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| a set of laws that were validated by saying they were given to Hammurabi by a God. "An eye for an eye" |
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| The period after the Hyksos had been driven back to their homelands by Ehyptian warriors from Thebes. [1520 BCE] |
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| Lead Jews out of Egypt [1240-1230BCE]. Ten Commandments. |
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[600BCE] Religion formed by the Prophet Zoroaster [630-550BCE]. Had deities similar to God and the devil. [Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu]
Great emphasis on individual responsibility to choose good over evil. |
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| Greek infantry soldiers. Caused social and political changes because the common man was the Hoplite. Phalanx gave people that idea that everyman was equal. Government needed to treat all men equal, because the common man was the backbone of the army. |
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| Messenian Slaves of Spartans. A large reason Sparta didnt want to go to war, they were worried that with all the soldiers gone, the slaves would rebel |
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| a powerful man forced into exile by Hippias. H received the help of the Spartans to overthrow Hippias. Brought together regions of Athens. Is responsible for the four class system. |
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| the alliance formed by Greek states [478BCE on island of Delos] headed by Athens. Successful campaigns until warfare between Greece and Persia ended around 450 BCE. Athens forcibly kept states in the League and ended up moving treasury from Delos to Athens. Alliance of equals became the Athenian Empire. |
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| the leading statesman in the period of the Athenian Empire [490-429BCE] he had the support of the common people. he won them over by establishing pay for Athenian jurors and for those who served in the council. He lived at the same time that Athens flourished most. [Age of Pericles, 450-429] |
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| teachers of rhetoric in classical Greece, especially Athens. took pay for teaching. what was made by man was inferior to nature. |
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| a group of philosophers taught by Zeno of Cyprus who taught at a building in Athaens called the Stoa. Stoics believed a single divine plan governed the universe and to find happiness one must act in harmony with this plan. a sense of duty and self-discipline allows people to accept their fate, making them immune to earthly anxieties and will achieve inner freedom and tranquility. |
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| a right posessed by Consuls, giving them the power to command troops and to execute any other assignments received from the Senate. |
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| two men elected by the plebeians to represent them [eventually rose to 10] gained in 494 BCE |
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the wars between Rome and Carthage. 264 BCE to 133 BCE.
1. Fight for Sicily caused by Rome helping Messana
2. MOST CRIT! Hannibal seized Saguntum in 219 BCE. Hannibal won against Rome at Cannae, but was unable to change the alliance of Rome's allies. Romes allies were key in helping Rome stop Hannibal.
3. Scipio Aemilianus captured Carthage in 146 BCE and Rome destroyed it. Rome Conquered Spain in 133 BCE. |
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Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. tribunes [in that order] that were all for the people. Tiberius tried to run twice, and was killed by the senate for it.
Gaius became tribune in 123 BCE and tried to restrict the senate. he had his slave kill him when senate tried to kill him.
Because of the Gracchi demagogues began to turn more and more to the assembly to pass bills for military patrons. Beginning Roman revolution, more barbaric attitudes and decline in citizens civic duty |
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| first general to seize power in Rome. Changed the membership of the roman army and its loyalty. Consul for five consecutive years, and ruled politics from 107-100 BCE. allowed men to volunteer for the army. Gets the loyalty of men by promising money and land. |
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| an old republican word meaning "first citizen". Gave him right to talk first in forum. usually refers to Augustus, who was known as the patron and defender of the common people of Rome. |
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small peasant run farms gave way to great slave-run plantations. They were ownded mostly by rich senators and equestrians. Latifundiam mainly produced cash crops, and only produced enough grain to feed those on the plantation. also supplied cities with building resources [wood, stone, etc]
Lead to serfdom later on, after fall of Rome. |
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| comes to mean a universal law observed by all nations, in effect, as system of law that could be discovered by reason. |
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the political system of Rome that started in 284 when a high army officer seized the imperial throne and enlisted the hlep of three other men. each of the four rulers was placed wherever he was needed. Diocletian's rule was very severe.
[Diocletian and Maximian took the name Augustus]
[Galerius and Constantius took the name Caesar.] |
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| "mystery religion". eternal life |
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| Jewish leaders of their religion. [upper class priests] |
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| the "creator of Christianity" from how he interpreted the acts of Jesus. |
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| exiled Emperor for executing people for a rebellion. [exiled by a Christian] |
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| all about moral values, and worked with confessions |
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| A Germanic warrior band organized under the leadership of an established chief |
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founder of kingdom of Franks. Politically unified near all of Gaul [modern France].
Killed all his relatives who might challenge him.
military force and conversion to Roman Christianity [instead of Arian] were important
made it possible to rule the many diverse people in the kingdom. |
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| agricultural system in which 2/3rds of the land was cultivated on a rotating basis; it replaced the two-field system and resulted in increased productivity. |
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| the idea that the Pope in Rome was the leader of the "west". His power was unchallenged. Great popes in the fourth and fifth centuries helped to add to this. |
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| Charlemagne aka Charles the Great |
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"Carolingian Renaissance." Was successful because he waged long wars with all frontiers, and he spread Christianity.
Campaigned four times in Italy for the Pope.
Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III
His coronation= complete political and cultural autonomy of Western community from Byzantine control |
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