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| Two major influences on Western Civilizations |
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| Crisis and culture means that during bad times ppl re-evaluate the old ways and make new ones that work |
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| Introduced more fighters into the army. Rich had to keep poor appeased. Fighters became soldiers instead of warriors because everyone was = in a phalanx and they all had to cooperate. This carried over into their culture |
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| Greek culture placed heavy emphasis on your honor and your reputation and what other ppl thought of you |
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| Used often in cultures to get the people involved and promote a sense of unity |
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| Often ancestor worship which preserves heritage |
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| More a collection of free ppl's w/ the same set of cultural values than simply a physical city state |
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| Two Major Events for Greek History |
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| 490 the invasion by Darius and 399 the death of Socrates |
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| Militaristic state ruled by elders, slow to go to war b/c Helots could rebel, hence so many religious festivals; Known for Equality of Service |
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| Democratic city state that was known for Equality of position, eventually became greedy and power hungry b/c their democracy was too free and everyone could say anything |
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| Athens was present, Sparta was not; resulted in a victory for the Greeks |
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| Differences between Athens and Sparta in reference to battle |
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| Athens proud of how they did their duty at Thermopylae and Athens proud of the naval victory against the Persians at Salamis |
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| Sparta declared a preemptive war against Athens so Athens couldn't make trouble for the rest of Greece. Resulted in a terrible loss of manpower and interstate wars for decades after the war. Eventually paved the way for Macedonian conquest of the Greeks. |
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| Pericles's Method for fighting Sparta |
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| Use their ships to do coastal raids on Sparta and utilize the Athenian long walls to get supplies and food from sea trade |
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| Debate was whether to kill everyone or simply kill all the men on the island and enslave the women and children. Cleon said killing all the men and enslaving the rest was only fair. Diodetus said that they should only kill the leaders.Sophists said if you could get away with it why not, focused on practicality and expedience. |
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| Student of Socrates, believed in dualism(every person has a shadow of themselves). Also talked about an ideal government, which cannot be achieved, and felt that the common ppl were to immature to run government and only ppl versed in philosophy and logic should be in charge. |
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| Discusses a government that could actually exist in real life, felt that the middle class should rule b/c they are careful and very hesitant to lose what they have worked for |
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| Made them more irrational and violent, example is Mytilean Debate.They want to expand just because they can. This is the reason they want to take Sicily so they have more territory and another front with Sparta. Athens now associates moderation with cowardice and dissidence with treason |
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| The final breakdown of Athenian Democracy. They killed him because he didnt think the same way they did. Socrates was even a soldier for Athens during his life but felt the government was taking turns for the worse |
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| The puppet regime Sparta imposed on Athens after the Pelopennesian War |
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| Often flip flopped sides to who was winning, either with Sparta or Athens. During Alexanders reign they rebelled and Alexander razed the entire city to the ground. |
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| Thebian General Epaminondas won a battle over Sparta and freed the Helots then helped them set up a city called Messene |
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| A collection of important and obedient city states loyal to Macedonia |
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| series of speeches warning against the expansion of Macedonia |
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| Alexander and intermarriage of soldiers and locals |
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"Genetic Imperialism'
Humanizes the conquerors
Helps prevent rebellion |
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| Alexander and the spread of Greek culture |
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| More on accident then on purpose since he had scholars and other educated ppl come with him |
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Greek boomtimes; Athens and Sparta major powers, etc
Ended with the Peloponnesian Wars |
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| Greek LIKE, with Persian influences, this is what Alexander's reign brought, Greek culture's most important contribution to this time was Common Greek, basically a trade language |
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| Polis vs the Cosmopolis( universal city, common in Hellenistic age ) |
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Polis:
Small
Homogeneous ppl
Similar or the same values
Citizens have a vested interest in the governement
Equality
Usually citizen soldiers
Sense of belonging
Cosmopolis
Large
Diverse, heterogeneous ppl
Trade and money were main focus
Subjects of a king or monarch
No equality, replaced by hierarchy
Mercs for soldiers
People had no sense of belonging, very beginnings of "mystery religions" |
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| Skeptics vs Senic and Epericurans |
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Skeptics:
Always asked question but still did what they needed to do
Senics:
Basically said the hell with everything and did what they wanted to do
Epericurans:
Don't deprive yourself of anything b/c it causes stress but have things in moderation |
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| Stoicism and Christianity |
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| Stoicism placed a intellectual framework for Christians beliefs and thought |
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Adopted the Greek gods and civic religon.
Similar to city state at first
Did what was good for their ppl, not necessarily what they ppl wanted. |
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| Major theme in roman society. You have a client and a patron. Ex. You can clean my gutters b/c you need work and some pay but you have to vote for me in return |
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| Augustus and his rise to power |
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In order to get the ppl on his side he learned from Caesar's mistakes by:
He increased penalies for breaking laws
Built more temples
Gave power back to the senate( kind of because many were his clients and voted the way he wanted them to)
He increased and propogated trade and minimized war which brought money into the empire and got the ppl on his side
Retrieved the lost Legion standards
Only consul for 2 or 3 years
Lets the Senate appoint military commanders for legions around Rome |
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| Loyal to Augustus b/c "if Caesar trusted him then hey would should too" |
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Founder of Christianity:
Big on the golden rule, even let lepers eat with him
He went from ethics to addressing morals ( ex instead of don't murder, he went to the root and said don't hate)
Didn't agree with many of the old rituals such as Sabbath and Kosher food
Also performed "work" on the Sabbath by performing miracles |
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| Aimed at different groups of ppl, and example would be that John's gospel was aimed at Hellenistic ppl |
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Promoter of Christianity:
Once persecuted Jewish converts and Christians.
Was a Pharisee Jew tax collector.
Was a perfect promoter for Christianity b/c if he can be forgiven and starts being pro Christian then anyone can
Also sent letters to his old merchant contacts to let ppl know how they should worship |
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The Patron of Christianity:
Responsible for the adoption of Christianity in the Roman ppl as well as the growing power of the religion on government |
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Anti-heresy
Believed men were naturally sinful b/c he had once been that way
Wrote "The City of God" during Rome's fall and very pessimistic due to his lifestyle, scriptures, and the events around him |
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| A theme in Germanic Society that you earned the loyalty of your people and soldiers |
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| Wrote Germania( book about the Germanic ppl) near the middle of the Roman empire and said that the Germanic ppl were like the Romans used to be and that's why they were conquering things and proving to be a threat |
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| The father, son, and holy ghost are incompatible |
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| The plebeians have the pwr to make rules but the Senate controls what legislation goes b4 the assembly. Also the plebeians usually consulted the senate for wisdom, advice, and approval because they were the Senator's patrons |
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| Sided with the church and become the protectors for Roman Christianity. They gain legitimacy, education, standards that could apply to his ppl. The church gets protection. |
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