Term
| According to the Old Theory, what happened as the Ice Age waned? |
|
Definition
| The first Eustrasians began to move south (after a few thousand years) |
|
|
Term
| According to the Old Theory, why did the first Eustrasians traverse the ice sheets through the McKenzie corridor? |
|
Definition
| They were searching for mega-fauna |
|
|
Term
| According to the New Theory, what did the first Eustrasians do after a few thousand years on the coast? |
|
Definition
| They began to move to the hinterlands |
|
|
Term
| According to the New Theory, what happened during the later migrations of the Eustrasians? |
|
Definition
| They crossed the Bering land bridge and moved south |
|
|
Term
| How did Indians make their living through the Paleolithic & Mesolithic periods? |
|
Definition
| As nomadic hunters and gatherers |
|
|
Term
| During which period did the large game begin to die off due to climatic changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides climatic changes, what might have contributed to the extinction of the mammoth and mastodon? |
|
Definition
| Over-hunting by the humans |
|
|
Term
| The Indians began farming by the end of which period? |
|
Definition
| Neolithic (or Archaic) period |
|
|
Term
| How long did the Old Theory prevail with regards to the arrival of the first Eustrasians to America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was possibly an additional route of travel of the first Eustrasians to America? |
|
Definition
| A coastal route along the western coast of North America in small boats during an ice-free period |
|
|
Term
| Spanish communities in North America were built around what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Among the Spanish settlements in North America, there was no wealth north of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the Spanish settlements north of the Rio Grande remain small? |
|
Definition
| There was no wealth there |
|
|
Term
| How did Spain rule its empire? |
|
Definition
| through an elaborate imperial bereaucracy |
|
|
Term
| What was the head of Spain's imperial bereaucracy? |
|
Definition
| The Council of the Indies |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Spain's settlements in North America were governed by the settlers |
|
Definition
| False: the settlements were centrally controlled by the Spanish Empire, with no input from the settlers |
|
|
Term
| French activity in North America was centered on what? |
|
Definition
| The number of pelt traders it could get hold of |
|
|
Term
| Why did French populations grow so slow? |
|
Definition
| Because emphasis rested on trade rather than settlement |
|
|
Term
| Which villages relied on neighboring Indians as much as each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compelled the French to make numerous alliances that drew them deeply into rivalries among Indian tribes? |
|
Definition
| Reliance on Indian trappers |
|
|
Term
| How did France govern its empire? |
|
Definition
| Through an extensive colonial bureaucracy |
|
|
Term
| Who directed France's colonial bureaucracy? |
|
Definition
| Appointed governors and intendants |
|
|
Term
| What motivated British efforts in North America? |
|
Definition
| Riches, religion and rivalry |
|
|
Term
| British colonization was driven by what? |
|
Definition
| Land grants given by monarch to companies or persons who established colonies |
|
|
Term
| What encouraged self-governance of the British colonies in North America? |
|
Definition
| The fact that English settlement lacked centralized direction |
|
|
Term
| What was the first law-making body in British America? |
|
Definition
| Virginia's House of Burgesses |
|
|
Term
| Who ran the House of Burgesses? |
|
Definition
| Representatives who were elected by landowners |
|
|
Term
| What was the first document to institute self-government in North America? |
|
Definition
| the Pilgrims' Mayflower Compact |
|
|
Term
| By what time period did the English colonies all have self-government or legislatures that made some provision for self-government? |
|
Definition
| By the end of the 17th century |
|
|
Term
| What were the British more concerned with, rather than how the colonies were developing politically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were competing for primacy in transatlantic trade by the end of the 17th century? |
|
Definition
| England, France, and Holland |
|
|
Term
| What laws did British Parliament pass in order to assure the colonies were profitable? |
|
Definition
| A series of mercantilist laws, regulating trade |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Profitability was the primary goal of the British govt. for the North American colonies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first prominent settlement in the lower 48 states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colonies sent raw materials to England, England made products from those materials, and then the colonies were part of the market to buy the finished products |
|
|
Term
| Under the Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 1696, Trade had to occur on what ships? |
|
Definition
| English or colonial (eventually only Enlish) |
|
|
Term
| Under the Navigation Acts, what percentage of a ship's crew had to be English? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Navigation Acts required certain colonial items (enumerated products) to be shipped where? |
|
Definition
| Only to England or other English colonies |
|
|
Term
| What set up provisions making smuggling more difficult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mandated products from Europe, Africa, or Asia land in England before being shipped to British North America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What banned export of woolen cloth and hats made in the colonies? |
|
Definition
| Woolens and Hat Acts of 1699 and 1732 |
|
|
Term
| List the major British colonial exports |
|
Definition
1. West Indian Sugar
2. Chesapeake Bay tobacco
3. Grain from the Middle colonies
4. Rice from the Southern colonies
5. New England Fish |
|
|
Term
| What was the main liquor during the colonial period? |
|
Definition
| Rum (distilled from molasses, root product=sugar) |
|
|
Term
| the West Indies colonies did not grow their own food, but instead every viable acre was used to grow what crop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the Great Awakening originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Great Awakening sweep the English colonies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who played a major role in the revival that influenced the Middle and New England colonies? |
|
Definition
| George Whitefield and Johathan Edwards |
|
|
Term
| The Awakening was not experienced in the southern colonies until when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Great Awakening led to greater religious interest and participation in what region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most important results (legacy) of the Great Awakening was what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which colleges were formed as a result of the Great Awakening? |
|
Definition
| New Jersey College (Princeton), College of Rhode Island (Brown), and Queens College (Rutgers) |
|
|
Term
| The Great Awakening encouraged colonists to question established religious authority and denominational practices more openly, leading to what? |
|
Definition
| Congregational schisms between recent converts and non-recent converts |
|
|
Term
| The religious schisms created by the Great Awakening led to what? |
|
Definition
| More variety and diversity in the religious environment |
|
|
Term
| What did the Great Awakening lead to in the southern colonies? |
|
Definition
| Increased social antagonism between the new middle class converts and the established Anglican gentry |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 legacies of the Great Awakening? |
|
Definition
1. Education
2. Greater religious diversity |
|
|
Term
| What pandemic killed a third of all Europeans? |
|
Definition
| The Black Death (bubonic plague) |
|
|
Term
| How many people died as a result of the bubonic plague? |
|
Definition
| 25 million (1 of every 3-4 humans in Europe) |
|
|
Term
| When was the Black Death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group was hardist hit by the Black Death, greatly reducing the labor force in Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Survivors of the Black Death learned what, which helped Europe recover relatively rapidly? |
|
Definition
| More efficient methods of economic and agricultural production |
|
|
Term
| Who began the Reformation, by inviting debate on certain parts of Roman Catholic dogma and practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What encouraged a prodigious cultural mmovement in parts of Europe called the Renaissance? |
|
Definition
| Economic improvements and religious reform |
|
|
Term
| When did the Renaissance begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Europeans became more efficient as a result of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trade between the East and West had been lucrative for thousands of years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who obstructed the major caravan routes between the 13rh and 16th centuries? |
|
Definition
| the Mongols (later called the Turks) |
|
|
Term
| What especially stimulated merchants to seek new westward routes? |
|
Definition
| Constantinople's fall in 1453 |
|
|
Term
| The re-orientation of trade after the fall of Constantinople benefited whom? |
|
Definition
| The nations of Western Europe |
|
|
Term
| What nations made up the Iberian Peninsula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the completion of the reconquista? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Spanish okayed Columbus's exploration after the completion of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What began the start of the Spanish Inquisition? |
|
Definition
| The political unification of Castile and Aragon (the 2 largest and most powerful provinces in Spain) |
|
|
Term
| Spain was known for strict religious unity; what happened to those who did not obey their strict religious rules? |
|
Definition
| They were tortured or killed |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the Muslim power that Spain fought to regain the Iberian Peninsula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body of experienced soldiers did Spain gain as a result of fighting the Moors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What motivated many Spaniards/friars in their religious rationale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The possession of what demonstrated Spain's technological superiority in war? |
|
Definition
| Guns, cannons, horses and armor |
|
|
Term
| Why did smallpox and other forms of pestilence killed millions of native inhabitants? |
|
Definition
| Europeans had developed immunity to these diseases; Aztecs and Incas did not |
|
|
Term
| What was arguably the single most deadly disease among the natives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tribes joined the Spaniards against the Aztecs, causing "Indian strife?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did England defeat the Spanish Armada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What made Spain the richest and most powerful nation in the 16th century? |
|
Definition
| Wealth from Central and South America |
|
|
Term
| What negatively effected Spain's economy in 1492? |
|
Definition
| The expulsion of non-Christianized Jews (they were often the leading merchants) |
|
|
Term
| Why did the natives not make good slaves? |
|
Definition
| They tended to run away or die |
|
|
Term
| Overall, what was the death toll of the Black Death? |
|
Definition
| 1/3 to 1/2 Europe + 13 million in the Middle East and China |
|
|
Term
| Who conquered and replaced the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who discovered America 1000 years before Columbus? |
|
Definition
| Eric the Red, and other Scandinavians |
|
|
Term
| Spain dominated Latin America by what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| France built its North American empire around what, rather than extensive settlement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a fur-trading settlement, the French colony grew up primarily along what river? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 early French settlements along the St. Lawrence: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 20 years after Sir Walter Raleigh's faild attempt at establishing a British colony on Roanoake Island, what 2 companies received land charters at the mough of Chesapeake Bay? |
|
Definition
| The Virginia Company and the Plymouth Company |
|
|
Term
| How did the Virginia and Plymouth companies raise revenue for colonization? |
|
Definition
| By selling shares to investors who expected a profit in return |
|
|
Term
| The first years of the Jamestown colony created little profit until what showed itself to be marketable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619, but who provided the bulk of the Enlish labor force initially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indentured servants agreed to work for a fixed time in return for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the shift from servant to slave labor occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reduced the availability of white servants and made black slaves a more enticing investment? |
|
Definition
| An improving British economy and competition from newer colonies |
|
|
Term
| How was slave status passed down so that slaves could not compete with former employers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of colony was Maryland, rather than a joint-stock company like Virginia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the 4 additional colonies granted by King Charles II as a reward for support during the English Civil War? |
|
Definition
Carolina
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
New York |
|
|
Term
| Who did Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York cater to? |
|
Definition
| the Quakers and other religious minorities |
|
|
Term
| What colony arose out of ecclesiastical differences among English Protestants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were of the belief that the Church of England contained too many holdover practices from Catholicism and needed additional change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the 2 categories of Puritans? |
|
Definition
Separatists: created their own congregations apart from the Anglican Church
Non-separatists: tried to model reforms for Anglican Churches from within |
|
|
Term
| Expanding populations and religious controversy contributed to what? |
|
Definition
| Establishment of other colonies around Massachussetts |
|
|
Term
| Who led part of his congregation from Cambridge to the Connecticut valley and founded Hartford? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who founded Providence, after being banished from Massachusetts Bay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who added to the Rhode Island colony founded by Roger Williams, after being banished from Massachusetts Bay? |
|
Definition
| House Preacher Anne Hutchinson and some of her followers |
|
|
Term
| Other followers of Hutchinson moved further north and eventually built what colony? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puritan insistence on unity and their fostering of representative government led to what? |
|
Definition
| A unique and stable society |
|
|
Term
| Were the New England colonies more rural or urban and why? |
|
Definition
| Urban: towns formed rapidly due to land grants offered to groups of families who settled together |
|
|
Term
| Slavery did not take deep root in New England; who did farmers rely on to do the work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did New England farmers lack the capital to purchase servants or slaves? |
|
Definition
| They did not have a staple crop (such as tobacco) |
|
|
Term
| Whose economic system was more stable: Chesapeake Bay or New England |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was New England's economy more stable than Chesapeake Bay? |
|
Definition
| They had to utilize various resources, which in turn developed a diverse economy which was less opej to depression |
|
|
Term
| What was the Columbian Exchange? |
|
Definition
| The exchange of people, livestock, goods and ideas from the Old World to the New World |
|
|
Term
| What plants were brought from the Old World to the New World? |
|
Definition
| Apples, bananas, peaches, watermelon |
|
|
Term
| what commodities were brought from the Old World to the New World? |
|
Definition
| Coffee, rice, sugar, wheat |
|
|
Term
| what was one of the most important commodities brought from the Old World to the New World? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases were brought from the Old World to the New World? |
|
Definition
| malaria, measles, smallpox |
|
|
Term
| What livestock were brought from the Old World to the New World? |
|
Definition
| cattle, chickens, horses, pigs, sheep |
|
|
Term
| What plants were brought from the New World to the Old World? |
|
Definition
| chili peppers, pineapples, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes |
|
|
Term
| What diesase was carried from the New World to the Old World? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What commodities were brought from the New World to the Old World? |
|
Definition
| beans, cacao, corn, peanurs, vanilla |
|
|
Term
| During the late 17th and early 18th century, who was the strongest power of the European powers in America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spain, led by Franciscan friars, put up several missions and presidios in East Texas why? |
|
Definition
| To guard agains invasion in their eastern empire |
|
|
Term
| To fend off invasion in their western empire, Spain built a line of presidios and missions where? |
|
Definition
| along the sough-central coast of California |
|
|
Term
| Under LaSalle and others, he French moved out from the St. Lawrence River to where? |
|
Definition
| the area from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River (Louisiana Purchase Territory) |
|
|
Term
| By the 1740's, France's North American Empire had developed into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the two parts of the French North American Empire in the 1740's |
|
Definition
Northern half: located in the St. Lawrence River valley and Great Lakes basin - French Canada (New France)
Southern Half: situated along the Mississippi from its mouth up to Pays de Illinois (French Louisiana) |
|
|
Term
| What area was a highly disputed territory between France and England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acted as an effective buffer agains English expansion in the Ohio River Valley? |
|
Definition
| France remained chief trading partner of ther Indians in that region |
|
|
Term
| The conflicts that broke out in the North American colonies were part of what? |
|
Definition
| Larger economic and social struggles between the major European powers |
|
|
Term
| King William's and Queen Anne's Wars by and large did what? |
|
Definition
| Preserved the territorial status quo between England and France in America |
|
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