• Highest elected political office of the Roman Republic until 27BCE
• After 27 BCE consuls were a figurative representation of Rome's republican heritage.
• Every year two consuls elected to serve one-year term each.

• Highest class of Roman citizen.
• Had to be of Senatorial class, have previously held office, and have adequate wealth/morals.
• The Senate was founded during the time of the legendary Roman king Romulus.
• Existed from the beginning of Rome's history until the fall of the Empire.
• Dominated by higher officials and dynamic characters.   

• First given to Augustus in 23 BCE when Romans demanded he be dictator but he refused. Romans needed a consolidation of power in a single executive position; this filled the void. 
• Part of the Second Settlement: Gave up consulship in lieu of ten year term as Tribunica Protestas.
• Included right of sacrosanctitas & priority in the Senate.
• No precedent for it in the Republic; gave him the power of Tribune without actually holding the office.
• Later given to signify the heir apparent to the title of Emperor. 

• An extraordinary magistrate that had exceptional powers above and beyond all other magistrates.
• Only office not held by more than one person at a time and only for 6 months during times of war.
• Under Gaius Julius Caesar the term lasted a year at a time and later in perpetuity.
• The position was first used in 356BCE and off and on until abolished by Marc Antony.
• Augustus was later offered the position but declined in lieu of Tribunica Protestas.

• Literally Means: GREATER IMPERIUM
• Described as "greater than that of any governor in a province"
• Was put in place by Augustus so that he could govern his provinces without the consulship.
• This would help give hime complete control over his empire.

• Lists of people published by the government. Anyone on the list could be killed w/o impunity
• Often bounties offered.
• Began with Sulla in 82 BCE, issued again by the Second Triumverate in in 43 BCE. 

• Class directly below Senatorial class.
• Usually business men, very involved in the business of taxation within the empire.
• Couldn't hold political office or become a senator, but dominated politics in early Roman history (regal era to early republic).
• Property threshold mandatory for non-hereditary equites. 

• the technical title of the Roman State
• translates to "common posession of the Roman People
• Implies a  state where all citizens are involved in the government

• Wreath made of oak leaves.
• Given to anyone who saved the life of a fellow citizen.
• Traditionally bestowed upon emperors starting with Augustus because he saved Rome from their Civil War.
• Even people with senior rank in society must acknowledge this person.

• Similar to an autobiography
• Translates to: THINGS DONE
• Most famous is Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
• Was published along with Augustus's will.
• Some of these still survive today.

• Battle of the Second Triumvirate.
• Marc Antony/Augustus vs. Cassius/Brutus.
• War was declared to avenge the murder of Julius Caeser.
• Two separate large battles- Cassius/Brutus both commit suicide seperately
• Fought in Macedonia in 42 BCE

• 48 BCE in Greece
• Decisive battle of the Caesarian Civil War.
• Julius Caeser vs. Pompey the Great.
• Pompey flees to egypt where the Pharaoh has him executed and his head sent to Caeser.

• 36 BCE
• Agrippa vs. Sextus Pompey (Pompey the Greats son)
• Decisive naval victory over Sextus
• Marks the end of Pompeian resistance to the second triumvirate

• The Battle of Actium.
• Marc Antony/Cleopatra vs. Augustus.
• Many defected to Augustus' army.
• Agrippa, Agustus' General, defeats Antony at sea as he tries to flee.
• Both Cleopatra/Antony commit suicide
• Was the last battle of the Roman Republic.
• Result: Augustus become first Roman emperor

First: 27 BCE Augustus formally returned power to the senate, making him beloved. Had been only remaining member of Triumverate (lose power once entering Rome). Became consul instead.

Second: 23 BCE Augustus left consulship in exchange for Tribunica Potestas. Had all the power of tribune w/out the actual title

• The Secular Games
• Religious celebration that included sacrifices, theatrical performances and sport.
• Held every ~100 years (supposedly the longest possible length of a human life).
• Held under the Roman Republic and revived in 17 BCE by Augustus.

• Stands for SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS
• Literally means: THE SENATE AND THE PEOPLE
• Is the official signature and symbol of Rome

• Lived from 85 BCE- 42 BCE
• Politician of the late Roman Republic
• Best known for taking a leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar
• Opposed Caesar during the civil war against Pompey
• Committed suicide after loss at Philippi

•  ~85 BCE- 42 BCE
• Roman senator
• Leading organizer of the plot to assasinate Julius Caesar
• Brother in-law of Marcus Brutus
• Committed suicide after loss at Philippi

GN. Domitius Ahenobarbus

• Lived middle first century BCE
• Pardoned by Caesar, had first opposed Caesar but then refused to fight him and switched sides
• Naval military leader. Won at Philippi, saluted Imperator for it. 
• Later became Consul

• Wife of Claudius
• Unfaithful to husband, clear that she had many partners
• Executed by Claudius for being unfaithful
• Britanicus' mother

• Lived ~63BCE - 12 BCE
• Close friend, son-in-law, liutenant and defense minister to Augustus. Responsible for most of Octavian's military victories. 
• Won the Battle of Actium against Antony/Cleopatra
• Augustus adopted his kids Lucius and Gaius after his death and later Agrippina

• Lived 39 BCE- 14 CE
• Daughter and only natural child of Augustus
• Married to Agrippa (died) & later Tiberius (separated)
• Scandal: accused of adultery and treason, exiled for 5 years (confined to an island) before returning.
• Tiberius had her starved to death.

• Lived 38 BCE- 9 BCE
• Youngest son of Livia from marriage to Tiberius, stepson of Augustus (bestowed many honors on him)
• Extended empire to Alpine region. Successful in Gaul/Germany
• Elected Consul but died from falling off a horse while on campaign near Rhine. 

• Lived 42 BCE- 37 CE
• Second Emperor from Augustus' death till own death
• Augustus = stepfather/later adopted
• One of Rome's greatest generals- laid foundations for northern empire.

• Ruled from 51-30 BCE
• Egyptian Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
• Had an affair with Julius Caesar, later Marc Antony. Had children by both men.
• Committed suicide in 30 B.C.
• Son by Caesar was executed by Augustus

• Lived from 69 to 11 B.C.
• Sister of Augustus and the wife of Marc Antony
• Had 2 children with Marc Antony
• Often mediated between Augustus & Marc Antony
• Took care of Antony's children by Cleopatra after his death

• Married Augustus
• Mothered Tiberius and Drusus by Tiberius Claudius Nero
• Divorced T.C.N for Augustus while pregnant

• Son of Agrippa, born after father's death
• Octavian didn't originally adopt him, wanted Agrippa's name to live on. Adopted after Lucius & Gaius died.
• Banished because of possible fear/anxiety over who would replace Augustus (him or step-brother Tiberius)

• Lived ~15 BCE- 19 CE
• Married Agrippina
• Famous from his marriage/family- popular couple
• Great military leader- subdued Germany; won territory in Asia
• Poisoned, public upset by death