Term
| Who were the founders of Rome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the two major social groups in ancient Rome? |
|
Definition
Patricians: "Fathers of the State"
Plebeians: very vague and broad |
|
|
Term
| What was the role of the Etruscans for ancient Rome? |
|
Definition
| They established a kingdom and brought an alphabet |
|
|
Term
| What were the major political developments in Rome during the centuries between 509 and 287 BCE? |
|
Definition
The Etruscans were expelled
Rome became Res Publica
They introduced councils, dictators, popular assembly, Concilium Plebis, tribunes, plebiscites, Veto Decrees of 287 BCE, and the 12 Tables in 450 BCE |
|
|
Term
| What was the Concilium Plebis? |
|
Definition
An assembly of Plebeians
A legislative body of Plebeians
The laws they passed only affected Plebeians until the Decrees of 287 BCE which made the laws apply to Patricians as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elected officials of the Concilium Plebis? |
|
|
Term
| What powers did tribunes have? |
|
Definition
| They could block laws passed by Patricians that were considered unfair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plebeian decrees or laws passed by the Concilium Plebis that only applied to Plebeians |
|
|
Term
| What were the chief religious deities in Rome? |
|
Definition
Romans were polytheistic with nature based gods
Jupiter was the god of patron Rome
Mars was the god of war |
|
|
Term
| Who invaded the Latium in 387 and what was the result of this invasion? |
|
Definition
Irish people migrating throughout Europe known as the Gauls
Rome was destroyed
Gauls were paid to leave Rome
Rome regrouped and conquered other areas to avoid further invasion [territorial expansion] |
|
|
Term
| What was the Latin League? |
|
Definition
A very loose confederation of different states
Its main goal was to protect those states, but it failed to protect Rome from the Gauls |
|
|
Term
| What city in northern Africa was the most powerful commercial center in the western Mediterranean that became the chief rival of Rome? |
|
Definition
| Carthage, which was associated with the Phoenicians |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the Punic Wars? |
|
Definition
Carthage was defeated
This occurred during Rome's expansion |
|
|
Term
| What were the causes of Roman territorial expansionism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the major economic and political impact of Roman territorial expansion? |
|
Definition
Small farms declined
Latifundias rose to power
Civil conflict rose over power |
|
|
Term
| What were the latifundias? |
|
Definition
| Large, commercial plantations run by slave labor |
|
|
Term
| Why did Tiberius Gracchus propose the land reform? |
|
Definition
To counteract the large latifundias
It gave everyone in the nation at least 18 acres and limited everyone to 820 acres
It caused a civil war, and Tiberius Gracchus was assassinated |
|
|
Term
| What were the major developments in Rome under the emperor Octavian Augustus? |
|
Definition
He introduced a paid bureaucracy
Created an empire
Got rid of the republic
Imperial expansion
Temple building
Passed legislation against adultery |
|
|
Term
| Who were the so-called barbarians? |
|
Definition
| Germanic tribes composed of Goths, Lombards, Vandals, and Huns |
|
|
Term
| Why did Diocletian try to reorganize the Roman Empire? |
|
Definition
It became too difficult for one person to manage, so he split it into 4 parts with 4 different governors
Once he died, there were 5 competing emperors trying to take his spot |
|
|
Term
| What were the major developments in the Roman Empire under Constantine? |
|
Definition
Christianity was introduced as a legal religion in Rome with the Edict of Milan
The capital was moved to Constantinople |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Roman Empire collapse? |
|
Definition
It was weakened by invasions during the Ice Age and the tetrarchy
It split into 2 empires
The Western Empire survived under the power of Constantine |
|
|
Term
| What were the major differences between literary traditions of the Golden and Silver Ages? |
|
Definition
The Golden Age praised the Roman Empire
The Silver Age criticized the Roman Empire, called the emperors tyrants, and praised the Roman Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tacitus, Plutarch, Seneca, Juvenal |
|
|
Term
| What were the major achievements of the Romans in architecture and building? |
|
Definition
They created the Roman Arch, which is used in many buildings and bridges
They were expert road builders |
|
|
Term
| Compared to the Greeks, what did Roman cultural achievements tend to be? |
|
Definition
They basically copied the Greeks
They transferred Greek philosophy to apply more towards Roman ideals, but it was basically the same |
|
|
Term
| What Roman historian wrote about the Germanic people in the 1st century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Virgil
It was an epic poem about the founding of Rome
It was heavily influenced by Greek epic poetry and was similar in style and substance to Homer's Iliad and Odyssey |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote On the Nature of Things? |
|
Definition
Lucretius
It was an attempted explanation of the relationship between humans and the natural world
It was heavily influenced by Epicureanism
He was an interpreter of Greek ideals to Roman society |
|
|
Term
| What were the Dead Sea Scrolls? |
|
Definition
| In the mid-20th century, Bedouin children playing around the Dead Sea found scrolls containing text of the Old Testament and describing religious sects and practices such as the Jewish sects of the Essenes |
|
|
Term
| What were the Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots, and Essenes? |
|
Definition
Sectarianisms with doctrinal differences
Many different sects
Sadducees didn't believe in resurrection and were more secular
Pharisees believed in resurrection and were more conservative
Jesus belonged to the Essenes sect |
|
|
Term
| What people did Jesus address in His teachings? |
|
Definition
The poor people of Palestine
He rose someone from the dead in his teachings |
|
|
Term
| How is the word Messiah translated into Greek? |
|
Definition
"Christos"
This is where the term "Christ" comes from |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of Paul of Tarsus? |
|
Definition
He was originally named Saul and was a pharisee who persecuted Christians
He converted to Christianity after a vision from God and became one of the 1st major Christian missionaries
He spread Christianity universally and established the 1st Christian communities
He wrote a large portion of the New Testament |
|
|
Term
| What were the reasons for the spread of Christianity? |
|
Definition
It was universally appealing because it contained parts of many religions
The people of Rome were looking to fulfill spirituality, and Christianity provided them with the hope of afterlife |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Romans persecute early Christians? |
|
Definition
| They refused to sacrifice to Roman gods and refused to go to war |
|
|
Term
| Why did early Christians refuse to sacrifice to the official religious cults of Rome? |
|
Definition
| Because the official religions were polytheistic, and Christianity is a purely monotheistic religion |
|
|
Term
| What was the role of the emperor Diocletian in the persecution of Christians? |
|
Definition
| He passed laws made to persecute all who refused to sacrifice to the official Roman gods |
|
|
Term
| What emperor issued the Edict of Toleration and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Edict of Toleration propose? |
|
Definition
| It allowed Christians to worship without persecution |
|
|
Term
| What does the Latin expression "Hoc Vinces" mean? |
|
Definition
| "In this, you will conquer" |
|
|
Term
| What were Christians granted in 319? |
|
Definition
| Freedom to worship according to their religion |
|
|
Term
| What emperor gave Christians freedom to worship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Constantine change the course of Roman history? |
|
Definition
| He gave Christians freedom to worship and moved the capital to the eastern side where the empire didn't decline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elders over certain religious communities |
|
|
Term
| What does the word patriarchate mean? |
|
Definition
| Patriarch: religious leaders of the most important Roman cities |
|
|
Term
| What does the word dogma define? |
|
Definition
| The established belief or doctrine held by a religion |
|
|
Term
| What did the Christian Church address at the Council of Nicaea? |
|
Definition
| The issue that arose between Arians and Roman Church representatives of whether Jesus was of the same essence/substance as God |
|
|
Term
| What was the resolution of the Council of Nicaea? |
|
Definition
| Doctrine of Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) |
|
|
Term
| What doctrine defined theoretical and Biblical basis of papal authority? |
|
Definition
| Doctrine of Petrine Succession |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of St. Jerome for the early Christian church? |
|
Definition
| He translated the Bible into Latin in the 4th century and facilitated the spread of Christianity in parts of Europe |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of Cyril and Methodius for the Eastern Christian church? |
|
Definition
| They translated the Bible into Slavic in the 9th century and facilitated the spread of Christianity in Eastern Europe |
|
|
Term
| What does the word heresy refer to? |
|
Definition
| An opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma |
|
|
Term
| What city became the most vigorous religious and cultural center of the late Roman Empire? |
|
Definition
| Constantinople (Byzantine initially) |
|
|
Term
| What were the major political and religious institutions of the Byzantine Empire? |
|
Definition
Mainly followed Christianity
Emperors were heads of the church (opposed by many, including the Pope)
Christian institutions were created and doctrines were passed
Split occurred and two sections emerged in the church: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox |
|
|
Term
| What does the word strategoi mean? |
|
Definition
| Provisional governors of the Byzantine Empire |
|
|
Term
| What were the achievements of the emperor Justinian? |
|
Definition
He ordered a systemization of Roman Law because some laws introduced in the later years were in complete opposition to the earliest laws
He produced the Corpus Juris Civilis |
|
|
Term
| What was the Corpus Juris Civilis? |
|
Definition
Body of Civil Law: volumes of Roman Law
Contributed to the development of constitutionalism |
|
|
Term
| What Byzantine emperor began to systematize and codify the Roman Law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An empress of the Byzantine Empire |
|
|
Term
| What did iconoclasm mean? |
|
Definition
| Pictures, icons, and statues of Jesus, saints, and the virgin in the Church went against the Old Testament, so they were removed |
|
|
Term
| Why did the iconoclasts want to destroy images? |
|
Definition
| The images went against the Old Testament |
|
|
Term
| What issues further contributed to the split between the Western and Eastern Christian churches? |
|
Definition
Roman archbishops began to claim their authority and supremacy over the entire Christian church
The Pope excommunicated Constantinople's archbishop who in return excommunicated the Pope |
|
|
Term
| What did the bishop of Rome and patriarch of Constantinople issue in 1054? |
|
Definition
They excommunicated each other because they were arguing over iconoclasm
Split occurred between the east and the west churches |
|
|
Term
| What were major cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire? |
|
Definition
Literacy levels were high compared to other parts of the world
The government was composed of professional people who received education in secular schools
They had secular and theological universities
The state derived its revenue from trade, commerce, and industries
They had a monopoly over the industries
They founded many cities and towns
They developed a new kind of philosophy, known as Neoplatonism, which was a revival of Plato's philosophies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A contemporary historian who described Justinian as "at once villainous and amenable; as people say colloquially, a moron. He was never truthful with anyone but always guileful in what he said and did, yet easily hoodwinked by any who wanted to deceive him |
|
|
Term
| What were the major factors that led the Byzantine Empire to decline? |
|
Definition
The Knights of Malda who were Christian warriors wanting to prevent the spread of Islam
The Muslim Empire took over some Byzantine cities
Roads came under Muslim control
A wave of migration started
The Byzantine Empire was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 |
|
|
Term
| What was the major significance of the Byzantine Empire for eastern Europe? |
|
Definition
| The Orthodox Christian churches emerged in the empire's capital of Constantinople and would become dominant throughout most of eastern Europe |
|
|
Term
| How did the geography of Arabia influence forms of social organization? |
|
Definition
| There were a lot of deserts on the Arabian Peninsula, so the people were nomadic and forced to group into clans |
|
|
Term
| What are the major characteristics of Arabian society before the prophet Muhammad? |
|
Definition
The people were nomadic, herded goats and sheep, and lived in clans
Some were involved in trade
The cities were originally just agricultural villages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principal features of Bedouin economy? |
|
Definition
They lived in mobile camps
Herders of sheep and goats
Involved in a little trade |
|
|
Term
| What were the chief cities in Arabia before Muhammad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the major economic activities in Mecca and Medina? |
|
Definition
Herders, agriculture, trade
Industries emerged as the Islamic empire grew
Mecca was more traditional with mostly local people
It had a religious and economic center
The people worshipped at a place called Ka'ba
Involved in the Red Sea Trade
Medina was more cosmopolitan with many religions
It was more open and accepting
Involved in trade and agriculture
Dominated by the powerful tribe of Yatrib |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The 1st Islamic Dynasty
In power from 661-750 CE |
|
|
Term
| What were the principal features of religion in Arabia before the rise of Islam? |
|
Definition
The religion was polytheistic
Each clan had its own god
They worshipped nature (animalistic)
Recognized Allah as the creator god who later became the one God
Judaism and Christianity existed in this area |
|
|
Term
| What was Ka'ba before the rise if Islam? |
|
Definition
| The worship center of the gods in Mecca |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Muhammad during one of his meditations in the hills near Mecca? |
|
Definition
The archangel Gabriel appeared and told him that he was Allah's last and greatest prophet
He called this appearances 'revelations' |
|
|
Term
| What is Quaran (Koran) and when was it first written in Arabic? |
|
Definition
| All of Muhammad's revelations from Gabriel converted into a book by his students |
|
|
Term
| What did God reveal to Muhammad? |
|
Definition
He was His last and greatest prophet
He was to bring the message of Islam to the world |
|
|
Term
| What does the word Islam mean? |
|
Definition
| "Submission to the will of God" |
|
|
Term
| What was Muhammad's message to the people of Mecca? |
|
Definition
| They should abandon polytheism and serve Allah |
|
|
Term
| How did Mecca receive Muhammad's teaching? |
|
Definition
They rejected him and forced him to leave
They also attempted to assassinate him |
|
|
Term
| How did Medina receive the message of Muhammad? |
|
Definition
| They were more welcoming at first because they were a lot more diverse and accepting |
|
|
Term
| What happened in Medina after Muhammad and his followers settled there? |
|
Definition
The 1st Islamic Community, Umma, began to grow
The government began to view him as a threat
They attempted to assassinate him
He moved back to Mecca |
|
|
Term
| On what issue did the Islamic community split into the Shi'ites and Sunni? |
|
Definition
The leader Ali claimed that all Caliphs should be direct descendants of Muhammad
Shi'ites supported Ali's claim
Sunnies disagreed with Ali, believed that the Caliph could be anyone, and believed that the laws and rules came straight from the scripture, not the Caliph |
|
|
Term
| What are the principal features of Islamic law? |
|
Definition
One must observe the Five Pillars and believe in Sharia
Faith in God and following the Sharia leads to salvation |
|
|
Term
| What are the Five Pillars? |
|
Definition
The duties that every Muslim must observe:
1. Shahda - There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet
2. Salat - a daily formal prayer
3. Zakat - Charity
4. Sawm - fasting during the month of Ramadan
5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca - Every Muslim must go to Mecca at least once during his/her life |
|
|
Term
| What are some major similarities among Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? |
|
Definition
They are all monotheistic
Have a central holy book
Believe in the same God
Believe in Heaven
Believe in salvation and judgment
Recognize Jesus (although in different ways) |
|
|
Term
| In what parts of the world did Islam spread during the late seventh and eighth centuries? |
|
Definition
| Northern Africa, Spain, Northern India, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia |
|
|
Term
| What were the principal features of political organization of the Muslim Empire? |
|
Definition
Both religious and political authority existed
Dynasties were set up
The Capital of the Umayyad Dynasty was Damascus, which was originally Muawiya
The Abbasid Dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad with emirs as governors and caliphs as heads of state and religious leaders |
|
|
Term
| What were the major economic, scientific, and cultural accomplishments of Islamic civilizations? |
|
Definition
They had very diverse trade and agriculture with advanced productivity
Pioneers of the joint stock company
Had a banking system with loans
Very industrious (rugs, silk, other luxury goods)
Made many advances in medicine, chemistry, mathematics, and astronomy
Developed processes in pharmacy
Produced Al-kuhl
Muslims were not allowed to be slaves
Rhazes (Al Razi) wrote On Smallpow and Measles
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) wrote The Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine which were released 20 times, translated into Latin, and used by medical students
Al-Hasan was a philosopher inspired by Greek philosophy |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Muslim Empire decline? |
|
Definition
Seljuks, Turks, Mongols, and Mamluks (slaves) migrated into the empire
The Mamluks took control over Egypt and Syria and converted to Islam
The empire split into 3 powerful states: the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires |
|
|
Term
| What were the most powerful Islamic states during the sixteenth and seventeenth century? |
|
Definition
| Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires |
|
|
Term
| What powerful Islamic state emerged in Anatolia in the late fifteenth century that encompassed southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The teenage founder of the Ottoman Empire
He overthrew an emperor and ascended to the throne |
|
|
Term
| Who was Sultan Mehmed and what was his historical significance? |
|
Definition
The Ottoman emperor from 1451-1481
He conquered the Byzantine Empire, which inadvertently caused the Renaissance |
|
|
Term
| What city did Mehmed conquer in 1453? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Sultan Salim I and what was his historical achievement? |
|
Definition
The Ottoman emperor from 1512-1520
Conquered Kurdistan and northern Iraq |
|
|
Term
| Who ruled the Ottoman Empire during 1520-1566 and what were the empire's greatest achievements during these years? |
|
Definition
Suleiman the Magnificent who was considered the greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire
His title was given to him by the Europeans
He was widely feared
Conquered Hungary, southern Poland, and the rest of Iraq |
|
|
Term
| What were the two powerful European states that challenged the Ottoman Empire in Europe? |
|
Definition
| The Habsburg Empire and the Russian Empire |
|
|
Term
| Who were the pashas and what was their role in the Ottoman Empire? |
|
Definition
| They were provincial governors |
|
|
Term
| What was the chief purpose and function of the slave system that emerged in the Ottoman Empire? |
|
Definition
Slaves were personal servants to welahty individuals in the government
They were not used for economic gain
Muslims were not allowed to be slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human tax requiring non-Muslims to provide the government with a certain number of young boys |
|
|
Term
| What were the janissaries? |
|
Definition
Both elite military schools and the graduates from these schools who were sent from the devshirme
The boys were converted to Islam before attending these schools |
|
|
Term
| What were the policies of the Ottoman state toward its non-Muslim subjects? |
|
Definition
They had religious tolerance and did not prosecute other religions
Non-Muslims were not allowed to hold government positions and were required to pay special taxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A monetary tax placed on non-Muslims |
|
|
Term
| What were the principal features of the Ottoman economy? |
|
Definition
They controlled the eastern Mediterranean trade network, which connected Asia with Europe
Their source of wealth was trade roads
Most people were involved in subsistent agriculture |
|
|
Term
| What were cultural achievements of the Ottoman Empire? |
|
Definition
They made advances in architecture (Faith Mosque, Topkapi Palace)
They inherited other cultures and produced their own knowledge |
|
|
Term
| What powerful Islamic Empire emerged during the early sixteenth century in Persia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas beyond Persia did the Safavid Empire include? |
|
Definition
| Iraq/the Middle-East area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Founder of the Safavid Empire who was known as Shah Sheikh Safi al-Din
Shah - ruler
Sheikh - military authority |
|
|
Term
| What was the dominant Islamic religion in Persia before Ismail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the Safavid Empire conclude alliances and cooperate with the europeans? |
|
Definition
| They were trying to diminish the power of the Ottoman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emperors/rulers of the Safavid Empire |
|
|
Term
| What social group or individual had power and dominated the Safavid society at large? |
|
Definition
| Tribal chiefs who ruled on a local level and were more influential than shahs |
|
|
Term
| Who was Shah Abbas and what were his achievements? |
|
Definition
Emperor of the Safavid Empire during the Golden Age
Under his rule, the empire experienced economic prosperity, strong agriculture and trade, a monopoly over trade, built roads and bridges, centralized the government, introduced the postal service, urbanized the empire (Isfahan had 1 million people), cities had multiple bazaars (open-air marketplaces), and the empire was extremely safe
The Shah Namah was an illustrated volume of Persian poetry |
|
|
Term
| What powerful Islamic empire merged in northern India during the first half of the sixteenth century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Babur and what was his historical significance? |
|
Definition
Founder of the Mughal empire
"The Tiger"
Inherited the land from his father
Established the first dynasty |
|
|
Term
| Compared to most contemporary European states, what was the Mughal Empire in terms of economic wealth? |
|
Definition
| The Mughal Empire was more wealthy, educated, enlightened, and successful |
|
|
Term
| What were the general policies of the Mughal state toward the Hindu population? |
|
Definition
The Mughal Empire not only tolerated other religions, but promoted them as well
They built temples for the Hindus and intermarried with Hindu women
Cultural synthesis |
|
|
Term
| In what areas of culture was Hindu-Muslim cultural synthesis most reflected? |
|
Definition
| Marriage and the abolishment of the jizya tax |
|
|
Term
| Who was Shah Aurangzeb and what was his role in the Mughal Empire? |
|
Definition
Expansionist
Caused religious tensions because he was a part of the group that started to reintroduce the taxes
Contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire |
|
|
Term
| In what regions of Africa did agriculture first begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors led to the growth of population in ancient Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of people in Africa migrated and spread throughout most of the continent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the principal forms of social and political organization in African society? |
|
Definition
Social Union
All people belonged to a family
Matrilineal: when a man married a woman, he became a member of her family
Patrilineal: dominated: when a woman married a man, she was to become part of his family
Women were almost equal to men |
|
|
Term
| What were the major characteristics of the African family? |
|
Definition
Polygamy was morally accepted
People distinguished themselves on the basis of their family
Clans of extended family would band together to solve crises and celebrate great things |
|
|
Term
| What were the chief features of African religion? |
|
Definition
Polytheistic
Animistic
Clear concept of an afterlife
Believed that when a relative passed away, their souls/spirits still exist
Worshipped their ancestral gods
Idea of a "High God" - creator of all things |
|
|
Term
| What group of people arrived in Africa around 800 BCE and established the kingdom of Da'amat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who established the kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the location of Ethiopia influence its economy? |
|
Definition
It controlled the Red Sea Trade which connected the Mediterranean to the Indian
Most of their revenues derived from these commercial and trading activities |
|
|
Term
| With what areas of the world did Ethiopia trade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the principal goods in trade between Ethiopia and other civilizations? |
|
Definition
Export: ivory, tortoise shell, gold, emeralds
Import: silk, spices |
|
|
Term
| Why did Aksum (Ethiopia) become the dominant power on the Red Sea? |
|
Definition
| The Roman Empire declined and Aksum seized control |
|
|
Term
| When and how did Aksum embrace Christianity? |
|
Definition
Ezana introduced Christianity in 320 CE
Promoted Christianity
The Bible was translated in Ge'ez
Most people became Christians |
|
|
Term
| Why did Aksum decline in the eighth century? |
|
Definition
The emergence of Islam
The Red Sea trade road shifted from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf
Muslims destroyed one of Aksum's principle trading ports |
|
|
Term
| What kingdom emerged as the powerful state of western Sudan around 800 CE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the principle bases of Ghana's economy? |
|
Definition
| Agriculture, Trans-Saharan trade |
|
|
Term
| What were the principal commodities that Ghana sold in the Trans-Saharan trade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When and how did Islam penetrate into Africa? |
|
Definition
| Muslim Almoravids invaded Ghana in 1203 CE and established the kingdom of Mali |
|
|
Term
| What social groups first embraced Islam in Africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Islam affect the general population of the states that embraced the religion? |
|
Definition
| Muslims controlled ancient trade routes - easier for those who embraced the religion to openly trade |
|
|
Term
| What are the chief problems in reconstructing the history of Native American civilizations? |
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Definition
Europeans destroyed much of the evidence when they arrived
Some of the civilizations didn't produce a system of writing
What did survive was undecipherable
Conquistadors viewed the people as satanic
We depend of European terminology and categories (originally called them the Indians) |
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Term
| In what periods is Mesoamerican history divided before the European conquest? |
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Definition
Formative Period
Classic Period
Post Classic Period |
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Term
| When did the first agricultural settlements begin to appear in Mesoamerica? |
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Definition
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Term
| What civilizations developed in Mesoamerica during the Formative (Pre-Classic) Period? |
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Definition
Olmec - people
San Lorenzo, La Venta, San Jose Magote, and Monte Alban were archaeological sites |
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Term
| What are the major features of these civilizations of the Formative Period? |
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Definition
La Venta: drainage systems, no organized/central government, Great Pyramid, public buildings, center of Olmec culture
Monte Alban: calendar with 2 cycles: Solar (365 days) and Lunar (260 days); a century was 62 years; they had a system of writing; cultivated squash, beans, corn, tomatoes, and potatoes; domesticated animals; had many monumental arts |
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Term
| What are the major cultural characteristics of the Classic Period in Mesoamerica? |
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Definition
State government for protection
Involved in agriculture
Traded obsidian (volcanic glass) |
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Term
| What civilizations developed during the Classic Period? |
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Definition
Teotihuacan and Maya
Traded Obsidian
About 50,000 people
Narrow street with a pyramid at both ends dedicated to the sun and moon - religious rituals |
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Term
| What civilization of pre-Spanish Mesoamerica developed the most advanced writing system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the major features of the Mayan civilization? |
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Definition
Pictographic writing system
Advanced calendar
Advances in mathematics: concept of zero
Ability to look at sunspots and Saturn's rings
Tikal, Chichen Itza - cultural centers
Performed ritualistic human sacrifice on occasion
Only 4 Mayan scrolls have survived (Europeans destroyed the rest) |
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Term
| What were the chief scientific accomplishments of the Maya civilization? |
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Definition
Concept of zero
Ability to look at sunspots and the rings of Saturn |
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Term
| What are the principal characteristics of the Post-Classic Period? |
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Definition
| People were appointed to bureaucratic positions, they were no longer hereditary |
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Term
| What civilizations emerged during the Post-Classic Period? |
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Definition
Toltecs and Aztecs
Everything we know about the Toltecs is from Aztec glorification |
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Term
| What were the forms of social organization in the Aztec Empire? |
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Definition
Calpulli - clans
Pipltin - nobility
Clothing reflected social status |
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Term
| What were the principal elements of Aztec religion? |
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Definition
| Human sacrifice to appease gods and create fear in/subdue the population |
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Term
| What civilizations developed in the Andes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the major features of the Inca civilization? |
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Definition
Had a system of communicating other than writing
Symbolic, also |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where the Incan civilization developed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One of the Mayan cities' empresses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caused the decline of the Aztecs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Between Sahara and the tropical rainforest on the middle equator |
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Term
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Definition
| Right below the tropical rainforest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Prophet Muhammad's paternal uncle who brought up and educated him |
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Term
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Definition
| Place Muhammad escaped to after leaving Mecca |
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Term
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Definition
| Struggle in the path of God |
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Term
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Definition
| Became caliph when Muhammad died |
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Term
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Definition
"Deputy of the prophet"
"Successor of the prophet" |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The Law of Allah
God's Law
Set of guiding principles for people for a proper life |
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Term
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Definition
Most prominent religious order
Woolen frocks
Played a very prominent role in spreading Islam throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
| Governors of the Abbasid dynasty appointed with the overall responsibility of good order |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote On Smallpox and Measles |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| Herders in the Arabian peninsula |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caliph who questioned other caliphs because they weren't a part of Muhammad's family |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cave where Muhammad received his revelations |
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