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Hip, knee, ankle, and foot
study questions for quiz 7
102
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/20/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what bones make up the pelvis
Definition
2 hip bones (os coxae bones), sacrum, and the coccyx
Term
What bones make up the hip bones
Definition
there are 3, the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
Term
What bones make up the thigh
Definition
The femur and patella
Term
How many bones are in the foot
Definition
7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
Term
What is the most proximal of the lower extremity joints and what type of joint is it
Definition

The hip

 

ball and socket

Term
True or False: The hip is a very unstable joint
Definition
False, it is very stable
Term
How many planes does the hip joint move in
Definition
3
Term
Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the hip joint occur on what plane?
Definition
sagittal
Term
Approximately how many degrees of flexion does the hip have
Definition

120

 

15 degrees of hyperextension

Term
What plane does adduction and abduction of the hip occur in
Definition
frontal plane
Term
approximately how many degrees of abduction does the hip joint have
Definition
45 degrees
Term
approximately how many degrees of adduction does the hip have past anatomical position?
Definition
25
Term
At what plane does the hip perform medial and lateral rotation )or internal and external rotation) occur?
Definition
Transverse plane
Term
Approximately how many degrees of rotation are possible at the hip joint
Definition
45
Term
What four bones make up the pelvis or pelvic girdle
Definition
two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx
Term
What is the superior portion of the hip bone
Definition

Ilium

 

Term
What is the posterior inferior portion of the hip bone?
Definition
Ischium
Term
What forms the anterior inferior portion of the hip?
Definition
Pubis
Term
What is the Symphsis Pubis
Definition
A cartilaginous joint connecting the bodies of the two pubic bones at the anterior midline
Term
What externally forms about 1/5th of the acetabulum and internally provides attachment for the obturator internus muscle
Definition
The body of the pubis
Term
What is the acetabulum
Definition
a deep, cup shaped cavity that articulates wiht the femur. It is made up of nearly equal portions of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Term
What is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body?
Definition
the femur
Term
The Greater sciatic notch is located where?
Definition

Just below the PIIS that is actually made into a foramen by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

 

The sciatic nerve, piriformis muscle, and other structures pass through this opening

Term
Where is the femur's lateral epicondyle located?
Definition
projection proximal to the lateral condyle
Term
Where is the adductor tubercle located
Definition
Small projection proximal to the medial epicondyle to which a portion of the adductor magnus muscle attaches on the femur
Term
What is the patellar surface
Definition
Located between the medial and lateral condyle anteriorly. It articulates with the posterior surface of the patella.
Term
What is strong and thick and covers the hip joint in a cylindrical fashion?
Definition
Fibrous joint capsule
Term
What 3 ligaments reinforce the fibrous joint capsule of the hip?
Definition
Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments
Term
What does the Iliofemoral ligament do
Definition
reinforces the capsule anterirly by attaching proximally to the anterior inferior iliac spine and crossing the joint anteriorly. Resembles an inverted Y and sometimes called the Y ligament
Term
What does the pubofemoral ligament do
Definition
spans the hip joint medially and inferiorly. It attaces from the medial part of the acetabular rim and superior ramus of the pubis, and runs down and back to attach on the neck of the femur. It limits hyperextension
Term
What does the ischiofemoral ligament do
Definition
Covers the capsule posteriorly. It attaches on teh ischial portion f the acetabulum, crosses the joint in a lateral and superior direction, and attache on the femoral neck. Limits hyperextension and medial rotation.
Term
What is one thing the hip ligaments all have in common?
Definition

they all attach along the rim of the acetabulum and cross the hip joint in a spiral fashion to attach on the femoral neck.

 

This limits hyperextension while allowing full opposite motion of flexion

Term
What is th iliotibial band or tract
Definition
The IT band is a very long tendinous portion of the tensor fascia latae muscle. It attaches to teh anterior portion of the iliac crest and runs superficially down the lateral side of the thigh to attach to the tibia. Both the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae muscles have fibers attaching to it.
Term
Congenital hip dislocation is also known as? And what happens when this occurs?
Definition

Dysplasia

 

Occurs when an unusually shallow acetabulum causes the femoral head to slide upward. Capsule remains intact tho stretched.

Term
What is the angle of inclination
Definition
normally 125 degrees
Term
Term used to describe when the neck-shaft angle greater than 125 degrees
Definition
Coxa Valga
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
degeneration of the rticular cartilage of the joint
Term
can be caused by trauma or wear and tear- typically seen later in life
Definition
osteoarthritis
Term
How is osteoarthritis treated in the hip?
Definition
Total hip replacement
Term
What are the two types of hip fractures
Definition
intertrochanteric and femoral neck
Term
What is a hamstring strain?
Definition
pulled hamstring, most common muscle problem in the body. Results from an overlaoad of the muscle or trying to move the muscle too fast.
Term
What injury do bicyclers and runners typically have
Definition
Iliotibial band syndrome
Term
Seen commonly in sprinters an in sports that require bursts of speed or rapid acceleration (soccer, track and field, football, and rugby)
Definition
hamstring strain or pulled hamstring
Term
Name for a severe bruise caused by direct trauma to the iliac crest of the pelvis
Definition
hip pointer
Term
How many degrees of extension are possible in the knee joint
Definition

0

 

more than 5 of hyperextension is concidered genu recurvatum

Term
How many degrees of flexion are possible in the knee
Definition
approx 120-135
Term
What is the accesory movement that occurs with flexion and extension of the knee
Definition
rotation
Term
What is the patellofemoral joint
Definition
articulation between the femur and patella
Term
What is the main function of the patella
Definition

·         Increase mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle

·         To protect the knee joint

Term
What is the Q angle
Definition
, is the angle between the quadriceps muscle, primarily the rectus femoris, and the patellar tendon. 
Term
How is the Q angle determined
Definition

determined by drawing a line from the ASIS to the midpoint of the patella and from the tibial tuberosity to the midpoint of the patella.  The angle formed by the intersecting of these lines represents the Q angle. 

Term
What is concidered a normal patellofemoral angle
Definition
between 13-18 degrees
Term
What bony land mark is a double pointed prominence on the proximal surface at about the midpoint, which extends up into the intercondylar fossa of the femur
Definition
Intercondylar eminence
Term
Where is the medial condyle of the tibia
Definition
the proximal medial end
Term
what is located on the proximal lateral end
Definition
lateral condyle
Term
What is the enlarged proximal end of the tibia, including the medial and lateral condles and the intercondylar eminence
Definition
Plateau
Term
What is the tibial tuberosity
Definition
Large projection at the proximal end on the anterior surface in the midline
Term
What is the smaller bone of the leg
Definition
fibula
Term
What type of bone is the patella
Definition
triangular sesamoidbone
Term
What is the most posterior of the tarsal bones
Definition
The calcaneus or heel
Term
What are the four main ligaments of the knee
Definition
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Posterior Cruciate Ligamnt (PCL), Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL), and the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
Term
What are half moon shaped, wedge shaped fibrocartilage disks?
Definition

Meniscus

 

Term
Name the two meniscus in the knee
Definition
Medial menisci and lateral menisci
Term
How many bursa are in the knee and what do they do?
Definition
approximately 13 and reduce friction
Term
Where are the important nerves and blood vessels located in the knee
Definition
popliteal space
Term
What muscles make up the pes anserine muscle group
Definition
sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles
Term
What is Genu valgum
Definition

"knock knees"

an alignment of the LE where disstal segments are positioned more laterally than normal- the kneeds tend to touch while the ankles do not

Term
What is Genu varum
Definition

Bowlegs

 

distal segmentsare positioned more medially than normal, the ankle tend to touch while the knees are apart

Term
What is genu recurvatum
Definition
knee hyperextension goes beyond 0-5  degrees
Term
What is jumpers knees
Definition

patellar tendonitis

 

tenderness at the patellar tendon as a result from overuse stress or sudden impact overloading associated with jumping (basketball players, high jumpers, hurdlers)

Term
in general problems causing diffuse anterior knee pain is known as
Definition
patellofemoral pai syndrome
Term
What knee injury is caused by a single blow to the knee and involves tears to the ACL, MCL, and the medial meniscus
Definition
Terrible Triad
Term
Which bone is the true weight bearing bone of the leg
Definition
Tibia
Term

Medial Malleolus

Definition
enlarged distal medial surface
Term

Lateral Malleolus

Definition
- enlarged distal lateral surface
Term
What are th bones of the foot
Definition
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and phalanges
Term
What is the big toe also known as
Definition
The great toe
Term
How many tarsal bones are there?
Definition
7
Term
Name the tarsal bones
Definition
calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, and 3 Cuneiforms
Term

Calcaneus

Definition
- largest and most posterior bone
Term

Talus

Definition
- sits on the calcaneus, second largest tarsal bone
Term

Navicular

Definition

- medial side, in front the talus

Term

Cuboid

Definition
- lateral side, distal to calcaneus
Term

Cuneiforms

Definition
- three in number, medial to lateral, in line with the metatarsals
Term

Numbered 1 to 5, starting medially; first and fifth are weight bearing bones usually

Definition
Metatarsals
Term

Metatarsal Head

Definition
- distal end of each bone
Term

Metatarsal Base

Definition
- proximal end of each bone
Term

What consists of the Hindfoot

Definition
 - talus, calcaneus
Term

What consists of the Midfoot -

Definition
navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
Term

What consists of the Forefoot

Definition
 - metatarsals, phalanges
Term

Talocrural/Talotibial

Definition
 - distal tibia sitting on the talus
Term

Subtaler/Talocalcaneal -

Definition
 inferior talus and superior calcaneus
Term

Transverse Tarsal

Definition

- anterior talus/calcaneus and posterior navicular/cuboid

 

Term
Shin Splints -
Definition

 pain on medial edge of tibia, distal half; inflammation of the periosteum

Term

Hammertoe

Definition
- MTP hyperextended, PIP flexed, DIP extended
Term

Mallet Toe

Definition
 - MTP hyperextended, PIP extended, DIP flexed
Term

Claw Toe -

Definition
flexed PIP, flexed DIP
Term

Turf Toe

Definition
- forced hyperextension of great toe at MTP
Term

Ankle Sprain

 

Definition

most common injury among recreational and competitive athletes

 

Lateral ligament is the most frequently injured ligament in these groups

 

occurs when the foo is foot lands in a plantar flexed and inverted position

Term

Ankle Fracture

Definition
occurs when a person trips over an unexpected obstacle or falls from a height an dusually involves a twisting component to the ankle
Term

Plantar Fasciitis

Definition
- pain in the heel
Term

Achilles Tendonitis -

Definition
inflammation of gastrocnemius-soleus tendon; precursor to rupture
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