GROUPS FORMED BY GERMANIC KINGS BASED ON BLOOD TIES AND TRIBAL LOYALTY.

A TRIBAL METHOD OF JUSTICE BY COMBAT OR TORTURE; GOD CHOSE THE TRUE WINNER.

CRIMES WERE PAID THROUGH FINANCIAL COMPENSATION.

FORCED FRANKS TO ACCEPT CATHOLICISM, 500S

MAYOR OF THE PALACE, DEFEATED MUSLIMS AT THE BATTLE OF POITIERS, 732.

SON OF CHARLES MARTEL, OVETHREW CLOVIS'S MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY TO BECOME KING OF THE FRANKS (GOT POPE'S SUPPORT WITH DONATION OF LAND), 751.

USED HIS ARMIES TO EXPAND FRANKISH CONTROL OF WESTERN EUROPE, 768-814.

TERRITORIAL UNITS OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE ADMINISTERED BY A LOYAL COUNT.

THE POPE CROWNED CHARLEMAGNE AS THE EMPEROR OF EUROPE IN 800.

- CHARLEMAGNE USED MONKS TO EDUCATE THE FRANK ELITE.

- STUDY OF LATIN LANGUAGE AND CLASSICS TO CREATE EDUCATED ROYAL BUREAUCRATS FOR THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE.

MONASTIC SCRIBES COPIED LATIN AND GREEK MANUSCRIPTS IN THIS ROOM IN THE MONASTERY.

MONKS COLLECTED CANON LAW (CATHOLIC CHURCH LAWS) AND LITURGIES (CATHOLIC FORMS OF PUBLIC CHRISTIAN WORSHIP.)

SON FO CHARLEMAGNE, DEALTH WITH HIS SONS FIGHTING EACH OTHER.

AS THE EMPIRE DECLINED, NOBLE LANDOWNERS PROTECTED LOCAL POPULATIONS- BUT THEY HAD TO SERVE THE LORDS.

FROM WESTERN ASIA RAIDED EASTERN EUROPE, SETTLING IN HUNGARY BY THE 900S.

USED THEIR SHIPS TO INVADE, PLUNDER AND SETTLE IN LANDS FROM CANADA TO RUSSIA, 700S-1000S CE.

AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM DEPENDENT ON LORDS AND THEIR SUBORDINATES AROSE; OATHS BECAME THE MAIN CONTRACTS.

MEN WHO SWORE OATHS OF LOYALTY TO SUPERIORS; PEASANTS SWORE LOYALTY TO THE LORDS, BECOMING SERFS.

WARRIORS WHO SWORE TO GIVE MILITARY SERVICE TO LORDS IN EXCHANGE FOR A LAND GRANT.

LAND GRANT, GIVEN TO THE KNIGHTS, IN EXCHANGE FOR FIGHTING IN THE ARMIES OF THE LORDS.

-KING OF WESSEX, ENGLAND

-DEFEATED VIKINGS TO ESTABLISHA STRONG ANGLO-SAXON MONARCHY, 899.

-HUGH CAPET AND HIS DESCENDANTS; THEY RULED WEST FRANCIA (FRANCE) BEGINNING IN 987.

-CALSSICAL LEARNING REVIVED IN EAST FRANCIA (GERMANY) UNDER EMPEROR OTTO I, 900S.