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HIST 1301
Chapters 1 - 5
135
History
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2010

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Cards

Term
According to the Old Theory, what happened as the Ice Age waned?
Definition
The first Eustrasians began to move south (after a few thousand years)
Term
According to the Old Theory, why did the first Eustrasians traverse the ice sheets through the McKenzie corridor?
Definition
They were searching for mega-fauna
Term
According to the New Theory, what did the first Eustrasians do after a few thousand years on the coast?
Definition
They began to move to the hinterlands
Term
According to the New Theory, what happened during the later migrations of the Eustrasians?
Definition
They crossed the Bering land bridge and moved south
Term
How did Indians make their living through the Paleolithic & Mesolithic periods?
Definition
As nomadic hunters and gatherers
Term
During which period did the large game begin to die off due to climatic changes?
Definition
Neolithic period
Term
Besides climatic changes, what might have contributed to the extinction of the mammoth and mastodon?
Definition
Over-hunting by the humans
Term
The Indians began farming by the end of which period?
Definition
Neolithic (or Archaic) period
Term
How long did the Old Theory prevail with regards to the arrival of the first Eustrasians to America?
Definition
Most of the 20th century
Term
What was possibly an additional route of travel of the first Eustrasians to America?
Definition
A coastal route along the western coast of North America in small boats during an ice-free period
Term
Spanish communities in North America were built around what?
Definition
Presidios and missions
Term
Among the Spanish settlements in North America, there was no wealth north of what?
Definition
The Rio Grande
Term
Why did the Spanish settlements north of the Rio Grande remain small?
Definition
There was no wealth there
Term
How did Spain rule its empire?
Definition
through an elaborate imperial bereaucracy
Term
What was the head of Spain's imperial bereaucracy?
Definition
The Council of the Indies
Term
True or False: Spain's settlements in North America were governed by the settlers
Definition
False: the settlements were centrally controlled by the Spanish Empire, with no input from the settlers
Term
French activity in North America was centered on what?
Definition
The number of pelt traders it could get hold of
Term
Why did French populations grow so slow?
Definition
Because emphasis rested on trade rather than settlement
Term
Which villages relied on neighboring Indians as much as each other?
Definition
French villages
Term
What compelled the French to make numerous alliances that drew them deeply into rivalries among Indian tribes?
Definition
Reliance on Indian trappers
Term
How did France govern its empire?
Definition
Through an extensive colonial bureaucracy
Term
Who directed France's colonial bureaucracy?
Definition
Appointed governors and intendants
Term
What motivated British efforts in North America?
Definition
Riches, religion and rivalry
Term
British colonization was driven by what?
Definition
Land grants given by monarch to companies or persons who established colonies
Term
What encouraged self-governance of the British colonies in North America?
Definition
The fact that English settlement lacked centralized direction
Term
What was the first law-making body in British America?
Definition
Virginia's House of Burgesses
Term
Who ran the House of Burgesses?
Definition
Representatives who were elected by landowners
Term
What was the first document to institute self-government in North America?
Definition
the Pilgrims' Mayflower Compact
Term
By what time period did the English colonies all have self-government or legislatures that made some provision for self-government?
Definition
By the end of the 17th century
Term
What were the British more concerned with, rather than how the colonies were developing politically?
Definition
Commerce and defense
Term
Who were competing for primacy in transatlantic trade by the end of the 17th century?
Definition
England, France, and Holland
Term
What laws did British Parliament pass in order to assure the colonies were profitable?
Definition
A series of mercantilist laws, regulating trade
Term
True or False: Profitability was the primary goal of the British govt. for the North American colonies
Definition
True
Term
What was the first prominent settlement in the lower 48 states?
Definition
St. Augustine, FL (1549)
Term
Define mercantilism:
Definition
Colonies sent raw materials to England, England made products from those materials, and then the colonies were part of the market to buy the finished products
Term
Under the Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 1696, Trade had to occur on what ships?
Definition
English or colonial (eventually only Enlish)
Term
Under the Navigation Acts, what percentage of a ship's crew had to be English?
Definition
1/2, eventually 3/4
Term
The Navigation Acts required certain colonial items (enumerated products) to be shipped where?
Definition
Only to England or other English colonies
Term
What set up provisions making smuggling more difficult?
Definition
The Navigation Acts
Term
What mandated products from Europe, Africa, or Asia land in England before being shipped to British North America?
Definition
the Staple Act of 1663
Term
What banned export of woolen cloth and hats made in the colonies?
Definition
Woolens and Hat Acts of 1699 and 1732
Term
List the major British colonial exports
Definition
1. West Indian Sugar
2. Chesapeake Bay tobacco
3. Grain from the Middle colonies
4. Rice from the Southern colonies
5. New England Fish
Term
What was the main liquor during the colonial period?
Definition
Rum (distilled from molasses, root product=sugar)
Term
the West Indies colonies did not grow their own food, but instead every viable acre was used to grow what crop?
Definition
Sugar
Term
Where did the Great Awakening originate?
Definition
The British Isles
Term
When did the Great Awakening sweep the English colonies?
Definition
Early 1740's
Term
Who played a major role in the revival that influenced the Middle and New England colonies?
Definition
George Whitefield and Johathan Edwards
Term
The Awakening was not experienced in the southern colonies until when?
Definition
the 1760s
Term
The Great Awakening led to greater religious interest and participation in what region?
Definition
The southern colonies
Term
One of the most important results (legacy) of the Great Awakening was what?
Definition
Education
Term
Which colleges were formed as a result of the Great Awakening?
Definition
New Jersey College (Princeton), College of Rhode Island (Brown), and Queens College (Rutgers)
Term
The Great Awakening encouraged colonists to question established religious authority and denominational practices more openly, leading to what?
Definition
Congregational schisms between recent converts and non-recent converts
Term
The religious schisms created by the Great Awakening led to what?
Definition
More variety and diversity in the religious environment
Term
What did the Great Awakening lead to in the southern colonies?
Definition
Increased social antagonism between the new middle class converts and the established Anglican gentry
Term
What are the 2 legacies of the Great Awakening?
Definition
1. Education
2. Greater religious diversity
Term
What pandemic killed a third of all Europeans?
Definition
The Black Death (bubonic plague)
Term
How many people died as a result of the bubonic plague?
Definition
25 million (1 of every 3-4 humans in Europe)
Term
When was the Black Death?
Definition
1347-1351
Term
What group was hardist hit by the Black Death, greatly reducing the labor force in Europe?
Definition
Peasants
Term
Survivors of the Black Death learned what, which helped Europe recover relatively rapidly?
Definition
More efficient methods of economic and agricultural production
Term
Who began the Reformation, by inviting debate on certain parts of Roman Catholic dogma and practice
Definition
Martin Luther
Term
What encouraged a prodigious cultural mmovement in parts of Europe called the Renaissance?
Definition
Economic improvements and religious reform
Term
When did the Renaissance begin?
Definition
Roughly around 1500 A.D.
Term
Europeans became more efficient as a result of what?
Definition
The Black Death
Term
What trade between the East and West had been lucrative for thousands of years?
Definition
Spice and silk trade
Term
Who obstructed the major caravan routes between the 13rh and 16th centuries?
Definition
the Mongols (later called the Turks)
Term
What especially stimulated merchants to seek new westward routes?
Definition
Constantinople's fall in 1453
Term
The re-orientation of trade after the fall of Constantinople benefited whom?
Definition
The nations of Western Europe
Term
What nations made up the Iberian Peninsula?
Definition
Spain and Portugal
Term
When was the completion of the reconquista?
Definition
1482 (began in the 800s)
Term
The Spanish okayed Columbus's exploration after the completion of what?
Definition
The reconquista
Term
What began the start of the Spanish Inquisition?
Definition
The political unification of Castile and Aragon (the 2 largest and most powerful provinces in Spain)
Term
Spain was known for strict religious unity; what happened to those who did not obey their strict religious rules?
Definition
They were tortured or killed
Term
What was the name of the Muslim power that Spain fought to regain the Iberian Peninsula?
Definition
The Moors
Term
What body of experienced soldiers did Spain gain as a result of fighting the Moors?
Definition
Conquistadors
Term
What motivated many Spaniards/friars in their religious rationale?
Definition
Proselytizing Indians
Term
The possession of what demonstrated Spain's technological superiority in war?
Definition
Guns, cannons, horses and armor
Term
Why did smallpox and other forms of pestilence killed millions of native inhabitants?
Definition
Europeans had developed immunity to these diseases; Aztecs and Incas did not
Term
What was arguably the single most deadly disease among the natives?
Definition
Smallpox
Term
What tribes joined the Spaniards against the Aztecs, causing "Indian strife?"
Definition
The smaller tribes
Term
When did England defeat the Spanish Armada?
Definition
1588
Term
What made Spain the richest and most powerful nation in the 16th century?
Definition
Wealth from Central and South America
Term
What negatively effected Spain's economy in 1492?
Definition
The expulsion of non-Christianized Jews (they were often the leading merchants)
Term
Why did the natives not make good slaves?
Definition
They tended to run away or die
Term
Overall, what was the death toll of the Black Death?
Definition
1/3 to 1/2 Europe + 13 million in the Middle East and China
Term
Who conquered and replaced the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century?
Definition
the Moslem Turks
Term
Who discovered America 1000 years before Columbus?
Definition
Eric the Red, and other Scandinavians
Term
Spain dominated Latin America by what year?
Definition
1610
Term
France built its North American empire around what, rather than extensive settlement?
Definition
Fur trade
Term
As a fur-trading settlement, the French colony grew up primarily along what river?
Definition
The St. Lawrence River
Term
Name 2 early French settlements along the St. Lawrence:
Definition
Quebec and Montreal
Term
20 years after Sir Walter Raleigh's faild attempt at establishing a British colony on Roanoake Island, what 2 companies received land charters at the mough of Chesapeake Bay?
Definition
The Virginia Company and the Plymouth Company
Term
How did the Virginia and Plymouth companies raise revenue for colonization?
Definition
By selling shares to investors who expected a profit in return
Term
The first years of the Jamestown colony created little profit until what showed itself to be marketable?
Definition
Tobacco
Term
The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619, but who provided the bulk of the Enlish labor force initially?
Definition
Indentured servants
Term
Indentured servants agreed to work for a fixed time in return for what?
Definition
free passage to America
Term
When did the shift from servant to slave labor occur?
Definition
by 177-1780
Term
What reduced the availability of white servants and made black slaves a more enticing investment?
Definition
An improving British economy and competition from newer colonies
Term
How was slave status passed down so that slaves could not compete with former employers?
Definition
From parent to child
Term
What type of colony was Maryland, rather than a joint-stock company like Virginia?
Definition
Proprietary colony
Term
What were the 4 additional colonies granted by King Charles II as a reward for support during the English Civil War?
Definition
Carolina
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
New York
Term
Who did Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York cater to?
Definition
the Quakers and other religious minorities
Term
What colony arose out of ecclesiastical differences among English Protestants?
Definition
Massachussetts
Term
Who were of the belief that the Church of England contained too many holdover practices from Catholicism and needed additional change?
Definition
Puritans
Term
What were the 2 categories of Puritans?
Definition
Separatists: created their own congregations apart from the Anglican Church
Non-separatists: tried to model reforms for Anglican Churches from within
Term
Expanding populations and religious controversy contributed to what?
Definition
Establishment of other colonies around Massachussetts
Term
Who led part of his congregation from Cambridge to the Connecticut valley and founded Hartford?
Definition
Rev. Thomas Hooker
Term
Who founded Providence, after being banished from Massachusetts Bay?
Definition
Minister Roger Williams
Term
Who added to the Rhode Island colony founded by Roger Williams, after being banished from Massachusetts Bay?
Definition
House Preacher Anne Hutchinson and some of her followers
Term
Other followers of Hutchinson moved further north and eventually built what colony?
Definition
New Hampshire
Term
Puritan insistence on unity and their fostering of representative government led to what?
Definition
A unique and stable society
Term
Were the New England colonies more rural or urban and why?
Definition
Urban: towns formed rapidly due to land grants offered to groups of families who settled together
Term
Slavery did not take deep root in New England; who did farmers rely on to do the work?
Definition
Family members
Term
Why did New England farmers lack the capital to purchase servants or slaves?
Definition
They did not have a staple crop (such as tobacco)
Term
Whose economic system was more stable: Chesapeake Bay or New England
Definition
New England
Term
Why was New England's economy more stable than Chesapeake Bay?
Definition
They had to utilize various resources, which in turn developed a diverse economy which was less opej to depression
Term
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Definition
The exchange of people, livestock, goods and ideas from the Old World to the New World
Term
What plants were brought from the Old World to the New World?
Definition
Apples, bananas, peaches, watermelon
Term
what commodities were brought from the Old World to the New World?
Definition
Coffee, rice, sugar, wheat
Term
what was one of the most important commodities brought from the Old World to the New World?
Definition
Sugar
Term
What diseases were brought from the Old World to the New World?
Definition
malaria, measles, smallpox
Term
What livestock were brought from the Old World to the New World?
Definition
cattle, chickens, horses, pigs, sheep
Term
What plants were brought from the New World to the Old World?
Definition
chili peppers, pineapples, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes
Term
What diesase was carried from the New World to the Old World?
Definition
syphillis
Term
What commodities were brought from the New World to the Old World?
Definition
beans, cacao, corn, peanurs, vanilla
Term
During the late 17th and early 18th century, who was the strongest power of the European powers in America?
Definition
Britain
Term
Spain, led by Franciscan friars, put up several missions and presidios in East Texas why?
Definition
To guard agains invasion in their eastern empire
Term
To fend off invasion in their western empire, Spain built a line of presidios and missions where?
Definition
along the sough-central coast of California
Term
Under LaSalle and others, he French moved out from the St. Lawrence River to where?
Definition
the area from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River (Louisiana Purchase Territory)
Term
By the 1740's, France's North American Empire had developed into what?
Definition
Two distinct parts
Term
Explain the two parts of the French North American Empire in the 1740's
Definition
Northern half: located in the St. Lawrence River valley and Great Lakes basin - French Canada (New France)
Southern Half: situated along the Mississippi from its mouth up to Pays de Illinois (French Louisiana)
Term
What area was a highly disputed territory between France and England?
Definition
The Ohio River Valley
Term
What acted as an effective buffer agains English expansion in the Ohio River Valley?
Definition
France remained chief trading partner of ther Indians in that region
Term
The conflicts that broke out in the North American colonies were part of what?
Definition
Larger economic and social struggles between the major European powers
Term
King William's and Queen Anne's Wars by and large did what?
Definition
Preserved the territorial status quo between England and France in America
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