Term
| At the start of the Renaissance, was Italy more similar to Greece or Rome? |
|
Definition
| Greece, Italy was not united, use of power politics and instability |
|
|
Term
| What was the political setting at the start of the Italian Renaissance? |
|
Definition
| Power politics, instability, power in city-states |
|
|
Term
| Period of Civic Humanism (1300-1430) |
|
Definition
| Humans are political creatures, citizen participation in debates |
|
|
Term
| Leonardo Bruni (1369-1444) |
|
Definition
| Pushed for civic humanism, civic involvement, skeptic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Using questions to affirm knowledge, religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rule of families, head of family rules |
|
|
Term
| Class Conflict During the Renaissance (1430-1494) |
|
Definition
| Citizen Militias vs. Condottiere, rule maintained by force |
|
|
Term
| Populo Grosso, Pooulo Minute |
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Definition
| Big people/Rich people, Little people/Poor people |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Florence's despots, rule from 1449-1492, Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo |
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Term
|
Definition
| Funding for the arts, rule through banking fortune, pull political strings |
|
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Term
| Lorenzo Assassination Attempt (1478) |
|
Definition
| Lorenzo almost killed after Easter Mass, brother killed instead, Lorenzo kills all involved (including an archbishop), excommunicated by Pope forbidding Florence to practice sacraments |
|
|
Term
| Piero the Unfortunate and Exile (1494-1512) |
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Definition
| Rules for two years before being exiled, all involved in rule are tortured upon Medici return |
|
|
Term
| Cesar Borgia and Alexander VI |
|
Definition
| Papal despotism, Pope and stepson spend large sums of money, kill opposition, upon Alexander's death Cesar is arrested |
|
|
Term
| End of Italian Autonomy (1494-1530) |
|
Definition
| Period of foreign invasions, internal warfare |
|
|
Term
| Internal Warfare in During Renaissance |
|
Definition
| Strong city-states take over weak city-states (Florence, Milan, Papal States) |
|
|
Term
| Intervention of France (1494) |
|
Definition
| Charles VIII intervenes upon Milan's request, conquers most of Italy after arrival (power struggle for Italy) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ferdinand of Aragon is invited to fight off French |
|
|
Term
| Charles I/Charles V Italian Invasion |
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Definition
| Ferdinand of Aragon dies, Charles I/V takes over both armies, rendering territory to papacy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mercenaries march on Rome and take over, civilians killed, Rome looted/destroyed (more devastating than the Fall of Rome), gives land in Italy to Charles |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of warfare in Italy? |
|
Definition
| Renaissance spreads out of Italy towards North |
|
|
Term
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) |
|
Definition
| Brief rule in Florence during Medici absence, tortured and exiled by Medici Family upon return, writer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Written by Machiavelli, dedicated to Medici Family, explains how to get and keep rule, quest for power is human nature |
|
|
Term
| Secular Themes of Renaissance |
|
Definition
| Personal achievement, human ambition, intellectual and physical pleasure, human action over passivity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Interpretation of the Renaissance, focus o the individual |
|
|
Term
| Patrons of Culture During the Renaissance |
|
Definition
| Guilds, social elites, patrons pay for cultural advances |
|
|
Term
| Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) |
|
Definition
| "Father" of the Renaissance, grew up in Avignon, focus on Cicero, wrote poetry, first professional writer (earns salary from literature), wrote in vernacular, coins term "Dark Ages" |
|
|
Term
| Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) |
|
Definition
| Vernacular prose, grew up in Avignon/Naples, writes that human existence is still alive, encourages people to laugh |
|
|
Term
| Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) |
|
Definition
| Nobleman, spent life at court as courtier |
|
|
Term
| Book of the Courtier (1528) |
|
Definition
| Castiglione work, guide to be a great courtier/succeed in court life, focus on culture |
|
|
Term
| The Platonic Academy (1438) |
|
Definition
| Funded by Medici family, focused on Plato's ideas |
|
|
Term
| Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) |
|
Definition
| Connects ancient world and Christianity, connects Plato's ideas to Christian foundations |
|
|
Term
| Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) |
|
Definition
| Ficino's student, wrote The Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), an ode to humanity, optimistic view on free will |
|
|
Term
| Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) |
|
Definition
| Historical writer, discovers that the Donation of Constantine is fake through historical texts, focuses on looking into past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Classical architecture, sculptures, paintings, focus on human body/self portraits, naturalistic, humanistic, realism/detail |
|
|
Term
| Advances in Renaissance Art |
|
Definition
| Oil-based paints, painting on canvas, switch from wood and egg based paints, new perspectives (using math to add dimension), shading and color |
|
|
Term
| Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519) |
|
Definition
| "Renaissance Man" did it all, not from wealth/bastard child |
|
|
Term
| What was the main difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverse, reform, revitalize the church |
|
|
Term
| Political Preconditions for Cultural Exchange in N. Europe |
|
Definition
| Kings wanted to fund culture/arts, kings tired of sharing citizens with Pope |
|
|
Term
| Technological Preconditions for Cultural Exchange in N. Europe |
|
Definition
| Printing press (Gutenberg, 1455), allowed ideas to spread |
|
|
Term
| Gutenberg Printing Press (1455) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impact of Gutenberg Press on Government |
|
Definition
| Made governments more efficient, ability to print decrees and laws |
|
|
Term
| Impact of Gutenberg Press on Religion |
|
Definition
| Influenced relationship of people with church, Bible printed in vernacular, ability to read Bible on their own without church assistance, harder to control heretic texts |
|
|
Term
| Intellectual Concerns of N. Humanism |
|
Definition
| Textual analysis of the Bible, different Bibles in circulation, original/pure text wanted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote Imitation of Christ (1425), focus on individual relationship with God |
|
|
Term
| Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) |
|
Definition
| Illegitimate son of Netherlands priest, satirical writer, advocated for individual relationship with Christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written by Erasmus, satirical work that criticized religious leaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erasmus' work, advocated for individual relationship with Christ and to live like Christ would live in his life |
|
|
Term
| The New Greek Testament (1515) |
|
Definition
| Erasmus wanted purify sacred texts from Greek original, first Greek New Testament (all but Revelations, where pages were missing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parliament member under Henry VIII, avid Catholic, beheaded for refusing to sign documents establishing the Church of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More's work poking fun at cultural norms, socialist/communist ideas presented (religious toleration/people living peacefully together), advocated for a more equal society |
|
|
Term
| Francois Rabelais (1494-1553) |
|
Definition
| Doctor in southern France, published satirical writing under a pseudonym |
|
|
Term
| Gargantua and Pantagruel (1533) |
|
Definition
| Satirical fiction published by Rabelais about two giants who travel and mock people in power |
|
|
Term
| Were Christian Humanists Protestant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erasmus-Luther Correspondence |
|
Definition
| Communication through letters arguing about whether or not to break with the Catholic church and opinions on free will |
|
|
Term
| More's Response to Luther |
|
Definition
| More published literary works against Luther and accused him of being a heretic |
|
|
Term
| Impact of Humanism on the Reformation |
|
Definition
| Humanism's focus on piety encouraged ideas to be taken radically and forced separation of church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian unity disappears, Catholic church cannot recover, divide in Europe between Catholics and Protestants |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Reformation on Politics |
|
Definition
| Wars begin to be fought over Catholic vs. Protestant views, fight over territory, disloyalty to leaders (break with Middle Ages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lutherans, Calvinists, Social Radicals, Church of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social radicals, believe in unity for all, believe in adult baptism |
|
|
Term
| Issues in N. Europe During Reformation |
|
Definition
Church: money-making schemes, focus on power, selling of relics/indulgences, selling church offices
Economic: expensive church projects, citizens tired of tithing/sharing land
Political: Rulers dislike loyalty to church over themselves |
|
|
Term
| Martin Luther (1483-1546) |
|
Definition
| After near-death experience, promises St. Anne he will become a priest if he survives, dedicates himself to faith |
|
|
Term
| Pilgrimage to Rome (1500s) |
|
Definition
| Luther travels on foot to Rome for pilgrimage, learns of church corruption and leaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Realizes that salvation can be reached only through God's grace, not through good works, humans sinful by nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prompted by Tetzel selling indulgences to pay for St. Peter's Bascilla, 95 complaints of church and corruption, posted on a cathedral in Wittenburg |
|
|
Term
| Luther's Excommunication (1520) |
|
Definition
| Church does not support Luther's ideas, asks him to stop spreading ideas, refuses and is excommunicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Luther is summoned and asked by German priests to recant ideas, he refuses and seeks aid from Frederick of Saxony (ally to Charles V) who allows his ideas to spread through influential wealthy German leaders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sacraments, priesthood of all believers, celibacy not required for clergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huldrych Zwingli (Zurich) in Switzerland argues over whether the body/blood of communion is literal or symbolic (Eucharist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eucharist debate, no conclusion found, many different branches of Christianity begin to form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frenchman, reads Luther and becomes Protestant, several differences, begins Calvinism in Geneva |
|
|
Term
| Affair of the Placards (1534) |
|
Definition
| People in France post Luther's ideas, Protestants began to be prosecuted for spreading ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calvin idea of predestination (double predestination) that certain people are determined to go to heaven and some to hell |
|
|
Term
| Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) |
|
Definition
| Explains double predestination and theocracy (in choice between state and church, you choose church) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corresponds with Calvin from France over their ideas of the Trinity, condemned to die in France for heresy, flees to Geneva and is burned in 1553 for heresy |
|
|
Term
| Swabian Peasant Revolt (1525) |
|
Definition
| German peasant's lives are not improving, revolt against nobles and turns into violent battle |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for Wars of Religion |
|
Definition
| Economic and political issues already present, religion adds fuel to the fire, both sides see the other as condemned to hell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Art used as propaganda of popes descending into hell and monks originated from devil's feces |
|
|
Term
| Protestant Bases in N. Europe |
|
Definition
| Lutheran rulers in Germany, Calvinists in Geneva, Huguenots in France, Church of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of England, founded Church of England, married 6 times, father of "Bloody" Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I, Edward Tudor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Establishes the Church of England to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heir to English throne, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, "Bloody Mary", makes England Catholic after father's death, Protestant persecution, dies from cancer |
|
|
Term
| Imprisonment of Elizabeth |
|
Definition
| Mary imprisons Protestant sister Elizabeth in the Tower of London due to fear of being overthrown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, succeeds sister Mary Tudor, Protestant ruler, religious toleration, brings England to forefront of European power |
|
|
Term
| Mary Queen of Scots (1587) |
|
Definition
| Catholics wish for Elizabeth's Catholic cousin, Mary, to take over the throne. Mary loses her own throne in Scotland, flees to England, is imprisoned and beheaded for treason. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English radicals that wanted complete separation of Church of England from Catholicism |
|
|
Term
| Catholic Territories During Reformation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Council of Trent (1545-1563) |
|
Definition
| High church officials meet to make church better/purify intentions |
|
|
Term
| Results of the Council of Trent |
|
Definition
| Affirmation of Catholic doctrines (celibacy, sacraments, sainthood), reform efforts (better educated priests, get rid of holding multiple offices/selling offices), The Index (list of banned texts/ideas/books) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| List of banned texts from Catholic faith (included Luther, Calvin, science, and other Protestant work) |
|
|
Term
| Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) |
|
Definition
| Writes "Spiritual Exercises" as a guideline for following God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monastic order for the Pope, reconfirm Catholic faith, convert Protestants, Pope's elite (conspiracy theories) |
|
|
Term
| St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) |
|
Definition
| Female piety who wrote about personal encounters with Christ |
|
|
Term
| Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon (1469) |
|
Definition
| marriage made Spain most powerful country of the time, united monarchy and more powerful Spain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Last Muslim Kingdom to survive in Spain falls, consolidates power to throne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accusations/executions of other religions, Muslims expelled, Jewish prosecution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of Inquisition, powerful/unified kingdom in Spain, wealth |
|
|
Term
| Charles I/Charles V (1516-1556) |
|
Definition
| Ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holy Roman Empire civil wars between Protestants and Catholic princes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established that Prince of territories in Germany can chose religion and people of that territory are that religion (The North becomes Protestant, the South becomes Catholic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes over after Charles V |
|
|
Term
| Netherlands Revolt (1560-1609) |
|
Definition
| Protestants believe that Philip II is going to invade and attack, they begin attacking Catholics prompting Philip II's response |
|
|
Term
| William of Orange (William the Silent) |
|
Definition
| Led revolt in the Netherlands, was assassinated. |
|
|
Term
| The Spanish Armada (1588) |
|
Definition
| Philip angry over Elizabeth's refusal to marry/ally with Spain, invades England by naval force to ensure Catholic monarch, results in English victory |
|
|
Term
| Results of Spanish Armada |
|
Definition
| English victory, Spanish embarrassment, give wealth and power to England, influential country |
|
|
Term
| Spanish Settlement (1609) |
|
Definition
| Spanish Netherlands and Holland |
|
|
Term
| French Civil War (1562-1589) |
|
Definition
| King Henry II dies in jousting accident and 3 heirs die, French Catholics and French Protestants begin to fight |
|
|
Term
| St. Batholomew's Day Massacre (1572) |
|
Definition
| Catholic mob murders Huguenots, results in violence/civil war for 15 years |
|
|
Term
| Henry of Navarre (1589-1610) |
|
Definition
| Protestant ruler in line for French throne, converts to Catholicism to become king (Henry IV) and is tolerant of both sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious toleration, slows momentum of civil war |
|
|
Term
| Catholic's Response to Edict of Nantes |
|
Definition
| Catholics disagree with Edict, believe Henry is a secret Protestant/Huguenot, have Henry assassinated by extremists |
|
|
Term
| European Superiority (1537) |
|
Definition
| Europe far ahead of other European cultures, wants to expand |
|
|
Term
| Motives for Exploration/Conquest |
|
Definition
| Three G's (Gold, Glory, God), wealth (gold, silver and spices), increased power in Europe, prestige, increasing opportunities for trade, spreading the Christian religion, building European Empires |
|
|
Term
| Fall of Byzantine Empire to Ottoman Turks (1453) |
|
Definition
| Fall of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, led the assault. The siege lasted for fifty days. |
|
|
Term
| Explanations for Conquest (Economic, Political, Religious) |
|
Definition
| Need for more elaborate trade routes, European rulers wanted to expand territory/power, groups like Puritans wanted freedom of religioun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The compass, the Astrolabe, telescopes, charts/maps |
|
|
Term
| State Financing of Exploration |
|
Definition
| Joint-Stock companies, leaders wanting to fund exploration to expand territory |
|
|
Term
| Henry the Navigator/ Prince Henry (1394-1460) |
|
Definition
| An important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade, third child of King John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster. Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast. Henry is regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration. |
|
|
Term
| Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) |
|
Definition
| African coastline exploration, Portuguese explorer, voyage to India (1497-1498), discovered spice trade, discovery of an ocean route from Portugal to the East |
|
|
Term
| Christopher Columbus (1446?-1506) |
|
Definition
| From Italy, sailed for Portugal, Voyage to the Caribbean (1492) (attempt to find route to Asia, found New World instead), funded by Spain, disproved Flat Earth theory, Hispaniola |
|
|
Term
| Ferdinand Magellan's Trip Around the World (1519-1522) |
|
Definition
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer born in Sabrosa and served King Charles I of Spain in search of westward route to the "Spice Islands." Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines.
Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, which he was the first European to note,[1] and the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies. |
|
|
Term
| Conquistadors/Native American Empires |
|
Definition
| Mayans/Astecs (capitol of Tenochtitlan) in modern day Mexico, Spanish Conquistadors, Incas in Machu Piccu |
|
|
Term
| Hernando Cortés in Mexico (1519-21) |
|
Definition
| Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire (Montezuma) and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King. Born in MedellÃn, Spain. |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of New World Exploration |
|
Definition
| Disease, brutal Spanish rule, encomiendas, silver mines, slave trade, missionary work |
|
|
Term
| Bartholomew de Las Casas (1474-1566) |
|
Definition
| Arriving as one of the first settlers in the New World he opposed treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. In 1515 he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in behalf of rights for the natives. |
|
|
Term
| Results of Exploration in the New World |
|
Definition
| Colonialism, Wealth, Age of Discovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer. The Americas are believed to be named after him. |
|
|
Term
| Pope Alexander VI and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) |
|
Definition
| The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed at Tordesillas in 1494 and divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal. The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a poor uneducated man born in 1475 in Jerez de los Caballeros in Estremadura. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean and claimed it for Spain. |
|
|
Term
| Francisco Pizarro and the Incan Empire (1533) |
|
Definition
| Landed in Ecuador in 1532, made first Spanish settlement in named San Miguel de Piura in July 1532, attacked Incan army in the Battle of Cajamarca, and eventually took Cuzco in 1533. |
|
|
Term
| Debate with Sepulveda (1550) |
|
Definition
| The Valladolid debate (1550–1551) concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio in Valladolid. Dominican friar and Bishop of Chiapas Bartolomé de las Casas argued that the Amerindians were free men in the natural order and deserved the same treatment as others, according to Catholic theology, opposing him was Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, who insisted that the Indians should be punished and therefore reducing them to slavery or serfdom was in accordance with Catholic theology and natural law. The affair served to establish las Casas as the primary defender of the Indians and saw the New Laws of 1542 upheld and weakened encomienda system. |
|
|
Term
| A Short Account of the History of the Indies (1542) |
|
Definition
| A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies is an account written by the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 (published in 1552) about the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas in colonial times and sent to then Prince Philip II of Spain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First- 1497, year-long visit to the New World
Second- 1499, expedition in the service of Spain with Alonso de Ojeda, intending to sail around the southern end of the Africa into the Indian Ocean. Vespucci sailed southward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon River and Trinidad and the Orinoco River.
Third- 1501, intention to said to Asia, traveled to Brazil
Fourth- 1503, little known |
|
|
Term
| Social Relations in Early Modern Europe |
|
Definition
| Price revolution produces large inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French clergy, noblemen, commoners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads to economic "winners" and "losers", inflation (400%), high demand and low supply, many people can't afford new prices of New World exploration |
|
|
Term
| "Losers" in the Inflationary Economy |
|
Definition
| Consumers who don't produce anything, those without land, poor people (urban life emerges) |
|
|
Term
| "Winners" in the Inflationary Economy |
|
Definition
| Primogeniture (those with a lot of land), merchants (suppliers), bureaucrats (increasing demands, sophisticated professions) |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Differences Between Classes in the Inflationary Economy |
|
Definition
| Visual difference between classes emerges, speech/clothing/culture differences |
|
|
Term
| Eastern Europe in the Inflationary Economy |
|
Definition
| Biggest loser of new economy, cannot participate in exploration, agricultural income, serfdom still present, increases divide between East and West |
|
|
Term
| Gender Relations in Early Modern Europe |
|
Definition
| Women are still dependent on men, marriage is economic transaction, women's role is to produce children early and often |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Unyoked is Best" (wants women to remain unmarried), catholic believer in Netherlands, educated, taught "Critique of Luther" |
|
|
Term
| New Skepticism in Early Modern Europe |
|
Definition
| Age of Discovery/Reformation bring autonomy, Renaissance encourages free will and humanity, two major strands of Christianity present |
|
|
Term
| Themes of Skepticism in Early Modern Europe |
|
Definition
| Ambiguity, no absolute truths are acceptable of different truths, tolerance needed |
|
|
Term
| Michael de Montaigne (1533-1592) |
|
Definition
| French writer in the 16th century (Wars of Religion), had a Catholic mother and Protestant/Jewish father |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disgusted by religious wars, argued for toleration in his Essays (1580) that all is certain is that nothing is certain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magical power through pact with the devil, sex with devils, and tamper with male organs, around 1/3 of trials resulted in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beer consumption begins because it is safer than water, more nutrients (liquid bread) |
|
|
Term
| Results of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) |
|
Definition
| Development of secular power, breakdown with the pre-modern period, debt |
|
|
Term
| Military Revolution After the Thirty Years War |
|
Definition
| New weaponry, unit construction, deployment, battle stations, military as a profession/training, military academies, large armies/uniforms/discipline/logistics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prince could choose to be Lutheran or Catholic (N. princes went Lutheran, S. princes go Catholic), Calvinists not addressed, delays Thirty Years War, does not resolve conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increasingly Protestant territory, reject rule of Ferdinand II/Hapsburg rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bohemian members throw Ferdinand II's delegate from Prague out of the window, symbolically rejecting Catholicism |
|
|
Term
| Frederick V (Winter King) |
|
Definition
| Elected by Bohemians to go to war with Hapsburg rule |
|
|
Term
| Battle of White Mountain (1620) |
|
Definition
| First wave of Thirty Years War, Bohemians lose, Protestants lose (regional conflict, violent) |
|
|
Term
| Four Phases of the Thirty Years War |
|
Definition
| Bohemian Phase (1618-1625), Danish Phase (1625-1629), Swedish Phase (1630-1635), French/Swedish Phase (1635-1638) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of Denmark (Christian IV) trolls territory nervous of Protestant uprising, Hapsburgs hire Albrecht von Wallenstein (Czech Protestant) to fight for their side |
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Term
| Edict of Restitution (1629) |
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Definition
| Outlaws Calvinism and gives land to Catholics |
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Term
| Swedish Phase (1630-1635) |
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Definition
| Gustavus Adolphus pushes Empire army back with Protestant army, Louis XIII (9 year old king) and advisor, Richeleau are encircled by Spanish Hapsburgs so they fund Protestant forces (political not religious decision) |
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Term
| Death of Adolphus (1632) and Death of Wallenstein (1634) |
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Definition
| Adolphus' death leads to a surge of Catholic forces, Wallenstein is excuted by Ferdinand II for going rogue and exhibiting odd behavior |
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Term
| French/Swedish Phase (1635-1638) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| French victory in Netherlands, war ends partially out of inevitable victory and debt of all countries involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Destructive war, around 8 million dead (tremendous loss in Germany), taxes rise, revolts of angry citizens, disease |
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Term
| Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
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Definition
| Diplomatic congress meets (Pope not present), German territories are decentralized, Lutherans gain back what they had lose, Calvinism added to Peace of Augsburg, citizens did not have to agree to prince's religion, France rises in power, Spain declined in power, economies destroyed |
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Term
| Scientific Revolution (16th century) |
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Definition
| Renaissance/Reformation challenged authority and tradition, money/resources available to fund science, exploration prompts discovery |
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Term
| Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) |
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Definition
| Father of Empiricism (seeing world as it is), Father of the Scientific Method, knowledge is power |
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Term
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Definition
| Observation to make conclusion, inductive reasoning |
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Term
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) |
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Definition
| French, jack of all trades, avoids French Catholics in Amsterdam and becomes a court philosopher in Sweden |
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Term
| Discourse on Method (1637) |
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Definition
| Ways to the truth: doubt everything, question everything ("I think, therefore I am"), not all science is empirical, if we can think of perfection, God must exists, makes list of banned books |
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Term
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Definition
| Heliocentric universe theory to challege Ptolemy's geocentric universe theory, died before publication of "Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" |
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Term
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Definition
| Builds on work of Copernicus, establishes planets move in elliptical orbirts |
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Term
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Definition
| Rich beginnings, lost nose in brawl, hobby astronomer, systematic record of observation (paid to work by Danish king), dies from kidney failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Brache and Kepler, Kepler very religious and poor, Brache hired Kepler so he would be less independent |
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Term
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Definition
| Discoveries through telescopes (moons, gravity, sunspots, Venusian phases), Copernican method |
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Term
| Inquisition of Galileo (1633) |
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Definition
| Dominican Monk ousts Galileo, Galileo says it is possible to be catholic and a scientists, his texts are censored and he is placed under house arrest for the rest of his life |
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Term
| Catholic Church Accepts Heliocentric Model (1992) |
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Definition
| Pope John Paul accepts heliocentric model |
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Term
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Definition
| Monarch after Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, institutes King James Bible, believes in Divine Right |
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Term
| Financial Issues of James I |
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Definition
| Elizabeth's debt was left to James I, wants more personal money from parliament and to raise taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| Oppose James I's idea of Divine Right, believe the king cannot rule without Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempt to blow up both houses of Parliament and kill King James I (Catholic Extremist) |
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Term
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Definition
| More interested in being king than the interested of his country, marries a Catholic woman, institutions in church |
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Term
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Definition
| Parliament claims taxes can be voted on and raised by Parliament only, rejected by Charles and Parliament is dissolved |
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Term
| Presbyterian Rebellion in Scotland (1640) |
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Definition
| Forces Charles to call Parliament, resulting in Long Parliament |
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Term
| Long Parliament (1640-1653) |
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Definition
| Strongly dominated by radicals that want to push political change, dismiss advisers and ministers to Charles, escalate tension, leads to civil war |
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Term
| English Civil War (1642-1646) |
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Definition
| New Model Army (Roundheads) lead by Oliver Cromwell supported Parliament, Royalists (Cavaliers) supports Charles/Monarchy |
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Term
| Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) |
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Definition
| Defended Parliament/Protestants in English Civil War, establishes English Commonwealth/radical rule after Charles I execution |
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Term
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Definition
| Early Roundhead victory, lead to end of war and trail of Charles I |
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Term
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Definition
| Rump Parliament (radical parliament) try king for treason, found guilty and publicly beheaded (eventually became martyr of Church of England), more popular in death than when living |
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Term
| Radical Groups Under Cromwell |
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Definition
| Levellers (led by John Lilburne) wanted all men to be equal, Diggers wanted land access for all (planted in public/already owned lands), Quakers (led by George Fox) preach that all people should interpret God with their own internal light |
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Term
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Definition
| House of Lords dismissed, radical groups unfavored/prosecuted, Jews able to move back to England, Cromwell known as Lord Protector |
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Term
| Invasion of Ireland (1649-1650) |
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Definition
| Cromwell attempts to spread Protestantism, kills priests/Irishmen |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromwell's son realizes disfavor and steps down, English invites Charles II in 1660 and Constitutional Monarchy is established (Restoration) |
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Term
| Constitutional Monarchy in England |
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Definition
| Parliament must be called once every 3 years, Parliamentary tax approval |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromwell charged after death (1661) and his head is hung up as a sign of tyranny gone wrong |
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Term
| Glorious Revolution (1688) |
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Definition
| Full constitutional rights, checks & balances (King John) |
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Term
| The Bourbon King (1610-1643) |
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Definition
| Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu (1505-1642) rule together, "Raison d'Etat" reason of the state |
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Term
| Siege of la Rochelle (1627-1628) |
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Definition
| Protestant stronghold tries to be more independent, disagrees with Richelieu, Richelieu places a 14-month siege and most citizens die |
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Term
| Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde |
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Definition
| Louis XIII dies, his son is only 5, Cardinal Mazarin takes over and marries Queen Anne of Austria |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt to check the king's power right as the Thirty Years War comes to a close, nobles want to overthrow king, lose due to no support |
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Term
| Louis XIV's Reign (1643-1715) |
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Definition
| The Sun King, Mazarin dies in 1661 and appoints no successor, Louis becomes Divine Right monarch, favored Absolutism |
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Term
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Definition
| Enjoyed being flattered, moderately education, married Maria Teresa, mistress Madame de Maintenot |
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Term
| Bishop Jacques-Beningne Bossuet (1627-1704) |
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Definition
| Published literary work stating kings have special powers through Divine Right, Code Louis (1667) became law code in France, single set of civil laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Treasury adviser under Louis XIV |
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Term
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Definition
| Done of arts for control of what it looked like, focus on the ballet, Royal Academies, French Academy established |
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Term
| Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638) |
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Definition
| Wrote Augustine (published in 1640), applied God's grace to Catholic Faith, prompted Jesuits vs. Jansenists |
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Term
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Definition
| Writes Provincial Letters to defend Jansen, believed that believing in God was a choice (Pascal's Wager) |
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Term
| Revocation of Edict of Nantes (1685) |
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Definition
| Louis XIV actively prosecuted Protestants, banned them from professions, War on Protestantism |
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Term
| Women of Paris Under Louis XIV |
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Definition
| Women and salons (culture/literature), women publish writing under pseudonyms |
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Term
| Cultural Conflicts Under Louis XIV |
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Definition
| Religious Reform Movements, superstition attitude, regulations on common people's traditions (village fairs, etc.), removal of poor culture |
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Term
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Definition
| English laws that were enacted by church and state to control people in poverty (Poor Hosues, etc.) |
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Term
| Transitional Economic Era (Early 17th Century) |
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Definition
| Private trading companies, government regulation of economics (reduction of guild importance), merchant capitalism/involvement in commerce, globalization, imports/trade |
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Term
| Preconditions for the Commercial Revolution |
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Definition
| Expansion of imports (rice revolution, commodities and inflation), urban growth (cities like Roman Empire), plague fades |
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Term
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Definition
| African Slave Trade (Triangle Trade Route), European ships to Africa, Africa sends slaves to colonies, goods from colonies go back to Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Shift off of agriculture, open-field system ends, famers begin closing off their lands and public lands |
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Term
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Definition
| Picking up leftover wheat to help make money for poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| Ends gleaning, forces migration to cities, increases poor people in cities, destruction of village life, increases tensions/riots between classes |
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Term
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Definition
| Revolt in England, Captain Pouch (magical protective pouch) rallies those effected by Enclosure, revolt put down violently |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes the Cottage Industry, people make crafts/projects by letting merchants do the in-between work to produce finished project before selling it |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of medieval life, guilds lose power and banks gain power, lands and investments from banks begin, Joint-Stock companies begin, Royal Charters and trade monopolies begin, |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasis on making money to invest it in hopes of making even more money, everyone wants favorable balance of trade, export more than you import, tax imports (tariffs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonies can only trade with England, English ships only means of transport from colonies |
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Term
| Colbert in France (1619-1683) |
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Definition
| Financial master under Louis, sets up mercantilism model (large guild) |
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Term
| Effects of Commercial Revolution on Western Culture/Identity |
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Definition
| Wealth, capitol, sense of superiority to other societies they trade with, power shift into Atlantic from Mediterranean and central Europe, gap in social classes |
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