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| the stability of nation states throughout the world |
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| the targeting and attacking of civilians or weaker targets in order to destabilize a government |
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| the dominant religion in the Middle East that is centered around the teachings of Muhammad Ali. The Qur'an is the religious text of Islam that contains the teachings of the prophet |
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| found in the Middle East and is culturally centered around the religious teachings of Islam |
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| Cold War; policy of containment |
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| US policy to contain communism and prevent its spread. This led to the US supporting any government that was anti-communist |
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| "Clash of Civilizations" (Samuel Huntington) |
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| an essay that said that the Western civilization and Islam could not co-exist |
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| radical branch of Islam that believes in using terrorist tactics in order to destabilize governments that are seen as anti-Islamic |
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| the lack of government control in an area or the belief that government does not need to exist |
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| democratically chosen successors of Muhammad Ali. Have become more of a religious figurehead over time. |
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| the Shiites religious leaders who to them were the true inheritors of Muhammad Ali. |
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| Islamic law. The Path or The Way that all true Muslims were expected to follow |
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| translated as the followers of Ali, Shiites are the second largest Muslim sect and believe that the Imams have a direct blood line connection to the prophet Muhammad |
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| largest sect of Islam in the world, translated as the example of the prophet |
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| people who have no real home but rather wander from one location to the next, mostly surviving off free grazing livestock |
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| the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks who conquered the Anatolian Peninsula under Osman |
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| the Turkish leader who rallied the Turkish clans and founded the Ottoman Empire |
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| the remnant of the Roman empire in Greece and the Middle East, they were the primary competitors of the Ottoman Turks until the fall of Constantinople in the 14th century |
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| non Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance with the Sharia law |
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| Islamic warriors who were prone to raiding and pillaging |
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| land grant made to the commander of a cavalry unit in the early Ottoman empire |
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| elite mounted cavalry division in the Ottoman empire |
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| the Ottoman infantry which was composed of Christian slave children whom converted to Islam. They were know for ferocity and were among the first gunpowder using soldiers |
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| system of tax farming in the 14th century |
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| levy exacted by the early Ottoman government on Balkan Christians to recruit for imperial bureaucracy |
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| Puritanical religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn' Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century |
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| high rank in the Ottoman empire political system. Equivalent to the British "Lord". One of the Highest ranking titles in Egypt. |
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| Ottoman administrative practice allowing religious minorities control over many of their own affairs, including education, charitable, and judicial affairs |
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| slave brought into Persia to serve in the military or bureaucracy |
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| economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable" |
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| contracts between Ottoman empire and European powers, particularly France. |
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| encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire |
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| term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. Posed a threat for British to India |
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| state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit |
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| generally involves the identification of an ethnic identity with a state |
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| typically denotes post traditional period, one marked by progress via the rise of industrialization, capitalism, etc. |
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| developing a country to defend against European powers or outside powers that involved modernizing for defense |
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| soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam |
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| founder of modern Egypt because of drastic reforms in military, economic, and cultural spheres |
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| Hatt-I-Sharif (Illustrious Rescript) 1839 |
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| 1839 proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdulmecid 1 that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization |
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| meaning reorganization of the Ottoman empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876 |
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| reform edict issued by the Ottoman government, after the Crimean War, in February 1856. Contained important article about the reorganization of the Millet system |
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| took full control of Iran in 1794, re-asserting Persian sovereignty over parts of the Caucasus |
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| an area within one country that is administered by another, usually conceded by a weaker country to a stronger one |
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| series of reforms carried out by the Ottoman Empire Sultan 3 during the late 18th century in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western Powers |
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| Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) |
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| socialist party in Algeria. Set up to obtain Independence for Algeria from France |
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| creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination |
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| building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory |
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| Mission civiltrice/White Man's Burden |
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| rationale for intervention or colonization, propsing to contribute to the spread of civilization, most amounting to the Westernization of indigenous peoples |
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| title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria) and Tunis (Tunisia) under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards |
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| bigotry, discrimination, or hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group, such as different denominations within a religion |
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| absentee urban landowners |
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| economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the properties local economic region |
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| refers to the sphere of women in a usually polygamous household and their quarters which is enclosed and forbidden to men |
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| cultural renaissance that began in the late 19th century and early 20th century in Egypt, then later moving to Lebanon and other Arab-speaking countries |
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| Sunni Islamic movement that takes pious ancestors, the Salaf of the patristic period of Islam, as exemplary models |
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| technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah |
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| means "way, path, method" and refers to Islamic religious order |
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| monotheistic religion founded by Baha'u'llah in the 19th century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind |
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| 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Oversaw a period of decline in the power and of the empire |
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| Ottomanism (Osmanlilik) stated that all subjects were equal before the law |
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| refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in several fields of Islamic studies |
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| political activist and Islamic nationalist active in Qajarid Persia, Afghanistan, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. One of the founders of Islamic Modernism |
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| sent to Paris in 1826 by Muhammad Ali's government to study Western sciences and educational methods |
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