Term
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Definition
Date: 1648
Meaning:
Ends 30 Years War, the first nationalistic, modern war.
Rescinds treaty of restitution which was such a big part of 30 years war
Peace of Augsburg comes back Calvinism is extended in Peace of Augsburg
Armies drawn back and told to really just enforce the treaty of Westphalia
Protection for those who fought
Frederick V only one not forgiven
Significance:
Nationalism wins
People much less likely to affiliate selves w/ monarch or relgion. Stop saying “I’m a subject of so and so” or “I’m this religion” Instead they say “I’m polish” or what have you
We see ordinary people id selves w/ place of origin. Religions and political ties breaking down
France wins too. Econ great. Expanded boundaries. Didn’t fight a single battle on French soil. No cleanup needed
Spain on verge of bankruptcy. Sweden has a young female ruler. Both not doing great
Soldiers not utilized as much. They didn’t want the 30 years war to happen again. Bigger focus on diplomacy
$ and financiers win |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1599 R. 1640
Meaning:
English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Converted to Puritanism later in his life
Member of Rump Parliament.
Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649
Lead military campaigns against Irish and Scottish insurgents (his measures against Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterized as genocidal or near-genocidal)
Significance:
He was one of many Brits who eroded the power of the king, in favour of Parliament.
His particular contribution were 2: 1)Over the King's ability to summon and dismiss Parliament at will. As a result of OC's actions, Parliament became a permanent body, summoned or dismissed according to the wishes of Parliament itself. This stood in great contrast to the French Parliament, called the Estates-General, which when summoned just before the Revolution hadn't met for decades.
2) Cromwell set up a temporary republic - deposing the king -with himself leading as 'Lord Protector.' When he died the monarchy returned, but the new king returned only on Parliament's accord - in other words, with powers strictly limited. |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1626
Meaning:
a tax levied without parliamentary consent.The Parliament of 1626 had not voted any taxation and Charles I desperately needed money. He decided to demand directly from his people to give him money. They refused to pay. He levied a forced loan. Anyone who refused to "lend" (with virtually no hope of repayment) was to answer to the Privy Council.Five Knights Cases: found that the king had a prerogative right to imprison without trial those who refused to pay the forced loan.
Significance:
Leads to the Petition of Right (1628). In response, the House of Commons prepared a set of four Resolutions, decrying these actions and restating the validity of Magna Carta and the legal requirement of habeas corpus. These were rejected by Charles, who also announced that Parliament would be dissolved. Paves way for Rump Parliament and Charles overthrowing. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: early 17th-ish century - 1605 (context for this is Charles' rule in 1625)
Meaning:
a monarch is not subject to any rule on earth and his right to rule comes directly from God. The king is not a subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, and in some cases the church. Any attempt to depose the king or restrict his powers is going against the will of God.
Significance:
Charles uses divine right to est an absolute monarchy, ruled over parliament. Leads to him dissolving parliament. When he is executed, pamphlets rejecting divine right are circulated. Divine right rejected officially w/ glorious rev in 1688. King now must listen to people |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1641
Meaning:
Charles can’t be trusted
Doctrine saying king has been used as a pawn by bishops and other powers
The document was careful not to make any direct accusation against the King himself, or any other named individual, instead blaming the state of affairs on a Roman Catholic conspiracy
Written by parliament
Says you do need an army Charles but we don’t want you to use it against us and reassert your power
200 instances of the king exceeding his powers and betraying the people.
Accused of misleading parliament, misrepresenting his goals and not paying attention to parliamentary concerns and advice
Delivered to king. He responds a few weeks later by saying “you have no right to yell at me”. Doesn’t address issues of the remonstrance
Significance:
Leads to the English Civil War
The Grand Remonstrance was a highly significant development because it took the dispute beyond King and Parliament. The text was printed and circulated through London. A dispute that had previously been kept behind doors was now being aired in public. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: Started late 16th century
Meaning:
a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum.
Significance:
Infamous middle passage. Slave trade
the triangle trade is often thought of as being synonymous with the slave trade
historical trade model to aid in understanding the maritime commerce of the era
Speculation, mercantalism, mother country and colonies all important to this trade |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1585
Meaning:
The French Succession
- Richelieus foreign policy had won territory along their northern and eastern borders by their successes against Habsburg forces
- Came from a provincial noble family and rose in the service of the queen mother
-was admited and feared for his skill in the political game of seeking and bestwoing patronage- a crucial skill in an age when elites received offices and honors through carefully cultivated relationships at court
-favored an aggressive foreign policy
-his policies were opposed by many French people who saw their taxes double and triple
Louis’ adviser
Member of catholic church hierarchy
Devious
Funded armies against the catholics, stirred up conflict and would do whatever he could to strengthen France’s econ. Wanted to keep Spain at bay.
Big goal is fall of spain and opp of France to come in by a weak Spain and to fill any gaps
Wanted to suppress power of nobility
Richelieu destroys a lot of old noble castles
Significance:
Nobles can’t do much about it. Religious divides still too big b/n them for them to unite
He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1682
Meaning:
The Age of Absolutism
"temple" to Louis. Physcial manifestation of Louis power and strength. Eptimized everything wrong w/ Louis and absolutism. Inequities w/ haves and have not's in and absolutist state. Keeps France stable. Cooperation b/n big 3 -- people who worked, prayed and ruled. Kept everyone together. Shitty living conditions -- wagonfuls of dead bodies carried out nightly (workers). Versailles built to contain nobility. Draws them into "the cult of kingship: -- everyone revolves around the "sun king". Compete for his favor. Exclusive -- only some nobles admitted, everyone wants to get there.
Significance:
Paves way for French Rev.
Nobility contained and Louis rules with ease |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1486
Meaning:The main purpose of the Malleus was to attempt to systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist, to discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality, to claim that witches were more often women than men, and to educate magistrates on the procedures that could find them out and convict them
Significance:
Big on Inquisition
Hundreds of thousands die because of the ideas promoted in this book
Its effects were even felt in the New World, where the last gasp of the Inquisition was felt in the English settlements in America (most notably in Salem, Massachusetts during the Salem Witch Trials).
Malleus was one of several key factors contributing to the witch craze, along with popular superstition and tensions created by the Reformation |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1694
Meaning:
Enlightenment
Social critic of the French royal family, inspired ideas of freedom for French citizens.
Established conversations with Catherine II (the Great) of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia to share news and ideas.
Significance:
His Letters on the English, praise the English system while criticizing France in aspects of religion, politics,
and commerce.
The Republic of Letters became an international web of correspondence of world news that became topics
of discussion and entertainment in salons.
Didn't advocate slavery, but said slavery and exploitation were necessary in some fashion |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1793
Meaning:
French Revolution
2. Violent period during the French Revolution between rival political factions that resulted in the mass
execution of many “enemies of the revolution.”
3. Began as political conflict between the Girondins (campaigned for end of monarchy, but resisted the
revolution) and the Jacobins (radical supporters of Revolution) in the National Convention.
4. Many, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, were executed by the guillotine, which, for this reason, became the symbol of the revolutionary cause.
5. The Committee of Public Safety acted as the executive government during the Terror to protect the newly formed Republic (led by the National Convention).
Significance:
Then it was important because it marked the reasons why France would never return to a monarchy and also it was important to the French Revolution as France was developing a new type of government and usually nations have to go through trials, until the right and just power comes along and takes control (i.e. English Civil War and Glorious Revolution) |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1789
Meaning:
Lead by Marquis de Lafayette
Composed mostly of 3rd estate members
Tennis Court Oath
Significance:
Made dec of rights of men
The formation of the National Assembly signified how the 3rd estate was unable to tolerate the injustice it was receiving and it also showed its determination in making a change in the foul system of the ancien regime. |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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Definition
Date: 1789
Meaning:
French Revolution
Composed by the National Assembly of France (representatives of the people), One of the authors was Marquis de Lafayette.
rights and freedoms (liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression) were something innate and should be equal for all men
Significance:
women were not included
government should be run by the people, and its purpose is to serve them
inspired by the enlightenment- first step toward a constitution
The declaration has also influenced and inspired rights-based liberal democracy throughout the world. |
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Term
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Definition
James I/VI
Date:1566-1625
Meaning:
English Rev
political experimentation
king of Scotland, England and Ireland
son of mary, queen of scots- ended the tudor monarchy
union of the crowns-united multiple countries as the sole monarch
advocated for a single parliament
had difficulties ruling over countries that were administratively different
Continued “golden age” of Elizabethan period
Significance:
Sponsored translation of the King James Bible
Constant conflict w/ parliament over $ carries over to his son, King Charles' troubles w/ parliament |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1745
Trans-Atlantic Trade, Colonization
Abolitionist movement
1789 pubished autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
kidnapped, enslaved, purchased freedom, wrote a book
Significance:
Posed a variety of arguments, including economic ones in favor of abolishing slavery
Significant figure in ending slavery in trans-Atlantic trade |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1651
Meaning:
English Civil Wars
The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory
Hobbes argued for a powerful sovereign, as well as the need for civil society to ENFORCE civility upon the masses, or else chaos would rule the day.
Leviathan was written partly as a response to the fear Hobbes experienced during the political turmoil of the English Civil Wars. In the 1640s, it was clear to Hobbes that Parliament was going to turn against King Charles I, so he fled to France for eleven years, terrified that, as a Royalist, he would be persecuted for his support of the king.
Significance:
Huge influence on political thought
Colors English turmoil at the time
Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ("the war of all against all") could only be avoided by strong undivided government. Supported absolutism |
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Term
| Two Treatises of Government |
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Definition
Date: 1689
Meaning:
Glorious Revolution
Written by John Locke
The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilised society based on natural rights and contract theory.
Significance:
Opposes Hobbes
the only legitimate governments are those that have the consent of the people. Therefore, any government that rules without the consent of the people can, in theory, be overthrown
no government can be justified by an appeal to the divine right of kings
Hugely influential to political thought (including US) |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1748
Meaning:
played a key role in shaping the currents of revolutionary thought that propelled France towards the French Revolution
Sieyès saw the third estate as the primary mechanism of public service
Sieyès held major political influence, and he recommended the decision of the Estates to reunite its chamber as the National Assembly, although he opposed the abolition of tithes and the confiscation of Church lands
Significance:
one of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution, and also played a prominent role in the French Consulate and First French Empire.
His 1789 pamphlet What is the Third Estate? became the de facto manifesto of the Revolution, helping to transform the Estates-General into the National Assembly in June 1789. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1630
Meaning:
English Civil War
Restored to the Crown in 1660 under certain terms of negotiation
Protected his throne by promising certain religious affiliations to various countries
Attempted to pursue political and religious tolerance- failed by entering into secret contracts with conflicting nations which later discovered his deceit
Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685
James II/VII Succeeds him
Significance:
Promoted science (founded Royal Society for research, 1660), public projects (building/rebuilding of palaces, estates, hospitals, etc.), and religious tolerance (failed, Anglican traditions upheld, Anti-Catholicism spread). |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1640
Meaning:
Pre-English Civil War
1640-1660
Decided to use strong leadership to mount an opposition against Charles I
Discussed the premise of personal rule, amount of actual power they would allow
Drew up a comprehensive list of grievances regarding the king’s actions and behaviors
it could be dissolved only with the agreement of the members
Short parliament dissolved by Charles I, but he needs $ and few people want to help him b/c he loses a series of battles. Has to reinstate Parliament on their terms. This is short parliament. Long Parliament comes shortly after.
Significance:
Parliament is clearly in the driver’s seat now. Charles doesn’t want to admit it
John Pyn would be leader of par to help oppose Charles and his tyrannical rule |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1602
Meaning:
Pre-French Revolution, Absolutism in France, Reign of Louis XIV
Succeed by Cardinal Richelieu
Queen Anne of Austria's adviser. She takes over France when her husband dies and her son, Louis is too young to rule. Expands France’s tax base to pay off 30 years war. Pisses people off.
Starts The Frondes (5 year civil war in France)
Doesn’t tax the clergy and aristocrats. Only the poor.
People are like fuck no
Revolt against them.
He was Italian, people wary of him like they were of Catherine Medici
Signficance:
Actions lead to unrest w/in 3rd estate. Leads to French Rev |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1708
Meaning:
Atlantic Community and the slave economy
Britain’s Secretary of state during the Seven years war
Controlled labor supply in Africa
Captured Spanish colonies such as Cuba and Philippines
Captured French plantation in the Caribbean
English battle stategist and main source of English success in 7 years war
Wants to expand trade and control areas in America.
Significance:
Makes 7 years war an international war when he extends fight to the Americas and Caribbean
Wins too much territory. Leads to Peace of Paris (huge English victory) |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1640
Meaning:
English Civil War
Lasted 3 weeks
After 11 years of self rule, Charles needs to recall parliament for taxes and subsidies to raise an army against the scots
He thought that if the house of commons didn’t agree with his financial decisions, the house of Commons didn’t agree with him b/c they would realizes his army was needed to defend England
IF parliament can’t agree with the king to do what’ best for England then he will dissolve them…they say good luck b/c you need to get the go ahead from parliament to raise taxes/rev
He decides to dissolve them
He tries through passive taxation to raise enough money to keep his army together, however the English were defeated in a number of battles against the Scots so the army morale was low
So after these defeats in the summer of 1640, he is forces to recall parliament in the fall. This is the short parliament
Significance:
leads to Long parliament
Conflict w/ Charles escalate leading to his eventual overthrowing by parliament |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 17th century
Meaning:
Enlightenment
intellectual hostesses invited guests to talk about 18th century enlightenment ideas
discussed the spirit of laws and philosophy
Significance:
Sign of being elite because of having free time to join the salons
Men and women as equal to discuss the ideas (Feminism) |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1757
Meaning:
French Revolution
Commander in Chief of the National Guard of France (armed force created by the National Assembly).
One of the authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which asserted that each person had certain unalienable rights.
Arrested 400 armed aristocrats at the Tuileries in Paris, this event is called the Day of Daggers.
Significance:
His influence led the revolutionary ideology of equality and freedom, as he was inspired by the American
Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1610
Meaning:
Absolutism in France, Pre-French Rev
Starter of Absolutism in France
Versailles
Longest rule of all major monarchs in Europe
n adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital.
He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling many members of the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority.
Significance:
he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution |
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Term
| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes |
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Definition
Date: 1685
Meaning:
Revoked by Louis XIV
declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau
intense persecution of Protestants took place.
Significance:
very damaging results for France
he revocation of the Edict of Nantes also further damaged the perception of Louis XIV abroad, making the Protestant nations bordering France even more hostile to his regime. |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1751-1765
Meaning:
Enlightenment
b. Revolutionary project by Diderot that was both celebrated and persecuted
c. The objectionable parts were written by Diderot about religion and natural law, wasn’t until 1772 that the last subscribers received their copies, attempted to draw together all of the information that was available to French people at the time
Significance:
it was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to lavish attention on the mechanical arts. Still, the Encyclopédie is famous above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1755
Meaning:
French Revolution
Egged her husband on to behave like Louis XIV, mistrusted by the public because she was foreign (Austrian) and also a major snob, politically inept, unable to navigate the complexities of court life and was selfishly wasteful
Insensitive to the political climate around her
Significance:
Encouraged the French Revolution by embodying everything that the 3rd estate took issue with in the monarchy
Some academics and scholars have deemed her frivolous and superficial, and have attributed the start of the French Revolution to her |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1786
Meaning:
French Revolution
Includes everyone except people who prayed and people who fought (rulers), bears most of tax
the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more glaring.
Members of third estate include merchants of the urban wealthy class who were not content with being overlooked
Significance:
Demanded double representation, wanted voting power and representation to be equal to first and second estates combined
Members of National Assembly mostly third estate with few progressive members of first and second estates, demanded constitution
The party that leads the French Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1790s
Meaning:
French Revolution
Device designed for carrying out executions by beheading
Thousands of people publicly guillotined in French Revolution
Standard form of capital punishment in France during revolution
Fulfilled conditions of death penalty in Paris
Crowds gathered to make an example out of the condemned and his unlawful acts
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed by the guillotine
Significance:
Symbolized the 3rd estate's revolution (the French Revolution)
became celebrated as the people's avenger by supporters of the Revolution and vilified as the pre-eminent symbol of the Reign of Terror by opponents |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1546
Meaning:
Scientific Revolution
Came up with system of most popular way of trying to Save the Appearance
Critiqued Copernicus with Tychonic system: Earth is center, moon goes around Earth, all other planets on their own orbit that goes around the sun
comets were also not atmospheric phenomena, as previously thought, and must pass through the supposedly "immutable" celestial spheres. Theory of comets rids long held "crystalline spheres" concept
Significance:
Contribution is that he argues that scientific progress can only happen through sustained observation and data
Rudolph II, HRE in Prague, gives facility to Brahe who becomes royal astronomer
Scientific progress can only happen w/ reliable data. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1527
Meaning:
1. Scientific Revolution
2. Welsh mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occultist, navigator, imperialist
3. consultant to Queen Elizabeth I
Significance:
advocated a policy of political and economic strengthening of England and imperial expansion into the New World
Promoted the sciences of navigation and cartography, believed that mathematics was central to the progress of human learning |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1632
Meaning:
Science Revolution (New Science in Context: Society, Politics, and Religion)
Wrote the Two Treatises on Government
2. English philosopher who asserted that the state arises from a contract that individuals freely endorse. Therefore, because sovereignty resides with the people, rebellion against abuse of power is justified--a revolutionary vision of a political society based on human rights.
3. Major works: Essay on Human Understanding (1690) and Two Treatises of Government (1690)
4. Was personal physician and general political assistant to one of the members of Parliament most opposed to Charles II’s pretensions to absolutist government. (He was pro-parliamentary)
5. Argues that governments can exist only with the consent of the governed.
Significance:
Counters Hobbes political thought
Power given to the people with his writings
Hugely influential on political thought, esp. in the US |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1713
Meaning:
The Enlightenment
2. French philosopher, art critic, and writer
3. Chief editor of the Encyclopedia
4.was admired by certain segments of the elite and persecuted by others (the ecclesiastical party) in their official function for contributing to the Encyclopedia
5. Major literary works: (1) Jacques the Fatalist and his Master, which challenged conventions regarding novels and their structure and content and examined ideas about free will. (2). Rameau’s Nephew, upon which many articles and sermons about consumer desire have been based.
Wrote the Encyclopedia
Significance:
Challenged conventions regarding novels and their structure and content, while also examining philosophical ideas about free will.
Encyclopedia biggest thing -- contained most of enlightenment thoughts at the time |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1789
Meaning:
French Revolution
Come after the fall of the Bastille and the Peasant revolt
The August Decrees were declared with the idea of calming the populace (after their revolts) and encouraging them towards civility. Important in establishing new order of constitutional gov.
Prepared grounds for new constitution and its decree decentralized power
19 articles
Assembly abolished the feudal system and eliminated many clerical and noble rights
Significance:
Heavily revised and criticized
paved the way for the Assembly to make the Declaration of the Rights of Man. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1548
Meaning:
Scientific Revolution
Mnemonics (the science of memory)
Paved the way for this scientific thought
Charged with heresy for his beliefs.
Someone comes and says teach me the magic of remembering things, he’s like no it’s science and they were like no way I see you have books that belong on the index of prohibited books. So heresy happens
Cosmological theories went beyond Copernican Model, while supporting heliocentrism, proposed sun was another star moving around in space
Died from Roman Inquisition as they burned him for heresy
was a friar, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, etc
Significance:
Regarded as martyr for free thought
Illustrated the hysteria about witches and magic |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1618
Meaning:
Counterreformation
four catholic lords were thrown out a window and landed into a pile of manure.
This was the second happening of such an event
During the period of the Peace of Augsburg, where the prince determined the religion of the land
Protestant Lords' agenda was to clarify whether or not the four regents present were responsible for persuading King Matthias to order the cessation of churches on royal land.
Significance:
Precipitated the 30 years war (which started as a battle b/n Catholics and Protestants) |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1768-ish
Meaning:
- The French Revolution
- A bored dissatisfaction with life that comes from lacking a meaningful occupation
-Private becomes public and performative
- To combat ennui, Old Regime culture ritualized the rhythms of daily life and attended theatre, opera, balls, and salons
- Les Liaisons Dangereuses, written by Choderlos de Laclos, portrays Old regime life, including ennui
Significance:
An example of various abuses and excesses of the Old Regime in 18th century France
Encourages Louis XIV's lifestyle, further enraging 3rd estate towards the rulers |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1756-1763
Meaning:
Triangle Trade
- It was a war primarily between Britain and France, resulting from colonial and trade conflicts between the two countries.
- It involved many great powers at the time and affected Europe, the Americas, Africa, India, and the Philippines.
- It has many different names depending on the involved party; for example, the French and Indian War (North America) and the Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia)
William Pitt hugely influential here
Sig native American help on both sides
Significance:
Britain emerged from the Seven Years’ War as the preeminent world power with new territorial and colonial acquisitions
Treaty of Paris (peace of Paris) results in major power for Brits
War was expensive, Brits tax American colonies. Turns into the Rev. War |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1583
Meaning:
Bohemian, Protestant. Absolutely brilliant military strategist. Wanted to expand his own fortunes, but willing to help Catholics for money.
He fights for Catholics for money and does a very good job. Wins a bunch of battles
Put together an army of 100,000 men
No loyal opposition.
- A Bohemian military leader and politician during the Thirty Years War under the Holy Roman Empire
- Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II released him after he feared Wallenstein’s ambition, but several Protestant victories made the emperor to recall Wallenstein
- Wallenstein turned the war in favor of the Catholics after his reassignment, but he was dissatisfied with the emperor and thought about siding with the Protestants
- Assassinated in Bohemia by an army official with the emperor’s approval
Significance:
Introduced a new way of funding war called “war taxes,” which made everyone, including cities and princes, to pay taxes towards the war
Wallenstein's particular genius lay in recognizing a new way for funding war: instead of merely plundering enemies, he called for a new method of systematic "war taxes". Even a city or a prince on the side of the Emperor had to pay taxes towards the war.
major figure of the Thirty Years' War |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1543
Meaning:
Scientific Revolution
written by Nicholas Copernicus
No one actually read this—published after Nicholas gone
Fortune of book is harmed because author is gone. doesn’t take off until 60 yrs later
Sun is center of universe
Motion of Stars only apparent set of motions and it is actually Earth who is moving Earth is like moving star like Jupiter, Mars, etc. people find this difficult because going against common sense. why aren’t we aware of this? Why does it look like stars are moving?
Significance:
offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.
argues mathematics, not physics, should be the basis for understanding and accepting his new theory.
**his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle's science—and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 17th Century
Meaning:
African coast to English economy middle leg of triangular trading
System to extract Africans captured in war or part of African slave system in existence
Equiano recounts his experiences here
Significance:
Horribly brutal leg of the triangle trade
It brought a cheap labor force - in the form of slaves - to the new world which made raw materials cheaper in Europe and bolstered trade around the world.
It was also responsible for the deaths of millions of Africans and the enslavement of millions more. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1648
Meaning:
French Revolution
Series of disputes that take place over 5 years led by the nobility
Started by Cardinal Mazarin's actions. Lead by an unruly aristocracy
Significance:
Leads to Louis XIV to create Versailles.
resulted in the disempowerment of the territorial aristocracy and the emergence of absolute monarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 18th/19th Century
Meaning:
Pre-French Rev.
An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.
Compromised mainly of fictional correspondence.
Richardson's Pamela, Montesquieu's The Persian Letters and Les Liaisons Dangereuses for ex.
Gave readers a peek into the private
Significance:
Private becomes public
example of ennui
ritualized rhythms of daily life, leads to highlight dissatisfaction w/ French Royalty |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1776
Meaning:
Enlightenment
First major work in the science of economics.
Significance:
This book is fundamental to a lot of modern economic concepts, mainly capitalism. As the first major work in science of economics, it is like a “bible” in this field, and was often referred to by economists, whether or not they were for or against its concepts.
Three pieces of information
“Laissez-faire economics” (free market) -- capitalism, the government should leave the invisible hand regulate the market
Division of labor -- He used the example of making a pin to explain how assembly line can increase efficiency by dividing up tasks, but also how it can be detrimental to workers because it is tedious
Against Mercantilism (protectionism, stacking up money within country and increase taxation) -- It will cause stagnation. The best solution is loosen up government regulation, each country/area specialize in their field and then exchange goods to maximize utility
Beginning thoughts of industrial rev
Slavery rep a labor monopoly
People who controlled slaves controlled free market that lead to negative consequences like the crash of the market
A non-humanitarian/rights based argument against slavery. Instead it’s an econ arg. This is really convincing for people who are straight up racist. This is more logical |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1789
Meaning:
French Revolution
The Bastille was considered the symbol of absolutism (Voltaire was once imprisoned there, too). The Parisian mobs finally succeeded to break in and liberated the seven prisoners.
Signified the end of despotism and the end of Louis XVI’s reign, and July 14 became the French national holiday
Comes after Tennis Court Oath
Mostly in need of arms so they storm it. People say reasoning is to free prisoners, but that wasn't major reason
Significance:
Leads to dec of rights of man
its fall was the flashpoint (starting of war) of the French Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1789
Meaning:
The French Revolution
Preceded Storming of Bastille
- It was a collective pledge signed by the National Assembly to meet until a constitution was drafted.
- When the deputies arrived to meet on June 20, they were locked out of their meeting hall, so they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and signed the oath there.
- It was signed by all but one deputy of the Third Estate.
- Following the oath, Louis XVI ordered the clergy and the nobility to join the National Assembly as well.
Significance:
The first time that French citizens were formally in clear opposition of the crown, and their asserting of themselves as the supreme state power.
took a solemn collective oath "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established"
The oath was both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself. |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1640
Meaning:
Political Crisis/French absolutism
Absolutism in Theory and Practice – ruling absolutely on your own. No constitutional obligation to consult with anyone (like nobles). Most kinds did consult thought. They said need to have specific goals to guide your behavior.
- Extraordinary concentration of power and symbolic authority in royal hands, achieved particularly by the king of France (Louis XIV) in the seventeenth century.
- Three goals of an absolutist:
1.“domesticate” the nobility - make the nobility content and feel useful, but not letting their power/influence grow
2.control the government - controlling who gets appointed, the judicial system and the court system
3.exercise authority over religion - ensure that rebellions can’t spark and grow from religious disputes
Significance:
Leads to disgust w/ nobility post Louis XIV --> French Rev
Louis XVI unable to handle absolutism as well as Louis XIV can and leads to French Rev |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1642
Meaning:
the Scientific Revolution
- English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher.
- His mathematical computation of the laws of gravity and planetary motion, which he combined with a fully developed theory of inertia, completed the explanation for motion initiated by Nicholas Copernicus.
- Law of gravitation - every body in the universe exerts over every other body an attractive force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
In addition to his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton also dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology
Significance:
- Heavily influenced Immanuel Kant, who believe that Newton, Locke and Hobbes showed that human beings could overcome anything by using ideas and rationality |
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Term
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Definition
Date:Really early origins 300 AD?
Meaning:
Scientific Revolution
Hidden metals in Earth and celestial
All parts of world go through degeneration and death
Seed exposed to celestial influence (sun)emerge in flower
Minerals and rocks will emerge in new way than how they started will change into most valuable metal
What processes do I need to put lead through to yield gold quickly
The “quintenssence” or Philosopher’s Stone: fifth essence that will give you immortality
Renaissance Humanism and Renaissance Neoplatonism guided alchemists away from physics to refocus on mankind as the alchemical vessel.
Significance:
Alchemists responsible for providing value through chemical quests chemical discoveries such as phosphorus
Practiced by important scientific minds like Newton, Brahe and John Dee
Declines in 17th century -- chemistry replaces it |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1689
Meaning:
Enlightenment
Separation of powers advocate
In regards to slavery: Noble savage – in slavery is a kind of nobility b/c this person lives closer to nature.
Persian Letters, 1721
·Attack old regime culture
·Supposed letters exchanged between Persian embassy in France
·Explain what happened in French court to Persians
·Persian reaction to meeting Louis XIV: supposed to be great king, but doesn’t even feed himself
·Satirical look on society was best seller
·Based on real Persian embassy coming to what France believed to be finest civilization in world
·Take air out of balloon of Enlightenment
·Poke holes at existing system
Spirit of the Laws, 1748
·Tell them what they should do
3 types of government:
Absolutist (France):
·always bad for country
·weaken checks and balances—fear of tyrannical government
Republic (Florence):
·admired republic
·small state to govern larger political body
·can’t work in France b/c too big and diverse
Mixed Monarchy (England):
·perfect solution—constitutional monarchy in England
·Strong parliament, judiciary, monarch—checks and balances
·Avoid anarchy and tyranny
·Believes Europe should follow this model
Significance:
French nobility should curb power of King by playing larger role in Parliament to bolster role of Parliament in government affairs
·System to improve own place in the role—helps him gain power
He did more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon
Sep of powers |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1712
Meaning:
Enlightenment
Son of French Huguenot
Basic fabric of society provided by the law
Aristocracy often exempted from the law
Discourse on the Moral effects of the Arts and Sciences (1750)
“civilization”: corrupting influence—arts and letters keeping us from rational relationships existing in nature doesn’t equal progress
“the noble savage”: true nobility is escaping civilizing progress and living close to nature through agriculture, trading
o argue that slavery is being close to nature
o stress that commercial power, hereditary authority gets rid of state of nature and equality—influenced by Locke
Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (1755)
Own land and passing down land inequalities
Move away from private property holdings
Divided people in haves and have nots. have nots couldn’t break into society
Uneven distribution of property the root of all ills
The Social Contract (1762)
Community
Law
“General Will”: overriding sense of community spirit—members of community will seek to help other members even if it goes against self interest
o take away distinction between haves and have not's in order to benefit whole society
o optimistic way to view humans—laws for everyone’s benefit
private property was the start of civilization, inequality, murders and wars.
Significance:
ideas were radical for 18th century—used by participants in American and French revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Date:1625
Meaning:
English Civil War
2) Charles and the Royalists are defeated, Charles is executed, parliament is now the rump parliament. Cromwell is Supreme and puritans take over
3) Second son of King James VI of Scotland. He married Princess Henrietta Maria of France
4) Fights the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. Is defeated and Executed.
Political Crisis
King of England and Scotland
Born and raised in England as a Protestant
Raised by George Villiars
Didn’t listen to Parliament when he got involved in hated marriage with Queen Maria
Everyone against this but Villiars supported this
Significance:
Forced Loans
Divine Rule
Son: Charles II, reestablishes monarchy after Cromwell
Short, long and rump parliament
After his rule English govt is significantly changed -- power goes heavily to parliament |
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Term
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Definition
Date: 1789-1795
Meaning:
French Revolution/Peoples Revolution
The commune was a socialistic government that briefly ruled Paris, proclaimed to govern all of France, then was suppressed by the French During the French Revolution, the Paris Commune was a governing body that took control of the city, and acted to kill off opponents. A large number of people were massacred.
Forces in “Bloody Week”
Comes after storming of Bastille
Significance:
Bloody reflection of French Rev
Jacobian vs. Girondins vs. the Cordeliers |
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