Term
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Definition
Who: the largest passenger steamship at the time that sank and killed 1500 people
What: member of a line of ships called Olympic. bigger, more luxurious and comfortable. Ship had only 20 lifeboats and was thought to be unsinkable. Edward J Smith, the captain, took a northern route and pushed the ship to go faster and the ship hit an iceberg and sank killing over 1500 people
When: april 14th, 1912
Where: England and united states
Why: titanic represented hubris, which was the overbearing pride and arrogance in people to believe that they could conquer nature. shattered the belief in conquering nature and led to a final loss of victorian ideals. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a german ocean liner
What: built in response to Kaiser Wilhelm seeing british ships like the teutonic and the majestic. led to a naval race between the british and Germany.
When: 1912
Where: Germany
Why: naval race between England and germany that resulted b/c of this showed the early signs of competition -> lead to WW1. Nationalism through ships |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a new industry of travel
What: new ways to travel by air began to be developed. the zeppelin is developed, the wright brothers developed the first air plane with gas power and fixed wings, and eventually in 1919, the first passenger flight is established
When: early 20th century
Where: western Europe but mostly England and germany
Why: b/c these new innovations not only led to new ways of transportation but it also led to new forms of warfare in WW1 and WW2 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: countries who composed the central powers in WW1
What: alliance b/w germany, Austria-hungary, and Italy. This was due to the bismarck’s fear of united germany getting attacked ad having no allies. included Russia but Russia had a pact with germany called the reinsurance pact(if one attacked, other neutral). But Kaiser Wiliam let this pact expire and Russia no longer was in the alliance
When: Dual Alliance Germany & Austro- Hungarian 1879 Triple Entente 1882 Reinsurance 1887
Where: Germany, Austria hungary, and italy
Why: Reasons for WW1 b/c when one country was attacked or went to war, that the other countries in the alliance had to mobilize as well. This led to an arms and mobilization race. Also the expiration of the reinsurance pact allowed Russia to ally with the triple entente |
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Term
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Definition
Who: the countries who composed the allied powers in WW1
What: this was an alliance between Russia, france, and England. In 1894, Russia and france allied England joined they were opposed to germany. Informal association did not require Britain to join war against Germany.
When: 1894 Franco-Russian, 1907 Britan, Italy joined, entered the war in 1915 against Germans
Where: France, Russia, and England
Why: Led to the start of WW1 , when one country was attacked or went to war, the other countries in the alliance had to mobilize. This led to an arms and mobilization race |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Archduke of Austria-Hungary
What: when he was on a parade through Sarajevo, he was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. The Austrians used this to get a “blank check” from germany which allowed them to attack Serbia without fear or Russian retaliation. This led to a mobilization race in Europe.
When: June 28, 1914
Where: Austria-Hungary, sarajevo
Why: this was the spark that ignited Europe into WW1 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a French existentialist
What: he was an existentialist who believed that a person had to choose actions that defined who they were. He believed that there was something wrong with western culture. He was impacted by the horrors of WW1
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: France
Why: he represents the move of intellectuals and philosophers to conclude that reason and science had led to mass destruction during WW1 and that life itself had no meaning. He embodied the pessimistic post war view that appeared during this time |
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Term
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Definition
Who: an ocean liner that was sunk by a german U-boat
What: the germans had begun unrestricted submarine warfare and when the Lusitania set sail, it was torpedoed and sunk. At this point, America was not in the war
When: May 7, 1915
Where: united states
Why: this angered America and Wilson and pushed the US towards joining the war. They still remained out however. It illustrates the new horrors of unrestricted submarine warfare. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a new type of warfare that involved digging trenches and fighting from them
What: this type of warfare began to be used in response to the invention of the machine gun that could gun down many men with ease. Conditions in these trenches were horrible.
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: Western Europe (front between france and germany mostly)
Why: this type of warfare shattered the belief that this was going to be a quick and easy war. Deaths rose but no one gained any ground. Also led to a buffer zone in the middle called the no man’s land that led to many men being meaninglessly mowed down by enemy machine gunfire. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a new form of warfare that involved shooting canisters of this gas into enemy trenches
What: this gas, when shot into enemy trenched, would blind you, sear your lungs, and eventually suffocate you. this led to gas masks to become standard issue for all soldiers
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: Western Europe
Why: Illustrated the new horrors of trench warfare. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a diplomatic proposal from Germany to Mexico
What: a telegram proposing that if America decided to enter the war against germany that mexico should attack the united states and ally with germany. In return, mexico would get some territory back from the united states such as texas, California, and Arizona.
When: 1917
Where: Mexico
Why: despite the fact that mexico turned this down, the fact that germany had even sent it had angered America and in part led to America entering the war. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: 28th president of the united states
What: he was the president during WW1 and in 1917, asked congress for a declaration of war. He was seen as the savior of Europe and hoped for a governing body called the league of nations that would stop this from happening again.
When: early 20th century
Where: united states
Why: he is important because he was the first president to leave the united states and he wanted to create an everlasting peace through his 14 points. He brought the 14 points to the paris peace conference, some of which were adopted into the treaty of peace. He was one of the major architects of the treaty of Versailles. He was an idealist and he didn’t understand where the other allies were coming from when they wanted revenge instead of democracy. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Prime minister of france during WW1
What: he was the French representative at the paris peace conference. He wanted germany to pay grealt for killing 67% of all French personell. He wanted to secure france from future germany attack.
When: early 20th century
Where: france
Why: due to his wanting to make germany pay greatly for what they had done, he paved the way for german resentment which eventually led to the rise of hitler and WW2 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: an advisor to Czar Nikolas II and his wife Alexandra
What: he was completely believed and was said to be a holy man by Alexandra. He discredited the czar’s power. He was opposed to the war and interfered in royal matters.
When: early 20th century
Where: Russia
Why: his discrediting of the power of the czars eventually paved the way to the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a peace treaty at the end of WW1
What: this treaty was a meeting between 27 countries, most notably, the United States, France, and England. In this treaty, Wilson revealed his 14 points and his idea for his league of nations. This treaty resulted in the war guilt clause for germany saying that germany had to take responsibility and pay reperations to the other countries
When: early 20th century
Where: Versailles
Why: this is important because this marked the end of WW1 and the war guilt clause led to german resentment and a dire economic situation that paved the way for WW2 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: the Russian communist party that came to power in the October revolution
What: after Nikolas abdicates, a provisional government is put into power, but even though they want to get out of the war, they believe that they don’t have to power to do so. The Bolsheviks take control of the government led by Vladimir Lenin, and in October, they capture the winter palace and kill nikolas and his family. The Bolsheviks then signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 which made Russia lose 1/3 of its population and much land. This led to a civil war between the whites and the reds (Bolsheviks) and the Bolsheviks won.
When: 1924
Where: Russia
Why: not only did millions of Russian die due to this, but this also took Russia out of the war, allowing germany to divert all forces to the western front. This also led Russian to become a strong communist power. They led a revolution that turned Russia red and were the architects of the communist movement |
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Term
| Influenza Pandemic of 1918 |
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Definition
Who: an influenza outbreak that killed 50 million people
What: this is considered the worst epidemic in human history and killed many people. In the United States, it decreased the life span of Americans by 10 years.
When: 1918
Where: the entire world
Why: this is important because it showed how people were not only dying on the front but that civilians were dying at home from civil war, starvation, and in this case, disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a plan for the allies to collect reperations from germany
What: this plan reduced the cost that germany had to pay, stabilized their payments on their ability to pay, and granted germany an American loan for 200 million dollars
When: 1924
Where: western europe
Why: this is important because it ushered in an era of European prosperity and led to American industrialization of germany. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a belief that came aboud during the inner war period
What: this resulted from the mourning of the loss of life during WW1. This belief said that life simply is and there is no other meaning. This belief emphasized human freedom in a world without meaning. Mention john paul Sartre
When: 1920’s and 30’s
Where: philosophy spread throughout europe
Why: A new way of thinking that stemed from the horrors of WW1. In the post war period, this world view contrasted with the positive view of the world that was also prevalent at this time. It epitomized post war despair |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a school of architects, craftsmen, and designers in germany
What: this school combined art with craft. They wanted to make daily life more efficient. They believed in social radical change. They believed that war represented the horrors of technology
When: 1920’s and 30’s
Where: germany
Why: this is the new artistic movement that epitomized this feeling of hope and post war idealism that contrasted with existentialism |
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Term
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Definition
Who: this pact that was signed by 63 nations outlawed war
What: this pact said that a nation could not use war as defensive. It outlawed war as a policy of defense of one’s nation.
When: 1928
Where: paris
Why: this was the most idealistic thing in this era. This was a move towards worldwide peace but did not go far enough and was not able to prevent WW2 because it didn’t say what would happen if the treaty was violated. A new effort of international diplomacy diplomacy |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a political icon in india who worked towards india’s independence from England
What: he wanted india to have self government, to help the poor. He wanted to accomplish this through passive resistence ad civil disobedience where people would demonstrate in peaceful ways.
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: India
Why: he was the architect of Indian independace and democracy |
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Term
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Definition
Who: Italian fascist leader before and during WW2
What: he was a fascist who wanted the political system to be based on the military. In 1919, he became the leader of the fascists, and in 1933, he was appointed as the prime minister in Italy.
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: Italy
Why: he embodied the totalitarian and fascist ideals and represented the charismatic leader that was meant to control everything in a totalitarian state |
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Term
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Definition
Who: an ultra nationalist ideology during WW2 that emphasized the importance of authority
What: this movement dismissed equality, used social Darwinism to justify its endeavors and beliefs, used image and propaganda to further its goals
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: Italy and Germany
Why: the use of this ideology by germany and Italy paved the way to WW2. Totalitarian, wanted to be involved in every aspect of life and was a right wing movement. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: totalitarian leader of germany during WW2
What: he was a Austrian who was anti-semetic, created the Nazi party and in 1923, took control of the german government. He wrote mein kampf in which he linked his nationalism and racism to Darwinism and said that the Aryan race needed “lebensraum” (living space). He invaded the Rhineland, combines with Austria, invades checklslovakia and Poland.
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: Germany
Why: he embodied the monarchical leader that was needed for totalitarianism and he sparked WW2 with his invasion of Poland. Also he was anti-jewish |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a type of fascism that focused on racism. The main ideology of germany during WW2
What: this ideology, created by adolf hitler, destroyed the german democracy and moved to take all power for hitler himself. They were anti-semetic, and enforced laws against jews and sent jews to concentration camps.
When: early to mid 20th centuryWhat: this ideology, created by adolf hitler, destroyed the german democracy and moved to take all power for hitler himself. They were anti-semetic, and enforced laws against jews and sent jews to concentration camps.
Where: germany
Why: the use of this ideology by germany confirmed hitler’s rise to power, led to the holocaust and paved the way to WW2. Also a right wing movement, connection to facists. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: totalitarian dictator of Russia before and during WW2
What: after lenin’s death, stalin uses his communist party to expulse his only rival Trotsky, take control of Russia and began the Stalinist era.
When: early to mid 20th century
Where: russia
Why: he was the communist and leftist totalitarian leader who paved the way towards WW2 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: germany’s new plan of attack to avoid trench warfare during WW2
What: this battle plan involved a very advanced airforce to bomb forcefully, then encircle the and finally annihilate the enemy. This attack was supposed to be fast and powerful and was called lightning warfare.
When: 1939-1945
Where: Europe
Why: this is the battle plan that germany used to fight it’s enemies during WW2 |
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Term
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Definition
Who: a policy used mainly by Britain in regards to hitler and his acquisitions during the pre WW2 period
What: this policy was used by france and most notably Britain that allowed hitler to attack and conquer other countries throughout Europe. This policy used believed that if hitler was given lands that were mostly german anyways, that he would stop after taking that land and not continue to conquer more lands. For example, when hitler decided to invade the Rhineland in 1936, both the French and british did nothing because they thought that it was acceptable due to the fact that most of the people in the rhineladn were german anyways.
When: started 1935 ended September 3, 1939
Where: great britain
Why: led to germany be able to conquer most of Europe without much resistence |
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Term
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Definition
Who: german airforce
What: this airforce was used by hitler in his blitzkrieg plan. They were supposed to rain down destruction by the sky and allow foot soldiers to surround and annihilate enemies. This airforce wasused to conquer most of the European continent and bomb London many times.
When: 1930’s and 40’s
Where: germany
Why: this airforce was instrumental in the success of the blitzkrieg plan and secured hitlers dominance on the European continent. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: the covert name for the invention and testing of the atom bomb
What: scientists had been working to construct the atom bomb under the code name of the manhatten project. It was the biggest and most expensive weapon ever made. It was clear that japan would not surrender unconditionally so Eisenhower decided to use the bomb on Hiroshima on august 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on august 9.
When: 1930’s and 40’s
Where: United States
Why: the invention and use of the atom bomb led to a swift and decisive victory in japan and also led the way to the nuclear age in the future |
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Term
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Definition
Who: the german nation that hitler envisioned and created
What: this idea embodied the totalitarian state that hitler envisioned over the whole of Europe. It was supposed to last 100 years, promoted anti semetic ideas, propelled the idea of the superior german race
When:1930’s and 40’s
Where: Germany
Why: this idea was hitlers dream that he wanted to accomplish through his conquering of europe |
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Term
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Definition
Who: what the superior race needed to survive
What: this meant living space and it was hitler’s belief that the Aryan race needed a lot of land to expand and grow healthily. He used concept to invade many near countries.
When: 1930’s and 40’s
Where: germany
Why: this concept as used by hitler to invade countries near germany and eventually led to hitlers invasion of Russia. |
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Term
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Definition
Who: the Japanese attack on America
What: japan had been expanding to south asian countries and was creating an empire. The us decided the embargo oil from japan and in response, japan bombed a harbor in Hawaii named pealr harbor. Even though our fleet was crippled, the only important ships, aircraft carriers, were not in the harbor
When: December 7, 1941
Where: Pealr Harbor, Hawaii
Why: this brought the united states into WW2 |
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