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| English colonial administrator; tenure was authoritarian and turbulent, actions were pro-Anglican, damaging criticism in a region home to many Puritans |
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| Atlantic Slavery (18th Century) |
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| expanded rapidly; Atlantic commerce consisted primarily of slaves, crops produced by slaves, and goods destined to societies consisting of slaves |
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| Bacon's Rebellion (1675-1676) |
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| Bacon comes from rich family, receives bad land; no protection from Indians; asks for help from Berkley, who says no; kills Indians; Indians in retaliation burn down Jamestown |
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| Berkley, Gov. William (1660-1677) |
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| Governor of VA; enacted friendly policies toward Indians, which angered planters; Berkley was recalled to England by Charles II after Bacon's Rebellion |
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| Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) |
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| British troops protect colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular legislation, such as the Townshend Acts; tension builds and a mob forms around British sentry; soldiers are subjected to verbal abuse and thrown objects and fired into crowd without order; 5 were killed, and 6 were injured |
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| Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) |
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| "Sons of Liberty" went to Boston Harbor dressed as Mohawk Indians; boarded British ships and dumped about 45 tons of tea |
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| Intolerable (Coercive) Acts (1774) |
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| termed by Patriots; series of punitive laws following Boston Tea Party; Boston Harbor closed all of traffic; colonists must apologize and pay for tea |
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| Conquistadors (16th Century) |
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| younger sons from lower aristocratic families; men "on the make"; "knights in shining armor"; have arrogance with no means of support; expected easy wealth and fame |
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| known as Protestant Revolution of 1689; took place in Maryland; followed the Glorious Revolution in England; named after one of its leaders, John Coone; Puritans revolted against Roman Catholic Charles Calvert |
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| Dominion of New England (1686-1689) |
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| administrative union of English colonies; was a failure; area it encompassed was too big for a single governor to manage; governor was highly unpopular |
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| English Civil War (1642-?) |
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| series of battles; political and religious conflict; struggle for political supremacy between Parliament and the crown; liberties were central role (not for serfs and slaves); victory for Parliament; King Charles I was beheaded |
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| English Reformation (16th Century) |
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| series of events; Church of England broke away from Pope and Roman Catholic Church; associated with Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement; King Henry VIII's desire for annulment makes it more of a political than a religious dispute |
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| led by Wolfe, British soldiers forced up St. Lawrence River in summer; Quebec resisted 2-month siege; finding a better patch, Wolfe led his men past French Guards; attacked troops of Montcalm at dawn; France lost Quebec; Wolfe and Montcalm both died |
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| Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790) |
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Definition
| established a newspaper, club for debate, and library; published Poor Richard's Almanack; conducted experiments to demonstrate lightening is a form of electricity; exemplified spirit of American Enlightenment |
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| French and Indian War (1756-1763) |
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Definition
| first colonial war; English and French fought for power; Iroquois Indians were between settlements, but they sided with French; Treaty of Paris ends war; British won; French threat disappears; New England is secure; huge debt of $60 million for England; tension rises between colonial and British leaders |
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| Glorious Revolution (1688) |
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| Being Catholic, James II replaced government officials with Catholics. He had a son, and that was the last straw for the opponents. Parliament invite Protestant William (son-in-law; husband) and Mary (daughter; wife) to take the throne. Parliament is much stronger and more stable now; leads to fallouts in colonial America |
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| Great Migration (1629-1642) |
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| Mass. Bay Co. was founded by English merchants; wanted to promote causes of Puritans and turn profit through trade; refers to migration of English settlers, primarily Puritans, to Massachusetts; total of 20,000 arrived after 2 decades |
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| Hutchinson, Anne (1636-1638) |
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| Puritan woman of 15; husband was a clergyman; held religious discussions in her home; Governor of Mass. did not like that she was a woman preaching and put her on trial; exiled and sent to RI |
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| King Phillip's War (1675-1678) |
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| America's costliest war in terms of loss in land and people; lost 1/3 of their settlement and 1/5 of their population; created a generation of widows and orphans; Phillip is eventually killed by Indians allied to white people. |
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| Leister's Rebellion (late 17th Century) |
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| uprising in colonial NY; reflected colonial resentment toward policies of James II; divided colony along ethic and economic lines; rebellions ensued; took control of NY; was hung and chopped into pieces |
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| socially and politically influential, New England Puritan minister; author and pamphleteer; known for role in Salem witch trials |
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| Mercantilism (16th-18th Century) |
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| policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers; ex. Virginia and Maryland are as closely tied to Great Britain as any other colonies; their economies were models of mercantilist policy; they supplied mother country with agricultural products, imported British goods, and were linked with British culture and political values |
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| established Quebec in 1608; depended on relations with Indians due to small, white population; emphasized fur trade rather than agriculture, because it was too cold; sparsely settled; loosely controlled; have wars with English throughout 18th century |
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| New Netherlands (1614-1667) |
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| hardly governed democratically; more liberty, especially religious freedom, than other parts; slaves possessed rights; women had more independence; hardly free of conflict with Indians |
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| very populous; force Indians rather than African slaves, to work in gold and silver mines, which supplied empire's wealth; population consisted of less women, began intermixing; evolved into a hybrid culture but had one faith, language, and governmental system |
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| Non-Importation Agreements |
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| turning point when fur trader was killed by Indian tribe; soldiers surrounded the village and set it on fire |
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| Plymouth Colony (Plymouth Settlement) (1620-1691) |
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| founded by Pilgrims (Separatists and Anglicans); rather than being entrepreneurs like many of the settlers of Jamestown, people were fleeing religious persecution and searching for a place to worship as they saw fit |
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| confederation of Indian tribes in Virginia; 15,000-20,000 when English settled Jamestown in 1607 |
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| world was divided by the elect and the damned; all sought salvation; taught by John Calvin to Puritans, who took religion very seriously |
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| Proclamation of 1763 (October 7, 1753) |
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| issued after French and Indian War; prohibited settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; causes resentment |
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| Protestant Reformation (16th Century) |
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| result of Martin Luther's teachings; all should read Bible rather than rely on priests to interpret it for them; accused the Church of worldliness and wanted to cleanse it of its sins; led to new Protestant churches independent from Rome and drove Europe into more than a century of religious and political conflict |
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| Quaker Invasion of Massachusestts (1659, 1660) |
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| led by Hutchinson, appeared in Mass.; whipped, fined, and banished; four Quakers who returned from exile were hanged; treatment of Quakers gave Mass. a bad reputation |
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| attempt by Queen Elizabeth under Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a permanent English settlement; 100 were sent; colony disappeared after only 9 months; "The Lost Colony" |
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| required all sorts of printed material produced in the colonies carry a stamp purchased from authorities; started "no taxation without representation'; tried to help finance British troops in North America |
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| permitted the British East India Company to sell tea directly from colonists; allowed company to sell tea cheaper than tea sold by colonial merchants by bypassing them; revived the colonial issue of no taxation without representation; led to the Boston Tea Party |
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| 17th century slave; belonged to Parris of Salem; one of first girls accused of practicing witchcraft; also first person to confess to practicing witchcraft; unintentionally set Salem into chaos by hinting that Satan was among them |
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| War of Jenkins' Ear (1740-1748) |
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| started over Spanish shipping regulations; French jumped in the matter; naval war began; New England was affected; ended in a draw |
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