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Hist 100 Chap 7-12
Western Civilization
130
History
Not Applicable
07/15/2005

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Term
What is King Clovis of the Franks most notable for religiously?
Definition
He was the first Germanic King to become a Roman Catholic Christian.
Term
What did the Germanic raiders do after the Romans withdrew from Britain?
Definition
They settled in Britain.
Term
What is Cistercianism?
Definition
The Cistercian order was founded by monks who were dissatisfied with the lack of strict discipline at their Benedictine monastery. The Cistercians were very strict. They had a simple diet and each owned only one robe. They spent more time praying and laboring, by shortening the times of religious sevices.
Term
What were brutal Frankish marriage customs?
Definition
They placed strong sanctions, which sometimes included death on adulterous women.
Term
What was the early Christian heresy, thatArianism held?
Definition
Jesus was not fully divine.
Term
How did Saint Anthony, an Egyptian monk, set the pattern for Christian monasticism?
Definition
He gave away his earthly possessions to live in poverty.
Term
What did Benedictine monasticism stress?
Definition
Christian living in a community of believers.
Term
What did Jerome's lasting achievement, the Vulgate, require him to be familiar with?
Definition
both the Greek of the New and the Hebrew of the Old Testaments.
Term
As one of the few men to do so, what Cassiodorus cherish in the transitional period?
Definition
He cherished classical writings while being devoted to the Scriptures.
Term
What did Justinian's conquests partially restore?
Definition
The imperial Mediterranean world.
Term
At the end of Justinian's reign Byzantium had what that impressed that world?
Definition
buildings
Term
Who was the Muslim leader Ali?
Definition
He was assassinated by religious opponents, was Muhammad's son-in-law, and inspired the Shi'ite Muslim movement.
Term
Who did the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths expel from their territories?
Definition
Romans
Term
What Ddd the Germanic peoples use tas a way to determine punishments for wrongdoings against people?
Definition
wergeld
Term
What became the basis of legal systems in much of Europe during the reign of Justinian?
Definition
Justianian's legal code, Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law)
Term
What were the five pillars of Islam?
Definition
belief in Allah and Muhammad as prophet; prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Friday at midday to worship Allah; observance of the holy month of Ramadan with fasting; making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in lifetime; and gives alms to the poor and unfortunate.
Term
What are the 3 elements that formed the medieveal civilation of the Western Roman empire?
Definition
The germanic people moved into the western empire establishing new kingdoms, the attraction of the Greco-Roman cultural legacy, and the Christian church.
Term
What was the most powerful component of the new medieval civiliation?
Definition
Christianity
Term
Who brought Christianized civilization to the Germanc tribes?
Definition
The clergy, especially the monks.
Term
When did the Germanic people begin to migrate from their northern Scandinavian homeland
Definition
around 500 BCE
Term
Who are the Visigoths, what did they do?
Definition
They were one of the largest Germanic groups. They became Roman allies. They were mistreated by Roman officials and they revolted and won. They took Italy, and then went for Spain.
Term
Who replaced the Western Roman Empire in 500 BCE?
Definition
a series of kingdoms ruled by German monarchs
Term
Which kingdom of Italy maintained the Roman traditions of government more than any other Germanic state? Why?
Definition
The Ostrogothic kingdom, because the King Theodoric was Roman educated, while hwas hostage in Constantinople.
Term
What kind of government did King Theodoric create?
Definition
It was a gov't of Roman and Ostrogothic practices. He established separate sysstem of rule for the Ostrogoths and the Romans. Those who were Italian lived under Roman laws administered by Roman Officials. Ostrogoths were governed by their own customs and officials.
Term
What similarities did the Visigothic kingdom of Spain have with the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy?
Definition
Both were in favor of coexistence of Roman and Germanic people, both have a warrior caste dominating a larger native population, and both continued to maintain much of the Roman structure of gov't while excluding Romans from power.
Term
What were the differences between the Visigothic kingdom of Spain and the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy?
Definition
The Visigothic kingdom did not prevent intermarriage, and they with the Hispano-Roman people began to blend.
Term
What was the weakness of the Visigothic kingdom?
Definition
It did not have an established procedure for choosing new ruled, so powerful people fought to be king. There were assasinations.
Term
What was the longest lasting kingom of the German states?
Definition
The Frankish Kingdom.
Term
Who established the Frankish Kingdom?
Definition
Clovis, by 510, it stretched from the Pyrenees in the West to German lands int he easy.
Term
How did the conception of family affect the way Germanic law treated the problem of crime and punishment?
Definition
An injury by one person against another could mean family of the injured party took revenge on the kin of the wrongdoer. It got out of control, so an alternative system arose with a fine called wergeld, which the wrongdoer would pay to the injured's family. The amount varied by status.
Term
What is wergeld?
Definition
It is paid by a wrongdoer to the injured's family. It means "man money".
Term
What were the two most commonuly used procedures in determining if one is guilty and should pay a wergeld?
Definition
Compurgation and Ordeal.
Term
What is Compurgation?
Definition
Swearing of an oath by an accused person, backed by a a group of "oath helpers", who also swear that the person should be believed.
Term
What is ordeal?
Definition
It is based on the principle of divine intervention, which is that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed. (Ex. if a man does not get burned by a red hot iron, god says he's innocent.
Term
What is the Frankish family structure?
Definition
Male dominates and makes important decisions. Women obey their fathers, and then were married into her husband's domination. Widows could hold property w/out male guardian. Husbands initiate divorce. Women can't commit adultery.
Term
Is the werguld of a childbearing wife higher than a man's?
Definition
Yes, but if she can't have kids, then no.
Term
What was the Christian church's system of government by the 4th century?
Definition
The church was headed by a bishop, and his area of jurisdiction was a bishopric or diocese. The bishopric of each Roman province were clustered together under the direction of an archbishop.
Term
Why did the church need a more formal organization?
Definition
Heresy was a problem. Too many contradictor interpretations of important doctrines emerged.
Term
Who was Arius and what were his views?
Definition
Arius was a priest from Alexandreia in Egypt. He believed that Jesus was human and not truly Goed. His followers created Arianism from him. It was amajor heresy in the 4th century. H was opposed by Athanasius, a bishop of Alexndria who believed Jesus was God.
Term
What did the church do as a response to Arianism? Did Arianism end after that?
Definition
The first ecunmenical council of the church was formed bringing together representatives from the entire Christian community. The Council of Nicaea condemned Arianism and states that was Jesus was God. This did not end Arianism.
Term
How did the role of the pope form?
Definition
Jesus gave the keys to kingdom of heaven to Peter, who was the chief apostle and first bishop of Rome. Subsequent bishops of Rome were Peter's sucessors and later were known as popes (from the Latin word papa, meaning "father") of the Catholic church.
Term
What is a monk?
Definition
A person who seeks to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, to pursue an ideal of godliness or dedication to God.
Term
What was the role of women in monasticism?
Definition
Some women were nuns. There were double monasteries where monks and nuns lived in separate houses, but attended church together. They were headed by an abbess rather than an abbot. An abbess was responsible for making
Term
What did Justinian contribute to Rome?
Definition
He restored the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean, which included Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, ASia Minor, Plestine, and Syria. The most important contribution was his codification of Roman law. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (body of Civil Law), became the basis of imperial law in the eastern Roman Empire.
Term
How did Germanic invaders respond to Roman culture and institutions in the early centuries?
Definition
Ostragoths - They held onto Roman government, but had separate gov't from theirs, and they kept Roman culture. Visagoths - coexisted w/ Roman culture, the gov't excluded Roman officals, but they shared common law. Franks - replace Roman gov't w/ kings and new laws held onto Roman culture.
Term
How was Charlemagne able to unite and govern his large empire?
Definition
He united gov't by military campaigns. He governed Spain by depending on royal elites or counts. He had church reform such as creating new bishoprics and he revived them, he also oversaw monasteries.
Term
How did the Carolingian era compare to other years in this period?
Definition
The empire was divided into 3 sections in Treaty of Verdin: Charles the Bald (843-877) obtained the west Frankish lands, which formed the core of the eventual kingdom of France; Louis the German (843-976) took the eastern lands, wihch became Germany; and Lothair (840-855) received the title of emperor and a "Middle Kingdom" extending from the North Sea to italy. it led to the disentigration of the empire, and the emerging world of lords and vassals.
Term
How powerful was the Roman Catholic Church from 600-1000CE?
Definition
It was very powerfuled. It sarrted in East w/ Justinian revival of Costantinople.
Term
What are some ways the Roman Catholic Church dealt with politicics, hersy, missionary work, learning, and sexuality?
Definition
In politics, it assisted Kings on governing kingoms espcialy bishoprics. In heresy, they silenced the Arians, they were against homosexuality. In missionary work, the monasteries used sciptonies, copies of bibles. In learning, they revived education. In sexuality, they promoted celibacy and abstinence, or sex only for procreation.
Term
What caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
Definition
It was too difficult to maintain, size wise. Invading peoples strong from Arabia.
Term
What caused the revival of the Byzantine Empire?
Definition
There was more domestic order.
Term
What impact did the Byzantine world have by the tenth century on Slavic, Bulgarian, and particularly Russian people?
Definition
Missionaries convert them to Eastern orthodox.
Term
What was the appeal of Muhammad and Islam in its earliest years?
Definition
It granted everlasting life, observing five pillars: eternal paradise; beilef in Allah and Muhammad as prophet; praying six times a day; public prayer every Friday; Ramedan; and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Term
Why can it be said that Islamic civilization was superior to the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries?
Definition
It was superior because they had achievements in math, astronomy. Greek classics came about. A new empire was made in Baghdad, and Arabic became international.
Term
What were the factors that contributed to the flourishing of Islamic Civilization under the Abbasids?
Definition
There was good trade and a astro-observatory was made.
Term
What were the major intellectual and cultural achievements of European civilizations during the High Middle Ages?
Definition
First universities around 1200s were made,
Term
What was going on with universities, theology, logical analysis, literature and architecture?
Definition
The universities had a curriculum in liberal arts and taught in Latin. You get a BA or MA in law medicine, theology, and professions.Theology was the study of religions. Logical analysis dealt with applying reasons to church doctrines. Architecture was romanesque and gothic.
Term
The expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne was most successful against who?
Definition
The German tribes to the east.
Term
The "Carolingian Renaissance" refers primarily to the revival of which studies?
Definition
classical Greek and Roman studies.
Term
This "Carolingian Renaissance" was characterized by what?
Definition
classical works reproduced by monastic scriptoria.
Term
The Catholic Church's impact upon Frankish marriage and family customs led to what?
Definition
monogamy and marital permanence.
Term
How did the church in the Frankish kingdom view sexuality?
Definition
Encouraged clerical celibacy but found it impossible to enforce.
Term
What was the Carolingian diet?
Definition
Milk, eggs, and vegetables were the staples of all classes.
Term
What effect did Medical practices have in the Carolingian state?
Definition
It was carefully studied and improved in monasteries.
Term
What was the lord-vassal relationship of medieval Europe?
Definition
was an honorable relationship between free men.
Term
What was the economic structure of the early Middle Ages?
Definition
It was predominantly agrarian and underdeveloped.
Term
What is manorialism?
Definition
An economic system based upon landed estates.
Term
The Photian schism resulted from disagreements over what nature?
Definition
the nature of the Trinity.
Term
The Muslim scholar Ibn Sina demonstrated what?
Definition
That disease can be spread by contaminated water.
Term
What did Southern Slavs convert to because of their proximity to the Byzantine Empire? Who converted them?
Definition
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with the help of two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Methodius.
Term
The dramatic increases in European populations between 1000 and 1300 coincided with what?
Definition
improvements in methods of food production
Term
A social innovation associated with the new medieval agriculture was what?
Definition
the cooperative agricultural village
Term
The growing independence of medieval urban areas was due in large part to what?
Definition
the revival of commerce.
Term
How were average medieval city characterized by?
Definition
a concern for the "common good" of the community.
Term
What caused the close of early medieval bathhouses?
Definition
the plague.
Term
What conflict did University towns often experience?
Definition
town-gown conflict.
Term
Who reintroducted the works of Aristotle and other Greek writers to Europe?
Definition
The works of Muslim scholars.
Term
What was the purpose behind the works of Thomas Aquinas?
Definition
To reconcile the apparent conflicts between faith and reason.
Term
What kind of society did the chansons de geste reflect?
Definition
A society where knights fought courageously for their kings and lords.
Term
The building boom of the twelfth century reflected what kind of society?
Definition
A society heavily influenced by the Church, one that had been much richer than it had been for many centuries, and one experiencing a religious revival
Term
What did Gothic style architecture improved on the Romanesque architecture?
Definition
By using flying buttresses that allowed more space for light.
Term
Who were Gothic cathedrals built by?
Definition
By the cooperative efforts of entire communities.
Term
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine married to?
Definition
Both the king of France and the king of England.
Term
What did the church not like about Henry II?
Definition
Archbishops resisted him and they battled over power, because Henry liked secular courts.
Term
What is the Magna Carta?
Definition
It was made by King John. It was the 1st kind of constitution, and a model for future constitutions. It had the liberties of minimum tax, due pensions to earls, free church, and jury by peers.
Term
What did King Edward do during his reign
Definition
He created parliament, which brought two knights from each area to decide on new taxes.
Term
Who was Louis IX?
Definition
He was a French king concerned with people. He conserved justice, and was a patron of arts.
Term
What did the Capetians do over several centuries?
Definition
gradually increased royal power over several centuries
Term
Who did the French monarchy inaugurate during the thirteenth century?
Definition
France's parliament: The Estates-General
Term
What did the Christian reconquest of Spain in the thirteenth century leave Granada?
Definition
It left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula.
Term
Which countries did the Hohenstaufen ruler Frederick II favor and who did he neglect?
Definition
He favored Sicily and neglected Germany
Term
What did the Mongol invasions of eastern Europe and Russia lead to?
Definition
The final defeat of the Mongols in Silesia in 1241.
Term
The abbot of Cluny and his reform movement called for a return to what spritual ideals?
Definition
It called for a return to the spiritual ideals of Benedict.
Term
What did the Cistercians stress and reject?
Definition
Theystressed physical as well as spiritual work and rejected artistic decoration.
Term
What spiritual ideals did Saint Bernard of Clairvaux embody?
Definition
Cistercianism
Term
Where did female monasticism in the twelfth century have its strongest intellectual tradition?
Definition
In Germany
Term
What did Hildegard of Bingen typify on female monasticism?
Definition
She wrote three books on her mystical visions
Term
Who was the Albigensian heresy brutally crushed by?
Definition
the Church.
Term
What did brutalities did children face during the "Children's Crusade"?
Definition
They were drowned or sold into slavery
Term
The Black Death of 1348-1350 recurred in less widespread outbreaks until what century?
Definition
the 18th century.
Term
Who were the flagellants?
Definition
Bands of people who abused themselves in order to win God's forgiveness.
Term
Which cities did the persecutions of Jews during the Black Death reach their worst limits?
Definition
In German cities.
Term
What caused the French peasants' revolt known as the Jacquerie?
Definition
It was in part caused by the upheavals of the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War.
Term
How was the English peasants' revolt of 1381 differed from other revolts?
Definition
It was caused by increasing economic expectations
Term
How was the English peasants' revolt of 1381 differed from other revolts?
Definition
It was caused by increasing economic expectations
Term
Among the general trends of fourteenth-century English politics was the ________.
Definition
beginning of parliamentary power.
Term
What powere did the German Golden Bull give to seven elctors?
Definition
the power to choose the "King of the Romans".
Term
How and when did Pope Boniface VIII die?
Definition
In 1305 when captured by Philip IV.
Term
What was one result of the Great Schism?
Definition
It made Christians doubt the spiritual authority of the Church.
Term
What was Dante's Divine Comedy?
Definition
It was a synthesis of classical and medieval thought.
Term
What did Christine de Pizan attempt to refute in one of her most famous works?
Definition
The claims by men that women were weak and stupid.
Term
What did art of the fourteen century feature?
Definition
It featured attempts to imitate nature in the Classical style, a more realistic portrayal of human forms and faces, and a morbid images of pain and death.
Term
What did economic developments in the Renaissance include?
Definition
They included the concentration of wealth in fewer hands.
Term
What did Castiglione's Courtier praise?
Definition
It praised the courtly life?
Term
What were banquets in the Renaissance used for?
Definition
They were used to demonstrate wealth and power.
Term
How did towns and cities of the fifteenth century separate their populations?
Definition
By social and economic standing.
Term
How were marriages in the Renassiance family arranged?
Definition
They were arranged by parents.
Term
What secular concept did Machiavelli's Prince pave the way for?
Definition
It paved the way for the power of politics.
Term
What did Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man state about humans?
Definition
It said that choose to be either earthly or spiritual creatures.
Term
What did Renaissance humanists teach about "liberal studies"?
Definition
That they enable men to reach their full potential.
Term
What did the invention of printing lead to?
Definition
A marked increase both in scholarly research and lay readership.
Term
What did Italian artists of the fifteenth century begin to emphasize?
Definition
realism and perspective
Term
What did the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella invite the inquistion to do?
Definition
To root out heretics
Term
Which powerful group was Pope Leo X a member of?
Definition
The powerful Medici banking family.
Term
In The Prince, Machiavelli focuses on the importance of what?
Definition
political power
Term
Renaissance humanism looked to which groups for ideas and inspiration?
Definition
Greeks and Romans
Term
Who did Constantinople fall to in the middle of the fifteenth century?
Definition
Ottoman Turks
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