Term
|
Definition
| Chariot-Related chaos in Byzantium, military closes all exits and kills all revolters inside. |
|
|
Term
| Who were the heirs to the Romans? |
|
Definition
| Byzantium Kingdoms (turn towards the North, Mediterranean culture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took power of Constantinople |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Justinian's wife, animal trainer, may have been a prostitute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protection of women under the law (rape, protection, civil law). Others borrow from this law code. |
|
|
Term
| Justinian's Architectural Projects |
|
Definition
| Istanbul (largest church in the west), which is now a mosque, Hagia Sophia. |
|
|
Term
| Justinian, Arbiter of Faith |
|
Definition
| Shuts down The Academy, suppresses pagans, removes Jewish influence to diffuse differences |
|
|
Term
| Justinian Restoration of the Empire |
|
Definition
| Attempts to conquest Western Roman territory (gains Rome, N. Africa) |
|
|
Term
| Plague in Byzantium (541) |
|
Definition
| Large number of population dies and dries out tax base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot hold onto conquered territory, political conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German tribe that takes over Italy |
|
|
Term
| What type of government was present in Byzantium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus on protection of citizens, education, and happiness in the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did Basil II of Byzantium have an alliance with? (988) |
|
Definition
| Prince Vladimir of Kiev (Russia) |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of Basil II and Vladamir's alliance? |
|
Definition
| Moves Christianity into Eastern Europe (Eastern Orthodoxy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basil II takes territory back, defeats tribal people and blinds them all. Leave some 1/2 blind so they can go back to their leader. |
|
|
Term
| What was Basil known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No designation, loss of territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roman/Germanic Culture of the Franks |
|
Definition
| No single or unifying kingdom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Clovis do to encourage unity of conquered territories? |
|
Definition
| Invited them to join his army |
|
|
Term
| What did Clovis do out of fear of being succeeded? |
|
Definition
| Killed all possible successors |
|
|
Term
| How did Clovis test those who crossed him? |
|
Definition
| They were forced to grab a hot stone that would burn their hands. If their hands healed, they hadn't been lying. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian rulers endorsed by the church and enforced by military |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Merovingian kings were territorial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Handled political aspects for Merovingian kings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mayor, wanted to be king, Pope deposes of kings and send him to a monastery. |
|
|
Term
| Carolingian Dynasty (700s) |
|
Definition
| Pippin the Short's dynasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pippin the Short went to war with the Lombards to help the pope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pippin the Short gives the pope Italian territory, which would become the Papal States. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles the Great, son of Pippin the Short |
|
|
Term
| How does Charlemagne institute loyalty? |
|
Definition
| Conquest and conversion of pagans. If you don't convert, you die. (Results in brutal but effective conversion). |
|
|
Term
| How far does Charlemagne expand his territory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rescue of Pope Leo III (772-792) |
|
Definition
| "No Pope Guarantee" the Pope is accused of adultery and purgery and asks for Charlemagne's help to return to Rome and power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as Roman Emperor (turns focus of papacy to the West) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New capitol of empire after Charlemagne is crowns emperor in 800, causes tension between east and west |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scholarly Latin to unify language and text, Carolingian miniscule makes it easier for more to read, and an effort for the public to become more literate (enforced by Charlemagne) |
|
|
Term
| What two leaders after Charlemagne lead to the split of Europe? |
|
Definition
| Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald |
|
|
Term
| What three groups invade and conquer parts of Europe after Charlemagne? |
|
Definition
| Muslims (Islams), Magyars (Hungarians), and Vikings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vikings were farmers and part-time invaders (no helmets or pelts), they built ships to go up-river (didn't have to only travel in ocean), and would attack church and monasteries because they weren't well protected. |
|
|
Term
| What did vikings attack and loot most often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viking front-line soldiers clothed in bear skin (possibly drug-induced), took on the "spirit of a bear" |
|
|
Term
| How did cities keep vikings from attacking? |
|
Definition
| Cities would pay off vikings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carolingian successor, started a "New" European Empire |
|
|
Term
| What was the New European Empire called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area did Otto have vast amounts of territory in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Otto the Great succeed in ruling? |
|
Definition
| A lot of land, and force through army |
|
|
Term
| About what year did the Holy Roman Empire last under Otto the Great? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Roman Catholic Church in Europe focused on which side of Europe? |
|
Definition
| The west, eastern Europe focused in orthodoxy. |
|
|
Term
| Roman Catholic Church organization... |
|
Definition
| Hierarchical, more structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest land owner (Papal States), secular leader, utilized the army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established monasteries and influenced a shift from paganism to Christianity. |
|
|
Term
| What were St. Benedict's followers known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were monasteries centers of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event prompted the separation of Eastern and Western Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theological disagreements between east and west strengthen divide after crowning of Charlemagne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is not one arbiter in the East of faith like in West's Catholicism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Roman pope excommunicates the orthodox Patriarch causing a domino effect and cultural split of eastern/western Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything after the fall of the Roman Empire |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Dark Ages with Islamic practices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Edward the Confessor dies in what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes over England after Edward the Confessor dies. |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Hastings (1066) |
|
Definition
| William the Conqueror claims/conquers England and plants a line of descendents to establish a monarchy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depicts the brutal conquest of William the Conqueror into England |
|
|
Term
| Was William the Conqueror a good leader? |
|
Definition
| No, he loses a lot of money and land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signed at Runnymede in 1215 by King John to give rights (only to free men) |
|
|
Term
| Was the Magna Carta immediately effective? |
|
Definition
| No, but it served as a precedent for civil rights today |
|
|
Term
| What century did Islam begin to spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did Islamic practices begin? |
|
Definition
| Arabic Peninsula (Saudi Arabia) |
|
|
Term
| Who were the first Islamic practitioners? |
|
Definition
| Tribesman, pagans, bedouins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Black stone", worshpped before Islamic practices began |
|
|
Term
| What were Islamic practices based on? |
|
Definition
| Judaism, Christianity, and pagans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote the Qur-an (Koran) from messages sent to him from the angel Gabriel about Allah (God) in 610 |
|
|
Term
| What year did Muhammad write the Koran? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the foundation of Islamic practice? |
|
Definition
| Complete submission to God |
|
|
Term
| What is Muhammad also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Jesus in the Islamic belief? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Muhammad flee to when Mecca does not accept his practices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Muhammad do in Medina? |
|
Definition
| He is a politician and military leader |
|
|
Term
| In what year is Muhammad's Return to Medina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muhammad's successors, religious and political leaders (religious laws) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Submit to god, accept Muhammad as prophet, pray five times a day, pilgrimage to Mecca, fasting, and tithe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shiite vs. Sunni (Shiite believe to be a caliph you must be a direct descendent of Muhammad, Sunni do not) |
|
|
Term
| Which branch of Islamic practice spreads rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Sunni (into Africa, Middle East) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian and Jews can live peacefully in territory (tax agreement) |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Converting to Islam |
|
Definition
| You don't have to pay taxes |
|
|
Term
| Umayyad Family in Damascus |
|
Definition
| Sunni descendents spread Islam all the way to Gaul (France) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charlemagne and Charles Martel (defender of Christianity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Bloodspiller" invites 80 Umayyad princes to his home, clubs them to death upon arrival and covers them with rugs before eating dinner on them |
|
|
Term
| Where does the last remaining Umayyad prince flee to and what dynasty comes from him? |
|
Definition
| Cordoba, Spain and the Abbasid Dynasty (Baghdad) which rules through the 1200s |
|
|
Term
| The Islamic Renaissance (790-1050) |
|
Definition
| Arabic language becomes a common language, urban growth, women's roles, and translation of Greek texts on math, science, and medicine. New technologies and institutions also started. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First convert to Islam was a woman (Muhammad's wife), the men are required to support women/family, secluded settings for rich women, and men could have up to 4 wives (pay bounty for each). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No images of God allowed (Islamic belief) |
|
|
Term
| What branch of Christianity attempted to convert to Iconoclasm and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jew's scared space where Muhammad supposedly ascended into heaven |
|
|
Term
| What group is known as the "alternative" history in Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Mongolian Empire exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What made up the Mongolian Empire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Ghengis Khan", unites tribes and moves west to invade Eastern Europe (Russia) |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of Kingdom of Hungary |
|
Definition
| Monguls invade Hungary, but army retreats in 1242 upon the death of Ogedei Khan |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the Invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary? |
|
Definition
| Great loss of life in Eastern Europe |
|
|
Term
| When did Charlemagne die? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many parts did the empire split into upon Charlemagne's death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Free men", lords and vassel's relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lords and serf's relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compliance of feudalism and manorialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serfs were not slaves, work in rural areas, power was local (no central government), hierarchical, live and die in same position of system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Piece of land given to a knight from his lord in return for protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built for protection from invaders, all people living/working lord's land could enter castle upon invasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tries to ban castle construction because he is scared of local power, loss of the state power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replaced the 2-field system, divided fields into strips each strip was a different crop (strip-farming) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helping farm another serf's field close to your own in return for him farming one of yours close to his own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depleted soil resulting in loss of a field being farmed for a year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Land is divided between children (resulting to shrink of land over time) |
|
|
Term
| What does the issue of primogeniture lead to? |
|
Definition
| Only the eldest son inherited land, other sons had to become knights or clergy members (enter church for power) |
|
|
Term
| Could you move up in the feudalistic system? |
|
Definition
| No, you moved laterally, not vertically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Every Christian pays 10% of income to church (economic ties) |
|
|
Term
| What were the effects of feudalism? |
|
Definition
| No re-growth of monarchy (Why Germany did not grow a strong monarchy later and England/France did) |
|
|
Term
| When were the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10-14 centuries, resulted in a surplus of production and profit |
|
|
Term
| What power shift takes place in the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
| Power shifted from Lords to urban people (middle class) and those who trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle class in the High Middle Ages (root of Bourgeoisie) |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the population in the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
| Population grew (growth of towns), resulting in increased trade and promotes crusades |
|
|
Term
| Where does town growth develop in the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trade culture (craft, skill, and division of labor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of craftsman (monopoly)- promote quality, insure cost, and solve disputes |
|
|
Term
| Development of a Craftsman (hierarchy) |
|
Definition
| Apprentice, Journeyman, Master |
|
|
Term
| Banking in the High Middle Ages |
|
Definition
| Lords collected money, bankers exchanged money (no uniform monetary system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loans, credits, deciding what coins are worth |
|
|
Term
| What group of people were usually bankers in the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
| Jews, resulting in wealth of Jewish Community (later leads to antisemitism) |
|
|
Term
| What was city and urban life like in the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
| Walled cities for protection (encouraged urban life), overcrowded and dense, there was an urban identity, town governments, and basic freedoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intellectual life (re-growth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act of devotion, penance to the Holy Land (Islams and Jews) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impose taxes (resentment) on people living in their territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement in the High Middle Ages to limit private wars in the feudal society (limit knights) around 900s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women, children, priests (spared in war) |
|
|
Term
| Byzantine Plea for Aid (1095) |
|
Definition
| Urban II calls for people to help Byzantium conquer lands for Christ against Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urban II gives a compelling speech using salvation of sins and economic gain to compel people to fight in the crusades for Byzantium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "God Wills" for people to fight in crusade (makes crusades political and religious) |
|
|
Term
| First Crusade (1095-1099) |
|
Definition
| Goal is to gain lands back for Byzantium and conquer Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muslims, Jews, and Christians killed in battle |
|
|
Term
| What does the pope do after the first crusade with his troops? |
|
Definition
| Does not pull the troops out and orders them to establish cities (don't leave Byzantine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Run by Peter the Hermit and Water the Penniless, they march to the Holy Land and kill/pillage as they go for provisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The leaders of the People's Crusade believe that the holy spirit is in a Goose and follow it (thinking it will go to the Holy Land) |
|
|
Term
| What was the end result of the People's Crusade? |
|
Definition
| All members are slaughtered by Turks after not turning back when instructed to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crusader states are weak and try to pull out, Turks attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass slaughter of crusader states vs. Turks |
|
|
Term
| What was the end result of the 2nd crusade? |
|
Definition
| Germans who enter first are massacred and the French who come in second also fail. Crusader states don't lose Jerusalem, but they do lose Edessa. (Crusading ceases for a few decades). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saladin (Muslim leader) captures Jerusalem in 1187 and Western monarchs retaliate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English leader that does not get along with the French king (Dies in 1199 fighting the French) |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the 3rd crusade? |
|
Definition
| It was a stalemate, compromise wit Saladin to allow pilgrimage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shift from religious reason to profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offer to ferry crusaders to Holy Land in return for attacking trading posts along the way |
|
|
Term
| Sack of Constantinople (1204) |
|
Definition
| Loot and kill Byzantine Christians |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of the Sack of Constantinople? |
|
Definition
| People Innocent III is angry, but accepts all of the loot given from crusaders |
|
|
Term
| Legacy of the 4th Crusade |
|
Definition
| 800 years later, papacy apologizes to Eastern Orthodoxy for the Sack of Constantinople |
|
|
Term
| Children's Crusade (1212) |
|
Definition
| Spread of young people going to Italy, Italians refuse to take them to the Holy Land, French take them to Africa and sell them into slavery |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of all of the crusades? |
|
Definition
| Hostility towards Islam, military action, "Right Order in the World", Christian confidence, and culture superiority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peter Waldo and the Waldesians |
|
Definition
| Reject wealth, translate Bible from Latin to French, deemed a heretic in 1184 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peter Waldo's belief that everyone have have a direct relationship with God (no clergy needed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radical dualists (complete separation of material and physical world), stay as separated from material world as possible), no meat or sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Old testament God of the Cathars (evil ruler of material world), New Testament God is spiritual and has no human form |
|
|
Term
| Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) |
|
Definition
| Crusaders go into France and conquer Cathars by force (Catholics die too) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female communities that did not want to abide by family or convent but wanted spiritual independence with God |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Beguines? |
|
Definition
| The church forced them to chose between family or convent beliefs, some refused and were burned at the stake |
|
|
Term
| Papal Inquisition (1184-1252) |
|
Definition
| Pope Gregory IX made monks judges/jury of a court-like system to judge heretics, torture was legalized, public apologies and prayer regimen were standard punishment early on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anti-Jew feelings, increased during the crusades when there was heavy debt to Jewish bankers/loaners |
|
|
Term
| Rhineland (German) Massacres |
|
Definition
| Large scale massacre of Jews in the Rhineland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Faith and Reason together |
|
|
Term
| Lay investiture and Simony |
|
Definition
| The church appoints positions of leadership (simony means you pay the church for your position) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Archbishop of Canterbury refused to sign King Henry II's papers to bring accused clergymen to court |
|
|
Term
| King Henry II (1154-1189) |
|
Definition
| Wanted to charge clergy members in royal court |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes over after Henry II dies, allows Thomas Becket to return but Becket will not coronate Henry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Henry's knights murder Thomas Becket in a cathedral in Canterbury (St. Thomas) |
|
|
Term
| Investiture Controversy (1075-1084) |
|
Definition
| Pope Gregory VII wants to end state appointment of clergy positions, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, rejects the idea and is excommunicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Henry goes to Gregory and begs for forgiveness (which is granted) |
|
|
Term
| Concordat of Worms (1122) |
|
Definition
| After Gregory funds Henry's enemies for civil war, and Henry appoints a "fake" pope (excommunicated again) and funds an invasion of Rome, the church and state agree to appoint officials together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Church resembles medieval state (king-like pope), loss of central focus of religion, wealth of the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of the clergy required to unmarried |
|
|
Term
| St. Francis of Assissi (1181-1226) |
|
Definition
| Famous religious reformer, child of commercial revolution, spiritual awakening after illness |
|
|
Term
| What happens to St. Francis after his spiritual awakening? |
|
Definition
| He rejects the wealth of his father (rejects materialism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Followers of St. Francis, accepted by the peope as a monastic order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female equivalent to St. Francis (Order of St. Clare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts Dominican Order, preaches to Cathars and proposes education of preachers/clergy to increase "true" faith and recognition of heresy |
|
|
Term
| Growth of Education in the High Middle Ages |
|
Definition
| Universities, masters/apprentices, liberal art and religious educators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Students wore distinct gowns to identify themselves and their university |
|
|
Term
| Competing Ideas of Religion in the High Middle Ages |
|
Definition
| Do we use reason to understand faith or not? |
|
|
Term
| Peter Abelard (1079-1142) |
|
Definition
| Well-educated scholar, started a school in Paris, famous for his work "Sic et Non (Yes or No)" using logic and reason to see two points of view |
|
|
Term
| Heloise, Abelard, and Fulbert (1100-1163) |
|
Definition
| Abelard and Heloise have a child and secretly marry. Abelard send Heloise to a convent and in retaliation Fulbert has him castrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Either Mary (virgin) or Eve (deceiver) |
|
|
Term
| St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) |
|
Definition
| Spiritual belief of religion, wants to condemn Abelard's texts (1121) that encourages logic to explain religion (Abelard has to publicly burn texts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Faith and reason can co-exist, synthesis from 2 arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follows Aristotle's practices of the study of Nature and God, Muslim translator |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Aquinos (1224-1274) |
|
Definition
| Understand God by Nature and Nature by God (Summa Theologiae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of students gather to memorize/recite texts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exiled from Italy for protesting political leaders, made a map through the circles of hell (Divine Comedy, 1321) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medieval architecture, imagery important to illiterate, harmony of faith and reason through architecture |
|
|
Term
| What happened if you died while constructed a cathedral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cathedral built over 2 centuries |
|
|
Term
| When were the Late Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages" comparable to? |
|
Definition
| The Fall of the Roman Empire (chaos and disorder) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the Fall of Rome and the Late Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
| The time period following was not a decline (Renaissance) |
|
|
Term
| Overlapping Crises of the Late Middle Ages |
|
Definition
| Decline of church authority and papacy, pervasive warfare, economic depression, plague, and social crisis |
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Term
| Pope Boniface (1292-1303) and King Philip IV of France (1285-1314) |
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Definition
| Boniface declares papacy permission to give money to states (royal control) and Philip declares it is illegal and then sends and army to kill Boniface (who feels and dies after threatening eternal damnation to Philip) |
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Term
| Knights of Templar/Expel of Jewish from France |
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Definition
| Money schemes by Pope Boniface (he had Knights killed as heretics because he owed them money, tried to tax Jews upon expelling them from France) |
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Term
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Definition
| French pop elected, organized by Philip IV after Boniface's death ("fake pope") wants to settle in France for protection (settles in Avignon) |
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Term
| Babylonian Captivity (1305-1378) |
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Definition
| Takes church authority away by secular control with two separate popes |
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Term
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Definition
| Lived lavishly, charged heavy fees to clergy and bishops for revenue |
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Term
| Gregory XI and the Return to Rome (1378) |
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Definition
| English mercenaries and the 100 Years War present danger for the Pope in France, so he travels back to Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman Crowds pressured cardinals to elect an Italian pope, so they did |
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Term
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Definition
| "Replacement" French pope that returns to Avignon after Cardinal's elect him |
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Term
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Definition
| Crisis between two pops and who is the "real" pope (Avignon or Papacy?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pope vs. Anti-pope: a third pope is elected (Alexander V) in attempt to solve Great Schism |
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Term
| Council of Constance (1414) |
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Definition
| Martin V is elected, 3 other popes fade out |
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Term
| Hundred Years War (1337-1453) |
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Definition
| France vs. England (Edward III vs. Philip of Valois), debate over heir to the throne (true heir is English, but French want Philip) |
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Term
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Definition
| New warfare technology in the Hundred Years' War against France, quick and far shooting |
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Term
| Battle of Agincourt (1415) |
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Definition
| Assumed French victory, rain and mud ruined French warfare and English longbows were victorious |
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Term
| Mercenaries in the Hundred Years War |
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Definition
| English reliance on paid fighters that loot and scavange French country |
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Term
| Charles VI ("The Mad King", "Charles the Beloved") |
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Definition
| Suffered from schizophrenia (unaware of where or who he is), feared that he was made out of glass |
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Term
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Definition
| Said she was destined to lead French troops into Orleans (12 years old) according to "visions from God." Lead the French to victory at Orleas. |
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Term
| What happens to Joan of Arc? |
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Definition
| She is captured by the English and burned at the stake as a witch. |
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Term
| What is the effect of the Hundred Years' War? |
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Definition
| Agriculture decline, debt, death, population growth (nearly triple), edge of collapse, lack of products vs. consumers |
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Term
| Famines/The Great Famine (1315-1317) |
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Definition
| 1315, 1316, 1317, 1339, 1340 caused by Little Ice Age (colder, longer winters), low crop yield, inflation of prices |
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Term
| Plague of the Late Middle Ages |
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Definition
| Central Asia origins, spread through trade routes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mongol army (already dying of the plague) catapulted dead bodies into the city, spreading plague |
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Term
| When did the plague arrive in Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long did it take the plague to cover most of Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we THINK the plague was spread? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different types of the plague, one could be spread more contagiously (by people) |
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Term
| Impact of the Plague on Population |
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Definition
| 1/3-1/2 of the population die (50 million people) |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief of the people for the cause of the plague, breathing in bad air (odor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reported the plague happened due to a misalignment of the planets and suggested people don't sleep during the day, eat less meat, bathe less, and don't cook food in rain water |
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Term
| Venice's Attempt to Stop the Plague |
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Definition
| Venice quarantined ships on an island before letting passengers enter and spread the disease |
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Term
| Medical Treatments for the Plague |
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Definition
| Blood letting, leaking boil, cleansing air, cutting off infected areas (none worked) |
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Term
| Cultural Effects of the Plague |
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Definition
| Rise in mysticism, high death toll in the church loses public faith |
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Term
| John Wycliffe (1328-1384) |
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Definition
| "Disillusioned church", believed that a disassociation of power and control would lead to theological reform |
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Term
| What does John Wycliffe accomplish? |
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Definition
| Translate the Bible into English, gains followers (Lollards- condemned in 1415) |
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Term
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Definition
| Czech priest (University of Prague) that criticizes the church and defends Wycliffe at the Council of Constance in 1414 |
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Term
| What did Jan Hus believe? |
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Definition
| That all people should take both parts of communion, not just clergy members (bread and wine) |
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Term
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Definition
| He was convicted of heresy in 1415 and executed |
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Term
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Definition
| Supports of Jan Hus rally against the Roman Catholic Church over Hus' death, resulting in Bohemia residents taking full communion (bread and wine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Images of skeletons doing everyday activities (plague is a part of everyday life) very popular artwork |
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Term
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Definition
| Flagellants would strip, walk through cities, gather in a circle, and publicly whip themselves until they bled for a span of 33.5 days (Christ's life) to repent to God (thought plague was God's wrath). Flagellates condemned by pope in 1349. |
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Term
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Definition
| People accused Jews of poisoning wells and causing the plague (antisemitism), Empire rounds up and tortures Jews into admitting to doing so |
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Term
| Social Crisis of the Plague |
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Definition
| Less people to pay taxes so taxes rise |
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Term
| Ciompi Rebellion in Florence (1378) |
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Definition
| Peasants feel like they have the upper hand since they are the tax base, violent rebellion of workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Rebellion of French peasants during Hundred Years' war against nobles, violently supressed (in the long run, peasants do get reform of the system and higher wages) |
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Term
| Battle of Poitiers (1356) |
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Definition
| England captures French king (John) and he eventually dies in captivity due to France being unable to pay England to set him free |
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Term
| What is the result of the Battle of Poitiers? |
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Definition
| Peasants are angry at nobles for not being able to pay to get their king back and start revolting also because their land was ruined during wartime |
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Term
| When did the Renaissance take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Renaissance a combination of? |
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Definition
| Ancient practices and new modern practices |
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Term
| 3 Values of Renaissance Culture |
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Definition
| Politics over theology, humanism, and emphasis on human actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Classicism and ancient cultures, promotion of ancient scholarship |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus off of what God does and focus on what humans do |
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Term
| Why did Italy lead the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Weakness of feudalism, less susceptible to attacks, trade routes, wealth, and social mobility (no papal influence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wealthy families/upper class with power and influence |
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Term
| Independent City-States of Italy |
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Definition
| Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Naples |
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Term
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Definition
| Political power shared between men with wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| Oligarchy of Dukes (2 families) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Republic" of families, some with more power than others (Medici family) |
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Term
| Family Networks and Marriage |
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Definition
| Powerful families marry children into other powerful families creating networks to increase power |
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Term
| Alexander VI and Cesar Borgia (1492-1503) |
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Definition
| Papal States pope and his son after Babylonian Captivity who were very powerful |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander VI and Cesar Borgia hosted a dinner party with prostitutes, chestnuts, and orgasm scorecards |
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Term
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Definition
| 21 guilds, you must be a member in a guild to be a successful member of society in your trade (act as social networks, bring people together), contribute to cultural projects |
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Term
| What new subjects were taught during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Business, history, rhetoric, politics |
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Term
| Why was history important to the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| History was the study of human actions, if you understood history you would be better at your trade |
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Term
| New Cultural Values of the Renaissance |
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Definition
| Emphasis on using your talent, self-definition of yourself by your actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasis on action over passivity (make a difference by asserting yourself) |
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