Term
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Definition
involves transport of GI bacterial organisms from a compromised gut wall via portal system
or toxins entering portal system without GI damage |
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Term
| Biliary (Retrograde) Injury |
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Definition
defective biliary flow results in bile backup
bacteria/parasite migrate up biliary tree into liver |
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Term
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Definition
Phase I- SER has cytochrome P450
Phase II- cytosol has glucuronosyl
transferases,sulfotransferases,glutathione S-‐transferases |
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Term
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Definition
foci of varying sizes randomly scattered
seen with infectious agents via blood especially portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
lobular pattern
redder
fiborsis and pale areas
swollen and enlarged with rounded lobular edges
friable |
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Term
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Definition
aka Zone 3 Pattern
least oxygenated hepatocytes around central vein are affected
hypoxia due to right sided heart failure, anemia, shock
bioactivation of absorbed xenobiotics form GI tract resulting in free radical or chemical change |
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Term
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Definition
aka modified Zone 3 pattern
global centrilobular pattern
Very earily form of zone 3 pattern
Starts in little parts of the central vein
Then these coalesce into a full zone 3 pattern
hypoxia due to right sided heart failure, anemia, shock
bioactivation of absorbed xenobiotics form GI tract resulting in free radical or chemical change |
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Term
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Definition
aka Zone 2 pattern
seen in horses, pigs, cats due to toxic insults
Aflatoxicosis, hexachloraphene, toxicosis, steroid hepatopathy |
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Term
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Definition
direct damage to hepatocytes by agent from bloodstream
direct-acting toxicant without activation
inorganic phosphorous |
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Term
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Definition
severe extensive damage
zones of damaged hepatocytes being to coalesce |
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Term
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Definition
entire lobule is affected
few uninjured or viable hepatocytes remaining
liver becomes engorged sac o blood
fibrosis and hyperplasia nodules of hepatocytes
lives looks shrunken, gnarly, nodular, pale |
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Term
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Definition
associated with infectious agent and random distribution
viral- necrosis with light suppurative exudate
bacterial-necrosis with heavy suppurative exudate
coliform bacteria-pyogranulomatous/ granulomatous exudate and necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
persistent infectious with fibrosis
Mycobacterium-chronic mulitfocal granulomatous inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Corynebacterium ovis
Fusobacterium necrophorum |
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Term
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Definition
from Chronic Persistent Antigenic Stimulation
often a toxicant
periportal infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytic macrophages,
scattered neutrophils
necrosis/apoptosis and expanding to bridging fibrosis
can progress to end stage liver |
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Term
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Definition
nonspecific
subtle, mild infiltrates of neutrophils and sometimes lymphocytes in portal triads
clusters of hemosiderophages and lipofuscin in portal triads
swollen Kupfer cells and hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation around cholangioles in portal triads or bile ductules
lymphocytes and histiocytic macrophages clustered around cholangioles and ducts
fibrosis usually present |
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Term
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Definition
concentrated around cholangioles but spreads to affect periportal hepatocytes
starts as cholangitis
migration of bacteria/ parasite up biliary tree or reflux |
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Term
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Definition
stem cells in the liver
migrate from interstitium of portal triads and replace hepatocytes and cholangiolar epithelium |
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Term
| Regeneration without Scarring |
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Definition
intact stroma
little inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
cholangiolar response to impaired outflow
proliferate tortuously
associated with longstanding liver disease |
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Term
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Definition
chronic or repetitive injury
stellate/Ito cells redifferentiate into myofibroblastic cells
Ito cells make collage type I with haphazard and dense collagen |
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Term
| Centrilobular Fibrosis Causes |
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Definition
repeated toxic injury
hypoxia |
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Term
| Periportal Fibrosis Causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lobular blood flow through sinusoids is disrupted
regeneration of hepatocytes is nodular and haphazard
cholangiolar hyperplasia also present |
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Term
| Cirrhosis/ End-Stage Liver |
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Definition
diffuse process
fibrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal lobules
combo of chronic persistent injury with bridging fibrosis
arteriovenous shunts develop
liver is reduced in size and firmer |
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Term
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Definition
| more and 3/4 of functional parenchyma needs to be lost or non-functional before see signs |
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Term
| Manifestations of Liver Failure |
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Definition
hepatic encephalopathy
bleeding
ascites
cutaneous crusting/necrosis
photosensitization |
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Term
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Definition
acute, rapid hepatic failure in young herbivores
loss of urea cycle
neurotoxic ammonia causes astrocyte damage and neuronal malfunction |
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Term
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Definition
all clotting factors except Factor 8 are made in the liver
Factors 5,7,9,10 are first to go
liver can't digest fat and can't get Vitamin K from diet
DIC may result |
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Term
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Definition
lack of albumin synthesis so oncotic pressure is lost
vascular shunting due to fibrosis and portal hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
dogs and cats get epidermal necorsis, erosion, ulceration, crusting, basal cell hyperplasia
large animals get photosensization due to free floating phylloerythrin in blood |
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Term
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Definition
occur in cats, dogs, pig
abnormal development of biliary trees
incidental finding
lines by tall columnar cholangiolar epithelium with thin fibrous capsule |
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Term
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Definition
large aniamls
lipidosis with secondary mild hypoxia associated with tension of ligaments on lobules
impairs circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant small fibrous tags and plaques on diaphragmatic surface of liver in horse |
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Term
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Definition
unknown etiology
hepatocytes drop out and sinusoids dilate to produce irregular red, blood filled spaces in hepatic parenchyma
common in cattle and old cats |
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Term
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Definition
due to right sided heart failure
centrilobular fibrosis and hemosiderin laden macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
centrilobular hypoxia, degeneration, necrosis
slowly developing anemia leads to atrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes
accentuated reticular pattern |
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Term
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Definition
intrahepatic more common in large breed dogs
extrahepatic more common in small breed dogs
livers are small, indistinct lobules
tortuous arterioles
small hepatocytes, indistinct central veins, no portal veins |
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Term
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Definition
leads to ascites
intrahepatic portal hypertension common due to bridging fibrosis or veno-occulive disease |
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Term
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Definition
associated with Pyrrolizodine alkaloids and aflatoxin
progressive fibrosis around lobular central veins
leads to congestion |
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Term
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Definition
occurs in large animals with chronic infections
tends to be peri-sinusoidal in space of Disse
reduced in size, pale brown, firm with waxy texture |
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Term
| Canine Infectious Hepatitis |
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Definition
Canine Adenovirus 2
often asymptomatic
widespread hepatic necrosis
basophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and sinusoidal epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
Equine herpesvirus 1
Caprine herpesvirus
Canine herpesvirus 1
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Virus
Porcine Pseudorabies Virus
acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocyte nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
associated with Clostridium haemolyticum and liver fluke migration
spores of bacteria ingested by Kupfer cells
spores germinate with hypoxia and produce phospholipase C
lyses hepatocytes and erythrocytes
hepatic necrosis and intravascular hemolysis leading to hemogloburia
necrotic lesions are pale with a rim of red congested sinusoids |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium novyi
acute necrotic hepatitis
no hemolysis like with Clostrium haemolyticum |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium piliforme
obligate intracellular bacteria causing ileitis and multifocal hepatic necrosis
copraphagic neonatal foals |
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Term
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Definition
severe acute hemolytic anemia
leads to hypoxia and centrilobular hepatic necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
migration through liver
produce tract-like lesions of eosinophilic hepatitis and fibrosis
milk spots
heartworms can also back up causing vena caval disease |
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Term
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Definition
larval cysts in liver
thin walled and no host reaction unless larva dies |
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Term
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Definition
Fasciola hepatica
migrate up biliary tree
produce chronic lymphogranulomatous cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis
fibrosis and black fluke vomit |
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Term
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Definition
plugs of neutrophils in cholangiolar lumens
exocyosis of neutrophils through lining epithelium
overgrowth of bacteria into small intestine and migration up bile duct |
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Term
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Definition
happens in older cats
dense, wide cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells
fibrous tissue surround triad cholangioles
unknown |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin E/Se deficiency
common in rapidly growing pigs
centrilobular necrosis with post-necrotic scarring |
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Term
| Idiosyncratic Hepatic Necrosis |
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Definition
Diazepam in cats
Carprofen
immune mediated |
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Term
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Definition
megalocytosis-hepatocytes are larger than normal due to inhibition of mitosis
progressive fibrosis due to veno-occlusive disease
liver shrinks down into pale hard fibrotic lumpy mass |
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Term
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Definition
metabolized by P450 enzymes
progressive hepatic necrosis, megalocytosis, lipidosis
centrilobular bridging fibrosis
cholangiolar hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
mycotoxin growing on dead rye grass
trigger chronic cholangitis with fibrosis
leads to cholestasis and inability to excrete phylloerythrin |
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Term
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Definition
common in dogs over 6 years old
no clinical significance
pale tan to red
normal lobular architecture
no inflammation or fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
no portal triads
hepatic fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
common in the cat
firm, raised, pale nodules |
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Term
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Definition
rare except in young ruminants
hard to distinguish from nodular hyperplasia |
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