of Verdun
Charles - West
Louis - East
Lothair - Middle |
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Term
| When did the Crusades begin? What was the first and the last? |
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Definition
1000-1300AD
First: Pope Urban II wanted to retake Jerusalem (not what people wanted)
Last: 1270 |
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Term
| What century did the bubonic plague's first and deadliest outbreak occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kept Scandinavia isolated from the rest of Europe for a long time? Main effects? |
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Definition
Harsh Northern landscape - Rome did not/could not reach them
Isolated from European conquerors
Did not speak Latin
Did not adopt Christianity until much later than most others |
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Term
| What countries (5) make up Scandinavia? |
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Definition
| Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Estonia |
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Term
| Where were the vikings strongest in 8th century, and what was their first raid? |
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Definition
Denmark and Southern Norway
793, Lindisfarne Monastary |
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Term
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Definition
| Viking special ops group, may have been given drugs. Especially violent. |
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Term
| What was the name of the Viking ships? |
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Definition
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Term
| What impact did accepting Christianity play to the Vikings? |
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Definition
| Unified all Viking kings - a nationalistic force. |
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Term
| Which Viking Emperor was the first to unify his people under Christianity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Hanseatic League? Who started it and how did it end up? |
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Definition
| A trading empire initiated by German buisinessmen with Scandinavia from 1200-1397. The Germans ended up with the most power in the end. |
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Term
| Describe the Union of Kalmar |
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Definition
1363 Queen Margrete I took on the Hanseatic League
Scandinavia restored via reunification
Sweden resists Denmark as capital - Stockholm bloodbath
Gustav Vasa leads revolt against Denmark - centralizes govt, converts people to Protestantism |
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Term
| What happened to Denmark via king Christian IV? |
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Definition
Denmark sent into decline; spent all money from the Union of Kalmar etc
Sweden took over. |
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Term
| What was the most notable achievement from King Gustavus Adolphus? |
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Definition
| Military genius and revolutionized the 30 Years War (Conquered much of Russia, Poland, Denmark) |
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Term
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Definition
Unexpectedly invaded Denmark from the southern ice sheets
Denmark forced to sign treaty to give 1/3 to Sweden
Absolutism kicked off |
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Term
| What was the name of the way of thinking in the Renaissance vs Middle Ages? |
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Definition
Renaissance Humanism: individualistic, human potential and achievement
Medieval Scholasticism: Memorization, applying philosophical or theological teaching, no experimentation. |
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Term
| Who controlled Florence, Rome in the Renaissance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What made Venice's politics unique from other regions at the time? What effect did this have? |
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Definition
| Had city states vs a monarch or empire. Huge trading empire established, banking, and (semi) democratic government. |
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Term
| What was Venice known for (industry) and what was Florence known for (industry) in the Renaissance period? |
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Definition
Venice - shipbuilding, trade
Florence - banking |
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Term
| What did Charlemange attempt to do regarding Venice? |
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Definition
| Sent his Son Pepin (Holy Roman Empire) to try to take it over, failed. The Venetians elected a Pope loyal to Byzantium |
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Term
| Name the three social classes in Italy (as deemed by wealth) in the Renaissance |
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Definition
Populo grosso - high class, wealthy
Mediocri -middle class
Populo minute - meek, small voiced (low class) |
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Term
| Name the levels of government in the Venice constitutional oligarchy, who could vote? |
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Definition
Doge - mayor elected for life by the senate, executive head
Great Council of Patricians - wealthy families elected by the senate (new nobility)
2% of men could vote |
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Term
| What was the Arsenal in Venice? |
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Definition
| A great shipbuilding complex, could make a whole ship in a day, employed 16,000 people |
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Term
| Did Venice support the Crusades? |
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Definition
| Yes, they established a free trade zone in the East for Crusaders, defended ports/Byzantium |
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Term
| Who was Lefevre d'Etaples? |
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Definition
| Pre-Luther preacher who believed Bible access was the most important thing to society and would improve lives. |
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Term
| What did Erasmus (in Praise of Folly) believe? |
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Definition
Pre Luther Reformer type ideals
Humanistic focus to understanding the bible - remove editorials, decipher true original meaning
Simpler less institutionalized faith |
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Term
| What were some of the (generic) problems in the Catholic church before the Protestant reformation? |
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Definition
| Wealth, nepotism, double standards |
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Term
| What 3 people/groups tried to reform the Church before Martin Luther? |
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Definition
Wycliffe - wealth to the people not Church
Hus (Czech) - Freedom of religion against Rome, burned at stake
Internal Church Council - wanted better clergy education, accessible sermons, less corruption, shut down by higher authorities |
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Term
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Definition
| Paper given for "atonement of sins", would later need to be purchased - corruption. |
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Term
| What happened at the Crisis of Wittenburg in 1517? |
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Definition
Archbishop in debt, Pope allowed him to sell indulgences (highest corruption)
Bishop appointed John Tetzel (media rep) to sell them, gave a "menu"
Luther found out from his students, furious, spurred on his 95 theses |
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Term
| What are the core tenants of Lutheranism? |
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Definition
Only authority is the Bible
"We are the church"-leaders have place but not superior
Salvation by faith alone |
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Term
| What three things caused the information revolution and mass literacy? |
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Definition
Paper arriving from China in the 15th century
High quality Flemish ink in the 15th century
Johann Gutenburg's printing press (moveable metal blocks) |
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Term
| Who supported Luther? Why? |
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Definition
Governments and Princes - less church authority, clergy had to pay tax
Preachers - admired his ideas, gave better sermons
Peasantry - liked he defied authority, had peasant background
Women - equal dignity and value of men and women, no private confessions, allowed women to marry |
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Term
| What major difference did Calvinism have, where was it adopted? |
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Definition
Pre-destination based faith
Adopted by church of England, Church of Scotland, and New England |
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Term
| What faith did Holland accept during the Protestant Revolution? |
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Definition
| Only legal faith was Protestantism, but many Catholics still practiced in secret. Catholic churches destroyed and demoralized by Protestants. |
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