Shared Flashcard Set

Details

HIST 1010 Test 2
Gorshkov - Auburn University
193
History
Undergraduate 1
12/03/2010

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Who were the founders of Rome?
Definition
Latins
Term
What were the two major social groups in ancient Rome?
Definition

Patricians: "Fathers of the State"

Plebeians: very vague and broad

Term
What was the role of the Etruscans for ancient Rome?
Definition
They established a kingdom and brought an alphabet
Term
What were the major political developments in Rome during the centuries between 509 and 287 BCE?
Definition

The Etruscans were expelled

Rome became Res Publica

They introduced councils, dictators, popular assembly, Concilium Plebis, tribunes, plebiscites, Veto Decrees of 287 BCE, and the 12 Tables in 450 BCE

Term
What was the Concilium Plebis?
Definition

An assembly of Plebeians

A legislative body of Plebeians

The laws they passed only affected Plebeians until the Decrees of 287 BCE which made the laws apply to Patricians as well

Term
Who were the tribunes?
Definition
Elected officials of the Concilium Plebis?
Term
What powers did tribunes have?
Definition
They could block laws passed by Patricians that were considered unfair
Term
What were plebiscites?
Definition
Plebeian decrees or laws passed by the Concilium Plebis that only applied to Plebeians
Term
What were the chief religious deities in Rome?
Definition

Romans were polytheistic with nature based gods

Jupiter was the god of patron Rome

Mars was the god of war

Term
Who invaded the Latium in 387 and what was the result of this invasion?
Definition

Irish people migrating throughout Europe known as the Gauls

Rome was destroyed

Gauls were paid to leave Rome

Rome regrouped and conquered other areas to avoid further invasion [territorial expansion]

Term
What was the Latin League?
Definition

A very loose confederation of different states

Its main goal was to protect those states, but it failed to protect Rome from the Gauls

Term
What city in northern Africa was the most powerful commercial center in the western Mediterranean that became the chief rival of Rome?
Definition
Carthage, which was associated with the Phoenicians
Term
What was the result of the Punic Wars?
Definition

Carthage was defeated

This occurred during Rome's expansion

Term
What were the causes of Roman territorial expansionism?
Definition
Fear of invasion
Term
What was the major economic and political impact of Roman territorial expansion?
Definition

Small farms declined

Latifundias rose to power

Civil conflict rose over power

Term
What were the latifundias?
Definition
Large, commercial plantations run by slave labor
Term
Why did Tiberius Gracchus propose the land reform?
Definition

To counteract the large latifundias

It gave everyone in the nation at least 18 acres and limited everyone to 820 acres

It caused a civil war, and Tiberius Gracchus was assassinated

Term
What were the major developments in Rome under the emperor Octavian Augustus?
Definition

He introduced a paid bureaucracy

Created an empire

Got rid of the republic

Imperial expansion

Temple building

Passed legislation against adultery

Term
Who were the so-called barbarians?
Definition
Germanic tribes composed of Goths, Lombards, Vandals, and Huns
Term
Why did Diocletian try to reorganize the Roman Empire?
Definition

It became too difficult for one person to manage, so he split it into 4 parts with 4 different governors

Once he died, there were 5 competing emperors trying to take his spot

Term
What were the major developments in the Roman Empire under Constantine?
Definition

Christianity was introduced as a legal religion in Rome with the Edict of Milan

The capital was moved to Constantinople

Term
Why did the Roman Empire collapse?
Definition

It was weakened by invasions during the Ice Age and the tetrarchy

It split into 2 empires

The Western Empire survived under the power of Constantine

Term
What were the major differences between literary traditions of the Golden and Silver Ages?
Definition

The Golden Age praised the Roman Empire

The Silver Age criticized the Roman Empire, called the emperors tyrants, and praised the Roman Republic

Term
Golden Age writers
Definition
Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil
Term
Silver Age writers
Definition
Tacitus, Plutarch, Seneca, Juvenal
Term
What were the major achievements of the Romans in architecture and building?
Definition

They created the Roman Arch, which is used in many buildings and bridges

They were expert road builders

Term
Compared to the Greeks, what did Roman cultural achievements tend to be?
Definition

They basically copied the Greeks

They transferred Greek philosophy to apply more towards Roman ideals, but it was basically the same

Term
What Roman historian wrote about the Germanic people in the 1st century?
Definition
Tacitus
Term
Who wrote the Aenid?
Definition

Virgil

It was an epic poem about the founding of Rome

It was heavily influenced by Greek epic poetry and was similar in style and substance to Homer's Iliad and Odyssey

Term
Who wrote On the Nature of Things?
Definition

Lucretius

It was an attempted explanation of the relationship between humans and the natural world

It was heavily influenced by Epicureanism

He was an interpreter of Greek ideals to Roman society

Term
What were the Dead Sea Scrolls?
Definition
In the mid-20th century, Bedouin children playing around the Dead Sea found scrolls containing text of the Old Testament and describing religious sects and practices such as the Jewish sects of the Essenes
Term
What were the Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots, and Essenes?
Definition

Sectarianisms with doctrinal differences

Many different sects

Sadducees didn't believe in resurrection and were more secular

Pharisees believed in resurrection and were more conservative

Jesus belonged to the Essenes sect

Term
What people did Jesus address in His teachings?
Definition

The poor people of Palestine

He rose someone from the dead in his teachings

Term
How is the word Messiah translated into Greek?
Definition

"Christos"

This is where the term "Christ" comes from

Term
What was the significance of Paul of Tarsus?
Definition

He was originally named Saul and was a pharisee who persecuted Christians

He converted to Christianity after a vision from God and became one of the 1st major Christian missionaries

He spread Christianity universally and established the 1st Christian communities

He wrote a large portion of the New Testament

Term
What were the reasons for the spread of Christianity?
Definition

It was universally appealing because it contained parts of many religions

The people of Rome were looking to fulfill spirituality, and Christianity provided them with the hope of afterlife

Term
Why did the Romans persecute early Christians?
Definition
They refused to sacrifice to Roman gods and refused to go to war
Term
Why did early Christians refuse to sacrifice to the official religious cults of Rome?
Definition
Because the official religions were polytheistic, and Christianity is a purely monotheistic religion
Term
What was the role of the emperor Diocletian in the persecution of Christians?
Definition
He passed laws made to persecute all who refused to sacrifice to the official Roman gods
Term
What emperor issued the Edict of Toleration and when?
Definition
Constantine in 313 CE
Term
What did the Edict of Toleration propose?
Definition
It allowed Christians to worship without persecution
Term
What does the Latin expression "Hoc Vinces" mean?
Definition
"In this, you will conquer"
Term
What were Christians granted in 319?
Definition
Freedom to worship according to their religion
Term
What emperor gave Christians freedom to worship?
Definition
Constantine
Term
How did Constantine change the course of Roman history?
Definition
He gave Christians freedom to worship and moved the capital to the eastern side where the empire didn't decline
Term
Who were presbyters?
Definition
Elders over certain religious communities
Term
What does the word patriarchate mean?
Definition
Patriarch: religious leaders of the most important Roman cities
Term
What does the word dogma define?
Definition
The established belief or doctrine held by a religion
Term
What did the Christian Church address at the Council of Nicaea?
Definition
The issue that arose between Arians and Roman Church representatives of whether Jesus was of the same essence/substance as God
Term
What was the resolution of the Council of Nicaea?
Definition
Doctrine of Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit)
Term
What doctrine defined theoretical and Biblical basis of papal authority?
Definition
Doctrine of Petrine Succession
Term
What was the significance of St. Jerome for the early Christian church?
Definition
He translated the Bible into Latin in the 4th century and facilitated the spread of Christianity in parts of Europe
Term
What was the significance of Cyril and Methodius for the Eastern Christian church?
Definition
They translated the Bible into Slavic in the 9th century and facilitated the spread of Christianity in Eastern Europe
Term
What does the word heresy refer to?
Definition
An opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma
Term
What city became the most vigorous religious and cultural center of the late Roman Empire?
Definition
Constantinople (Byzantine initially)
Term
What were the major political and religious institutions of the Byzantine Empire?
Definition

Mainly followed Christianity

Emperors were heads of the church (opposed by many, including the Pope)

Christian institutions were created and doctrines were passed

Split occurred and two sections emerged in the church: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

Term
What does the word strategoi mean?
Definition
Provisional governors of the Byzantine Empire
Term
What were the achievements of the emperor Justinian?
Definition

He ordered a systemization of Roman Law because some laws introduced in the later years were in complete opposition to the earliest laws

He produced the Corpus Juris Civilis

Term
What was the Corpus Juris Civilis?
Definition

Body of Civil Law: volumes of Roman Law

Contributed to the development of constitutionalism

Term
What Byzantine emperor began to systematize and codify the Roman Law?
Definition
Emperor Justinian
Term
Who was Theodora?
Definition
An empress of the Byzantine Empire
Term
What did iconoclasm mean?
Definition
Pictures, icons, and statues of Jesus, saints, and the virgin in the Church went against the Old Testament, so they were removed
Term
Why did the iconoclasts want to destroy images?
Definition
The images went against the Old Testament
Term
What issues further contributed to the split between the Western and Eastern Christian churches?
Definition

Roman archbishops began to claim their authority and supremacy over the entire Christian church

The Pope excommunicated Constantinople's archbishop who in return excommunicated the Pope

Term
What did the bishop of Rome and patriarch of Constantinople issue in 1054?
Definition

They excommunicated each other because they were arguing over iconoclasm

Split occurred between the east and the west churches

Term
What were major cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire?
Definition

Literacy levels were high compared to other parts of the world

The government was composed of professional people who received education in secular schools

They had secular and theological universities

The state derived its revenue from trade, commerce, and industries

They had a monopoly over the industries

They founded many cities and towns

They developed a new kind of philosophy, known as Neoplatonism, which was a revival of Plato's philosophies

Term
Who was Procopius?
Definition
A contemporary historian who described Justinian as "at once villainous and amenable; as people say colloquially, a moron. He was never truthful with anyone but always guileful in what he said and did, yet easily hoodwinked by any who wanted to deceive him
Term
What were the major factors that led the Byzantine Empire to decline?
Definition

The Knights of Malda who were Christian warriors wanting to prevent the spread of Islam

The Muslim Empire took over some Byzantine cities

Roads came under Muslim control

A wave of migration started

The Byzantine Empire was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

Term
What was the major significance of the Byzantine Empire for eastern Europe?
Definition
The Orthodox Christian churches emerged in the empire's capital of Constantinople and would become dominant throughout most of eastern Europe
Term
How did the geography of Arabia influence forms of social organization?
Definition
There were a lot of deserts on the Arabian Peninsula, so the people were nomadic and forced to group into clans
Term
What are the major characteristics of Arabian society before the prophet Muhammad?
Definition

The people were nomadic, herded goats and sheep, and lived in clans

Some were involved in trade

The cities were originally just agricultural villages

Term
Who were the Bedouins?
Definition
Local pastoral people
Term
What are the principal features of Bedouin economy?
Definition

They lived in mobile camps

Herders of sheep and goats

Involved in a little trade

Term
What were the chief cities in Arabia before Muhammad?
Definition
Mecca and Medina
Term
What were the major economic activities in Mecca and Medina?
Definition

Herders, agriculture, trade

Industries emerged as the Islamic empire grew

Mecca was more traditional with mostly local people

It had a religious and economic center

The people worshipped at a place called Ka'ba

Involved in the Red Sea Trade

Medina was more cosmopolitan with many religions

It was more open and accepting

Involved in trade and agriculture

Dominated by the powerful tribe of Yatrib

Term
What was the Umayyad?
Definition

The 1st Islamic Dynasty

In power from 661-750 CE

Term
What were the principal features of religion in Arabia before the rise of Islam?
Definition

The religion was polytheistic

Each clan had its own god

They worshipped nature (animalistic)

Recognized Allah as the creator god who later became the one God

Judaism and Christianity existed in this area

Term
What was Ka'ba before the rise if Islam?
Definition
The worship center of the gods in Mecca
Term
What happened to Muhammad during one of his meditations in the hills near Mecca?
Definition

The archangel Gabriel appeared and told him that he was Allah's last and greatest prophet

He called this appearances 'revelations'

Term
What is Quaran (Koran) and when was it first written in Arabic?
Definition
All of Muhammad's revelations from Gabriel converted into a book by his students
Term
What did God reveal to Muhammad?
Definition

He was His last and greatest prophet

He was to bring the message of Islam to the world

Term
What does the word Islam mean?
Definition
"Submission to the will of God"
Term
What was Muhammad's message to the people of Mecca?
Definition
They should abandon polytheism and serve Allah
Term
How did Mecca receive Muhammad's teaching?
Definition

They rejected him and forced him to leave

They also attempted to assassinate him

Term
How did Medina receive the message of Muhammad?
Definition
They were more welcoming at first because they were a lot more diverse and accepting
Term
What happened in Medina after Muhammad and his followers settled there?
Definition

The 1st Islamic Community, Umma, began to grow

The government began to view him as a threat

They attempted to assassinate him

He moved back to Mecca

Term
On what issue did the Islamic community split into the Shi'ites and Sunni?
Definition

The leader Ali claimed that all Caliphs should be direct descendants of Muhammad

Shi'ites supported Ali's claim

Sunnies disagreed with Ali, believed that the Caliph could be anyone, and believed that the laws and rules came straight from the scripture, not the Caliph

Term
What are the principal features of Islamic law?
Definition

One must observe the Five Pillars and believe in Sharia

Faith in God and following the Sharia leads to salvation

Term
What are the Five Pillars?
Definition

The duties that every Muslim must observe:

1. Shahda - There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet

2. Salat - a daily formal prayer

3. Zakat - Charity

4. Sawm - fasting during the month of Ramadan

5. Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca - Every Muslim must go to Mecca at least once during his/her life

Term
What are some major similarities among Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?
Definition

They are all monotheistic

Have a central holy book

Believe in the same God

Believe in Heaven

Believe in salvation and judgment

Recognize Jesus (although in different ways)

Term
In what parts of the world did Islam spread during the late seventh and eighth centuries?
Definition
Northern Africa, Spain, Northern India, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia
Term
What were the principal features of political organization of the Muslim Empire?
Definition

Both religious and political authority existed

Dynasties were set up

The Capital of the Umayyad Dynasty was Damascus, which was originally Muawiya

The Abbasid Dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad with emirs as governors and caliphs as heads of state and religious leaders

Term
What were the major economic, scientific, and cultural accomplishments of Islamic civilizations?
Definition

They had very diverse trade and agriculture with advanced productivity

Pioneers of the joint stock company

Had a banking system with loans

Very industrious (rugs, silk, other luxury goods)

Made many advances in medicine, chemistry, mathematics, and astronomy

Developed processes in pharmacy

Produced Al-kuhl

Muslims were not allowed to be slaves

Rhazes (Al Razi) wrote On Smallpow and Measles 

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) wrote The Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine which were released 20 times, translated into Latin, and used by medical students

Al-Hasan was a philosopher inspired by Greek philosophy

Term
Why did the Muslim Empire decline?
Definition

Seljuks, Turks, Mongols, and Mamluks (slaves) migrated into the empire

The Mamluks took control over Egypt and Syria and converted to Islam

The empire split into 3 powerful states: the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Term
What were the most powerful Islamic states during the sixteenth and seventeenth century?
Definition
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
Term
What powerful Islamic state emerged in Anatolia in the late fifteenth century that encompassed southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa?
Definition
The Ottoman Empire
Term
Who was Asman?
Definition

The teenage founder of the Ottoman Empire

He overthrew an emperor and ascended to the throne

Term
Who was Sultan Mehmed and what was his historical significance?
Definition

The Ottoman emperor from 1451-1481

He conquered the Byzantine Empire, which inadvertently caused the Renaissance

Term
What city did Mehmed conquer in 1453?
Definition
Constantinople
Term
Who was Sultan Salim I and what was his historical achievement?
Definition

The Ottoman emperor from 1512-1520

Conquered Kurdistan and northern Iraq

Term
Who ruled the Ottoman Empire during 1520-1566 and what were the empire's greatest achievements during these years?
Definition

Suleiman the Magnificent who was considered the greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire

His title was given to him by the Europeans

He was widely feared

Conquered Hungary, southern Poland, and the rest of Iraq

Term
What were the two powerful European states that challenged the Ottoman Empire in Europe?
Definition
The Habsburg Empire and the Russian Empire
Term
Who were the pashas and what was their role in the Ottoman Empire?
Definition
They were provincial governors
Term
What was the chief purpose and function of the slave system that emerged in the Ottoman Empire?
Definition

Slaves were personal servants to welahty individuals in the government

They were not used for economic gain

Muslims were not allowed to be slaves

Term
What was devshirme?
Definition
A human tax requiring non-Muslims to provide the government with a certain number of young boys
Term
What were the janissaries?
Definition

Both elite military schools and the graduates from these schools who were sent from the devshirme

The boys were converted to Islam before attending these schools

Term
What were the policies of the Ottoman state toward its non-Muslim subjects?
Definition

They had religious tolerance and did not prosecute other religions

Non-Muslims were not allowed to hold government positions and were required to pay special taxes

Term
What was jizya?
Definition
A monetary tax placed on non-Muslims
Term
What were the principal features of the Ottoman economy?
Definition

They controlled the eastern Mediterranean trade network, which connected Asia with Europe

Their source of wealth was trade roads

Most people were involved in subsistent agriculture

Term
What were cultural achievements of the Ottoman Empire?
Definition

They made advances in architecture (Faith Mosque, Topkapi Palace)

They inherited other cultures and produced their own knowledge

Term
What powerful Islamic Empire emerged during the early sixteenth century in Persia?
Definition
The Safavid Empire
Term
What areas beyond Persia did the Safavid Empire include?
Definition
Iraq/the Middle-East area
Term
Who was Safi al-Din?
Definition

Founder of the Safavid Empire who was known as Shah Sheikh Safi al-Din

Shah - ruler

Sheikh - military authority

Term
What was the dominant Islamic religion in Persia before Ismail?
Definition
Shi'ite
Term
Why did the Safavid Empire conclude alliances and cooperate with the europeans?
Definition
They were trying to diminish the power of the Ottoman Empire
Term
Who were the shahs?
Definition
Emperors/rulers of the Safavid Empire
Term
What social group or individual had power and dominated the Safavid society at large?
Definition
Tribal chiefs who ruled on a local level and were more influential than shahs
Term
Who was Shah Abbas and what were his achievements?
Definition

Emperor of the Safavid Empire during the Golden Age

Under his rule, the empire experienced economic prosperity, strong agriculture and trade, a monopoly over trade, built roads and bridges, centralized the government, introduced the postal service, urbanized the empire (Isfahan had 1 million people), cities had multiple bazaars (open-air marketplaces), and the empire was extremely safe

The Shah Namah was an illustrated volume of Persian poetry

Term
What powerful Islamic empire merged in northern India during the first half of the sixteenth century?
Definition
Mughal Empire
Term
Who was Babur and what was his historical significance?
Definition

Founder of the Mughal empire

"The Tiger"

Inherited the land from his father

Established the first dynasty

Term
Compared to most contemporary European states, what was the Mughal Empire in terms of economic wealth?
Definition
The Mughal Empire was more wealthy, educated, enlightened, and successful
Term
What were the general policies of the Mughal state toward the Hindu population?
Definition

The Mughal Empire not only tolerated other religions, but promoted them as well

They built temples for the Hindus and intermarried with Hindu women

Cultural synthesis

Term
In what areas of culture was Hindu-Muslim cultural synthesis most reflected?
Definition
Marriage and the abolishment of the jizya tax
Term
Who was Shah Aurangzeb and what was his role in the Mughal Empire?
Definition

Expansionist

Caused religious tensions because he was a part of the group that started to reintroduce the taxes 

Contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire

Term
In what regions of Africa did agriculture first begin?
Definition
West African Savanna
Term
What factors led to the growth of population in ancient Africa?
Definition
High levels of migration
Term
What group of people in Africa migrated and spread throughout most of the continent?
Definition
Bantu
Term
What were the principal forms of social and political organization in African society?
Definition

Social Union

All people belonged to a family

Matrilineal: when a man married a woman, he became a member of her family

Patrilineal: dominated: when a woman married a man, she was to become part of his family

Women were almost equal to men

Term
What were the major characteristics of the African family?
Definition

Polygamy was morally accepted

People distinguished themselves on the basis of their family

Clans of extended family would band together to solve crises and celebrate great things

Term
What were the chief features of African religion?
Definition

Polytheistic

Animistic

Clear concept of an afterlife

Believed that when a relative passed away, their souls/spirits still exist

Worshipped their ancestral gods

Idea of a "High God" - creator of all things

Term
What group of people arrived in Africa around 800 BCE and established the kingdom of Da'amat?
Definition
Arabian traders
Term
Who established the kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia)?
Definition
The people from Saba
Term
How did the location of Ethiopia influence its economy?
Definition

It controlled the Red Sea Trade which connected the Mediterranean to the Indian

Most of their revenues derived from these commercial and trading activities

Term
With what areas of the world did Ethiopia trade?
Definition
The Red Sea Coast
Term
What were the principal goods in trade between Ethiopia and other civilizations?
Definition

Export: ivory, tortoise shell, gold, emeralds

Import: silk, spices

Term
Why did Aksum (Ethiopia) become the dominant power on the Red Sea?
Definition
The Roman Empire declined and Aksum seized control
Term
When and how did Aksum embrace Christianity?
Definition

Ezana introduced Christianity in 320 CE

Promoted Christianity

The Bible was translated in Ge'ez

Most people became Christians

Term
Why did Aksum decline in the eighth century?
Definition

The emergence of Islam

The Red Sea trade road shifted from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf

Muslims destroyed one of Aksum's principle trading ports

Term
What kingdom emerged as the powerful state of western Sudan around 800 CE?
Definition
Ghana (Wagadu)
Term
What were the principle bases of Ghana's economy?
Definition
Agriculture, Trans-Saharan trade
Term
What were the principal commodities that Ghana sold in the Trans-Saharan trade?
Definition
Salt, Gold, Kola Nuts
Term
When and how did Islam penetrate into Africa?
Definition
Muslim Almoravids invaded Ghana in 1203 CE and established the kingdom of Mali
Term
What social groups first embraced Islam in Africa?
Definition
Ghana
Term
How did Islam affect the general population of the states that embraced the religion?
Definition
Muslims controlled ancient trade routes - easier for those who embraced the religion to openly trade
Term
What are the chief problems in reconstructing the history of Native American civilizations?
Definition

Europeans destroyed much of the evidence when they arrived

Some of the civilizations didn't produce a system of writing

What did survive was undecipherable

Conquistadors viewed the people as satanic

We depend of European terminology and categories (originally called them the Indians)

Term
In what periods is Mesoamerican history divided before the European conquest?
Definition

Formative Period

Classic Period

Post Classic Period

Term
When did the first agricultural settlements begin to appear in Mesoamerica?
Definition
2000 BCE
Term
What civilizations developed in Mesoamerica during the Formative (Pre-Classic) Period?
Definition

Olmec - people

San Lorenzo, La Venta, San Jose Magote, and Monte Alban were archaeological sites

Term
What are the major features of these civilizations of the Formative Period?
Definition

La Venta: drainage systems, no organized/central government, Great Pyramid, public buildings, center of Olmec culture

Monte Alban: calendar with 2 cycles: Solar (365 days) and Lunar (260 days); a century was 62 years; they had a system of writing; cultivated squash, beans, corn, tomatoes, and potatoes; domesticated animals; had many monumental arts

Term
What are the major cultural characteristics of the Classic Period in Mesoamerica?
Definition

State government for protection

Involved in agriculture

Traded obsidian (volcanic glass)

Term
What civilizations developed during the Classic Period?
Definition

Teotihuacan and Maya

Traded Obsidian

About 50,000 people

Narrow street with a pyramid at both ends dedicated to the sun and moon - religious rituals

Term
What civilization of pre-Spanish Mesoamerica developed the most advanced writing system?
Definition
Mayan
Term
What were the major features of the Mayan civilization?
Definition

Pictographic writing system

Advanced calendar

Advances in mathematics: concept of zero

Ability to look at sunspots and Saturn's rings

Tikal, Chichen Itza - cultural centers

Performed ritualistic human sacrifice on occasion

Only 4 Mayan scrolls have survived (Europeans destroyed the rest)

Term
What were the chief scientific accomplishments of the Maya civilization?
Definition

Concept of zero

Ability to look at sunspots and the rings of Saturn

Term
What are the principal characteristics of the Post-Classic Period?
Definition
People were appointed to bureaucratic positions, they were no longer hereditary
Term
What civilizations emerged during the Post-Classic Period?
Definition

Toltecs and Aztecs

Everything we know about the Toltecs is from Aztec glorification

Term
What were the forms of social organization in the Aztec Empire?
Definition

Calpulli - clans

Pipltin - nobility

Clothing reflected social status

Term
What were the principal elements of Aztec religion?
Definition
Human sacrifice to appease gods and create fear in/subdue the population
Term
What civilizations developed in the Andes?
Definition
Inca
Term
What were the major features of the Inca civilization?
Definition

Had a system of communicating other than writing

Symbolic, also

Term
Andes
Definition
Area where the Incan civilization developed
Term
Calpulli
Definition
Aztec clans
Term
Pipitin
Definition
Aztec nobility
Term
Lady Zac Kuk
Definition
One of the Mayan cities' empresses
Term
Swahili
Definition
people of the coast
Term
Sundiata
Definition
founder of Mali
Term
Battle of Tenochtitlan
Definition
Caused the decline of the Aztecs
Term
Chinampas
Definition
Raised/elevated fields
Term
Northern Savana (Sudan)
Definition
Between Sahara and the tropical rainforest on the middle equator
Term
Southern Savanna
Definition
Right below the tropical rainforest
Term
Sheikh
Definition
military authority
Term
Abu Talib
Definition
Prophet Muhammad's paternal uncle who brought up and educated him
Term
Hijra
Definition
Place Muhammad escaped to after leaving Mecca
Term
Jihad
Definition
Struggle in the path of God
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
Became caliph when Muhammad died
Term
Caliph
Definition

"Deputy of the prophet"

"Successor of the prophet"

Term
Shahda
Definition
There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet
Term
Salat
Definition
Daily formal prayer
Term
Zakat
Definition
charity
Term
Sawm
Definition
Fasting during Ramadan
Term
Hajj
Definition
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Term
Sharia
Definition

The Law of Allah

God's Law

Set of guiding principles for people for a proper life

Term
Sufis
Definition

Most prominent religious order

Woolen frocks

Played a very prominent role in spreading Islam throughout the world

Term
Emirs
Definition
Governors of the Abbasid dynasty appointed with the overall responsibility of good order
Term
Rhazes (Al Razi)
Definition
Wrote On Smallpox and Measles
Term
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
Definition
Wrote The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
Term
Bedouin
Definition
Herders in the Arabian peninsula
Term
Banu Hashim
Definition
Muhammad's clan
Term
Ali
Definition
Caliph who questioned other caliphs because they weren't a part of Muhammad's family
Term
Ramadan
Definition
A month of fasting
Term
Mount Hira
Definition
The cave where Muhammad received his revelations
Term
Ge'ez
Definition
New language of Ethiopia
Term
Savanna
Definition
Grasslands
Supporting users have an ad free experience!