Term
| What are the 3 leukocytes with granules? |
|
Definition
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of leukocytes that are mononuclear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Granulocytes (recognizable granules)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Monocytes ( a type of mononuclear cell)
Lymphocytes (a type of mononuclear cell)
Platelets |
|
|
Term
| Is a CBC quantitative or qualitative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a blood smear quantitative or qualitative? |
|
Definition
| qualitative (shows structural and functional abnormalities) |
|
|
Term
| RBC indices give RBC __, __, and __ __. |
|
Definition
count
size
hemoglobin content |
|
|
Term
| A __ __ tells you if the bone marrow is responding to anemia or not. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lab test tells you RBC size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ is a calculated value that is aka as pap cell volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematocrit is aka __ __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to calculate hematocrit: |
|
Definition
| hematocrit= number of cells x size of cells |
|
|
Term
| Fragmented RBCs that have been torn or broken apart by physical means are called ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small dense spheroidal RBCs in the peripheral blood are called ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs that are small, thin, fusiform, and often have end points are called __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atypical lymphocytes are __, have more ___, and have __ in their nucleus. The cytoplasm tends to be indented by surrounding RBCs. These atypical lymphocytes are often associated with __ ___. |
|
Definition
- larger
- more cytoplasm
- nucleoli
- infectious mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
| In a patient with megaloblastic anemia you would expect to find __ RBCs and __ neutrophils (more than 3-4 lobes). These are common findings with anemia caused by B12 and folate deficiencies. |
|
Definition
- enlarged RBCs
- hypersegmented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If patient has bicytopenia or pancytopenia, have to do a __ __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels/reference ranges are different for males and females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematocrit is the ___ of whole blood made up of __. |
|
Definition
- percentage
- erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- CBC
- Peripheral blood smear
- hematocrit
- RBC count
- RBC size and shape
- RBC cytoplasmic inclusions |
|
|
Term
| What 2 RBC indices define the hemoglobin content? |
|
Definition
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
|
Term
| To distinguish type of anemia, what do you need to know? |
|
Definition
- size of cell
- amount of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| if MCV is too high, the RBCs are __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if MCV is too low, the RBCs are ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In normochromic RBCs, the hemoglobin content occupies ___ of the central space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In hypochromic RBCs, there is increased central pallor due to decreased or defective ___ synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the majority of cases, ___ RBCs are also hypochromic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia in U.S. adults? |
|
Definition
iron deficiency
(think mIcrocytic> Iron deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| Anemia can be classified physiolgically based on its cause. What are the three general causes of anemia? |
|
Definition
- increased utilization
- increased premature destruction (hemolysis)
- impaired production |
|
|
Term
| Examples of anemia due to increased utilization of RBCs: |
|
Definition
- acute blood loss (hemorrhage)
- trauma (car accident, gun shot wound)
- Hematemesis (peptic ulcer, esophageal varices) |
|
|
Term
| Hemolysis is the premature destruction of RBCs due to intrinsic defects in the RBC or b/c of acquired abnormalities of the __, __ __, or __. |
|
Definition
blood
blood vessels
spleen |
|
|
Term
| Causes of hemolytic anemia (increased destruction): |
|
Definition
- Membrane abnormality
- Cytoplasmic enzyme abnormality (G6PD deficiency)
- Hemoglobin abnormality
- RBC environemnt (extracellular)-antibody mediated |
|
|
Term
| If someone has hemolytic anemia due to a membrane abnormality, you may see ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Someone with __ __ __ or ___ will have abnormal hemoglobin and thus have hemolytic anemia. |
|
Definition
- sickle cell disease
- thalassemia |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to classify anemia: |
|
Definition
- size of RBC
- amount of hemoglobin
- physiologic cause |
|
|
Term
| The physilogic destruction of senescent RBCs takes place within the __ __ cells of the spleen. |
|
Definition
| mononuclear phagocytic cells of the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of hemolytic anemias are ___, meaning it occurs in the spleen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In extravascular hemolytic anemia, the spleen undergoes work related ___ resulting in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extravascular hemolysis occurs in what 3 locations: |
|
Definition
- spleen
- liver
- bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| With extraavascular hemolysis __ is recycled and there is/is not hemoglobin in the urine and plasma. |
|
Definition
- iron is recycled
- is NOT hemoglobin in urine or plasma |
|
|
Term
| A patient has anemia and is jaundice. He does NOT have hemoglobin in his plasma or urine. What type of hemolysis is going on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With extravascular hemolysis in the spleen, the __ are broken down to amino acids to be used for protein synthesis, while the hemoglobin is broken down to ___ and recycled. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient gets a blood transfusion and soon after develops hemolytic anemia. What type of hemolysis do you suspect and where is the iron going? |
|
Definition
- intravascular hemolysis
- iron is not recycled and so is excreted in feces and urine |
|
|
Term
| With extravascular hemolysis, the ___ bilirubin is released into the plasma, where it binds to __ to make it water soluble. It is then taken up by __. As more and more RBCs are destroyed more __ billirubin is produced and the patient becomes jaundice. |
|
Definition
- unconjugted bilirubin
- albumin
- hepatocytes
- unconjugated |
|
|
Term
| unidirectional flow of internal iron exchange: |
|
Definition
iron goes from:
- plasma transferrin> RBC> splenic macrophage (liver and bone marrow)> back to plasma transferrin |
|
|
Term
| Pathologic causes of premature extravascular hemolysis: |
|
Definition
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Spherocytes due to RBC membrane abnormalities
- Antibody coated RBCs (transfusion)
- Abnormal particles in RBC cytoplasm (globin chains in thalassemia)
IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THESE TYPES OF ANEMIAS WILL NOT HAVE LOW IRON B/C WITH EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS, IRON IS RECYCLED. |
|
|
Term
| Do patients with Sickle Cell Anemia have low iron? |
|
Definition
| - No b/c this extravascular hemolysis so iron is recycled |
|
|
Term
| Three causes of reduced production of RBCs resulting in anemia: |
|
Definition
- iron deficiency
- B12/folate deficiency
- space occupying lesions in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| With iron deficiency __ synthesis is impaired, so hemoglobin and RBC synthesis is impaired. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With B12/folate deficiencies, ___ __ and __ __ are impaired. |
|
Definition
DNA synthesis
nuclear maturation |
|
|
Term
| If bone marrow is not responding to anemia as indicated by little or no reticulocytes, what are your 4 differential causes of the anemia? |
|
Definition
- iron deficiency
- B12/folate deficiency
- space occupying lesions in the bone marrow
- bone marrow suppression |
|
|
Term
| newly synthesized RBCs released by the bone marrow are called: |
|
Definition
| reticulocytes (larger or more blue than mature RBCs) |
|
|
Term
| 2 possible responses of the bone marrow to anemia: |
|
Definition
- accelerated erythropoiesis
- insufficient erythropoiesis |
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow space replacement can prevent the bone marrow from responding to anemia. Metastatic carcinomas, such as __ or __, ___ in the bone marrow, and __ in the bone marrow can all cause this. |
|
Definition
- breast or prostate
- granulomas
- fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| As a RBC matures it gets __, the amount RNA __, and the amount of __ increases. |
|
Definition
- smaller
- decreases
- increases |
|
|
Term
| progression of RBC as it matures: |
|
Definition
| orthrochromatophillic erythrocyte> polychromatophillic RBCs aka reticulocyte> mature RBC |
|
|
Term
| The pyknotic nucleus is seen as it is extruded from the immature orthrochromatophilic erythroblast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticulocytes are aka __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polychromatophyllic RBCs are __ than mature RBCs and still contain __ and __ giving the cell a more blue color. When these are specially stained, __ clump together to form blue stained granulars called a ___. These cell are aka ___. |
|
Definition
- larger
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- reticulum
- reticulocytes |
|
|
Term
| POLYCHROMATOPHILLIC RBCS IS NOT THE SAME AS POLYCHROMATOPHILLIC NORMLOBLAST= BONE MARROW CELLS. BLAST= BONE MARROW CELLS, NOT RBCS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polychromasia is a ___ feature seen on a peripheral blood smear. It suggests presence of ___, but have to do a __ stain to confirm it. |
|
Definition
- qualitative
- reticulocytes
- supravital stain |
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes in immature red cells clump to form a blue granular network called reticulum when stained with a supravital dye (new methylene blue or cresyl violet) . These circulating immature RBCs are identified as reticulocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As reticulocytes lose their ___/___, they become mature RBCs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticulocytes are so named because these cells contain reticular networks of polyribosomes. As reticulocytes loose their polyribosomes they become mature red blood cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleated RBCs in a peripheral blood smear would be normal for who? |
|
Definition
normal for newborns
abnormal for adults |
|
|
Term
| What do nucleated RBCs (nRBCs) indicated in an adult? |
|
Definition
| the bone marrow is overwhelmed and trying to get out RBCs as fast as possible |
|
|
Term
| Nucleated RBCs (nRBCs) are very immature and only seen when there is a __ __ for RBCs to be released by bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of nRBCs: |
|
Definition
- bone marrow infiltration (metastasis)
- severe hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| 3 classifications of anemia based on cause: |
|
Definition
Increased utilization (hemorrhage)
Increased destruction (hemolysis)
Impaired production (deficiency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| progression of immature granulocytes (recognize terms more than sequence i think): |
|
Definition
| myeloblast> promyelocyte> myelocyte> metamyelocyte> band> segment |
|
|
Term
| are there normally more lymphocytes or monocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Get the absolute count by multiplying, but most CBC give the absolute count.
NEED TO LOOK AT THE ABSOLUTE COUNT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Differential WBC Count
One of the most useful tests in the
laboratory
Confirms a suspected hematological disorder (leukemia)
Demonstrates response to infection a/o inflammation
Monitors treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left shifted maturation means there are more immature leukocytes. This could also be called : |
|
Definition
| leukocytosis with a left shift |
|
|
Term
| The absolute count for a specific leukocyte is the __ __ __ multiplied by the __ of that leukocyte in the differential count. This is the number you need to look at, not relative. |
|
Definition
- total WBC count
- percent |
|
|
Term
| With left shifted maturation, __, __, or ___ predominate. |
|
Definition
- bands
- metamyelocytes
- myelocytes |
|
|
Term
| left shifted maturation suggests: |
|
Definition
- bone marrow stress
- acute infection
- inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Too many bands (bandemia) ususally indicate a __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bandemia is important in peds b/c may be only indication of __ in baby. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF THE LEFT SHIFT SHOWS TOO MANY BLASTS: this is most concerning type of left shift. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of immature cells: |
|
Definition
Blasts
Lymphoblasts and Myeloblasts
Blast, NOS
Promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes
Nucleated red blood cells
Band Neutrophils > reference range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aplastic anemia is actually a ___ of the __, ___, and ___. |
|
Definition
- pancytopenia
- RBCs, granulocytes, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| ___ is a marked reduction of the granulocytes in the blood. |
|
Definition
Agranulocytpenia
<1000 cells/mm3
<500 cells/mm3 (risk of infections) |
|
|
Term
| If you don't have enough granulocytes, you are at a higher risk for __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marked reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes: |
|
Definition
Lymphocytopenia
increased risk for infection |
|
|
Term
Leukocytosis: increased WBC count above reference range
Specific types-neutrophilic, eosinophilic, lymphocytosis, monocytosis
Most commonly results from an increase in neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukotytosis is usually due to increased __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too many neutrophils- probably due to a bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- too many eusinophils
- caused by allergies or parasitic larvae infections (helminths), parasites (helminths, microfilariae, schistomiasis) |
|
|
Term
| With increased lymphocytes consider a __ __ or any __ __. |
|
Definition
- viral infection
- chronic infection |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes are divided into __ and __ cells. __ cells are divided into __ __ cells and __ __ cells. |
|
Definition
- B and T
- T cells
- T helper cells
- T suppressor cells |
|
|
Term
| Atypical ___ are seen with infectious mononucleosis. You will see __ __nuclear cells called ___ cells. Large reactive lymphocytes with __ or __ nucleus and abundant foamy ___ that is often blue. |
|
Definition
- lymphocytes
- large mononuclear cells
- Downey cells
- reniform or lobated nuclei
- cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes are ___ and frequently contain ___. They can migrate into tissues where they are known as ___. |
|
Definition
- phagocytes
- vacuoles
- macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Monocytes usually indicate __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With reactive neutrophillic leukocytosis, you expect a __ __. __ __ are the most common cause of this. |
|
Definition
- left shift
- Bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| __ __ is marked neutrophilia with many immature cells. This looks like leukemia but is NOT. Once you treat the infection, it goes away. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dohle Bodies in Abnormal Granulocytes:
Single or multiple blue grayish blue inclusions of variable size and shape
Remnants of free ribosomes or rough ER
Seen with toxic granules and vacuoles
Described on CBC report |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dohle bodies and toxic granulations indicate __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons for dohle bodies: |
|
Definition
- poisoning
- burns
- infection
- post chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| A normal neutrophil has __ to __ lobes. A neutrophil is hypersegmented when the nucleus has __ or more lobes. These cells are larger than normal, this can be caused by __ or __ deficiency or dysplastic syndromes. |
|
Definition
- 3 to 4 lobes
- 6 or more
- B12 or folate
- dysplastic syndromes |
|
|
Term
| Dohle bodies, toxic granulations, and hypersegmented neutrophils would be described on a __ report. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since hypersegmented neutrophils may be caused by B12 or folate deficiencies, hypersegmented neutrophils go along with what type of anemia? |
|
Definition
| megaloblastic anemia (caused by b12/folate deficiencies) |
|
|
Term
| BLASTS ARE IMMATURE CELLS THAT BELONG IN THE BONE MARROW AND SHOULD NOT BE IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND SHOULD NOT BE SEEN ON BLOOD SMEAR OR ON CBC REPORT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two type of "blast" cells and what do they develop into? |
|
Definition
- lymphoblasts> lymphocytes
- myeloblasts> basophils, eusinophils, neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if a blast cell is a myeloblast or a lymphoblast? |
|
Definition
- presence of granules
If granules are present it is a myeloblast. However, if granules are absent, it could be a myeloblast or lymphoblast. |
|
|
Term
| The myeloblast is the first stage of the granulocytic series that is identifiable by light microscopy. It may be difficult to distinguish myeloblasts from other blasts in the peripheral blood unless one uses special stains or infers their identity from the presence of other immature cells of the same line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An __ rod results from fusion of primary granules in ___. These rods indicate __ __ __. |
|
Definition
- Auer rod
- myeloblasts
- Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) |
|
|
Term
Auer Rod
Pink or red, round or rod shaped cytoplasmic inclusions
Aggregated azurophilic granules
Seen in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (leukemia of granulocytic cells)
Acute promyelocytic leukemia has the most granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Auer Rod
Pink or red, round or rod shaped cytoplasmic inclusions
Aggregated azurophilic granules
Seen in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (leukemia of granulocytic cells)
Acute promyelocytic leukemia has the most granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there are large aggregates of auer rods, it may be __ __ ___, which is important b/c this is curable. |
|
Definition
| - acute promyelocytic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| A Leukoerythroblastic Reaction means there are immature __ and __ blood cells due to __ __ in the bone marrow (metastasis or granulomas). This requires __ __ _. |
|
Definition
- Red and White blood cells
- abnormal infiltrates in the bone marrow
- bone marrow sampling |
|
|
Term
| A leukoerythroblastic reaction is a stressed bone marrow –has nucleated red blood cells and immature granulocytic cells. A leukoerythroblastic picture indicates severe disruption of the marrow and requires BM sampling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reactive leukocytosis means the cause is one of what three things: |
|
Definition
- infection
- inflammation
- necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Malignant leukocytosis is due to ___, which is uncontrolled proliferation of ___ causing an accumulation of leukemic cells in the bone marrow and blood. Leukemia starts in the __ __. |
|
Definition
- leukemia
- leukocytes
- bone marrow |
|
|
Term
Leukemias: neoplasms arising in bone
marrow cells; neoplastic cells
may circulate in the blood and then go
to other tissue |
|
Definition
| You always have to go to the bone marrow to make the diagnosis of leukemia |
|
|
Term
| 2 classifications of leukemia: |
|
Definition
SO LEUKEMIA WILL EITHER BE:
LYMPHOCYTIC
MYELOGENOUS: granulocytic cell (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) and other cells from the myeloid stem cell ( megakaryocytes and monocytes) |
|
|
Term
Acute leukemia is bad, but that’s not why its called acute. Called acute b/c its made up of immature cells which makes it a far worse disease b/c cells are not maturing.
Most immature lymphocytic cell possible: lymphoblast
Most immature myelogenous cell possible: myeloblast
These two above cells predominate in acute leukemias.
ACUTE LEUKEMIA= ACCUMULATION OF IMMATURE CELLS. There is a maturation arrest. |
|
Definition
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
|
|
Term
Chronic Leukemia: accumulation of immature and mature cells (terminally differentiated) in bone marrow and blood, but mature cells predominate
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
|
Definition
| , so will still see myeloblast but also segmented neutrophils, and bands, the bands and segmented neutrophils persist for a long time. |
|
|
Term
| 4 components of bone marrow: |
|
Definition
- Red marrow: hematopoietic bone marrow with stem cells, progenitor cells, and developing erythroblasts, myeloblasts, and megakaryoblasts
- Yellow marrow: adipose cells, varies with age and activity
- Marrow sinuses and capillary network
- Hemosiderin: iron stores |
|
|
Term
| When a baby is born all bone marrow is hematopoietic tissue, as get older less hematopoietic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Areas in an adult where bone marrow still has hematopoietic activity: |
|
Definition
- skull
- sternum and ribs
- proximal ends of humerus and femur
- sacrum ( posterior iliac crest is where bone marrow biopsies are done) |
|
|
Term
Bone marrow aspiration: liquid
Bone marrow biopsy: solid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bone marrow indications of iron deficiency anemia: |
|
Definition
iron in macrophages
lack of hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
| Lymphoma is malignancy of __ __. |
|
Definition
| lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, gi tract) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Myeloma aka __ __ __ is actually a ___. |
|
Definition
- B-lymphocyte neoplasm
- lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| 6 indications of Multiple Myeloma/B-Lymphocyte Neoplasm: |
|
Definition
- bone marrow plasmacytosis
- anemia
- monoclonal gammopathy
- osteolytic bone destruction
- renal failure
- immunodeficiency
BAMORI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - physiologic blood clotting to maintain the blood in an appropriate fluid state, clot free in normal vessels and inducing a rapid and localized hemostatic plug at sites of vascular injury . |
|
|
Term
| Three components of hemostasis and thrombosis: |
|
Definition
- Vascular (endothelium)
- Platelets (peripheral blood)
- Clotting factors (coagulation cascade) |
|
|
Term
| How do you tell a platelet deficiency from a clotting factor deficiency in a patient? |
|
Definition
- Platelet deficiency> petechiae
- Clotting factor deficiency> big bruises, bleeding into joints, hematomas |
|
|
Term
| Platelets are composed of __ and a __ __. There function is ___. |
|
Definition
granules and a tubular system
hemostasis |
|
|
Term
| platelets are aka __ and should be anuclear. Platelets are derived from fragments of ___. Their average lifespan is __ days. |
|
Definition
thrombocytes
megakaryocytes
8-12 days |
|
|
Term
| Thrombocytopenia can be caused by either destroying all the platelets or b/c you are not making them. To know if you are making platelets look at the __ __ and see if there are ___. |
|
Definition
- bone marrow
- megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| A patient comes in with thrombocytopenia, you do a bone marrow biopsy and do not see any or few megakaryocytes. What does this tell you? |
|
Definition
| They are not making megakaryocytes b/c megakaryocytes are the precursor to platelets |
|
|
Term
| A patient has thrombocytopenia, but there bone marrow does show megakaryocytes. What does this tell you? |
|
Definition
| they are making platelets, but they are all being destroyed somehow |
|
|
Term
| Skin Changes due to Thrombocytopenia: Purpura (are large, purple bruises) that are sometimes raised. Petechiae are small red or purple dots that look like a rash. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin manifestations of thrombocytopenia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets are responsible for filling in gaps between __ cells and _ __, thus preventing the leakage of RBCs into the interstitium. Platelet dysfunction causes leakage of RBCs, producing petechiae. Platelets are also responsible for forming the hemostatic plug in small vessel injury. |
|
Definition
| - endothelial cells and small vessels |
|
|
Term
Platelet count
Normal count is 150,000 to 400,000 cells/μL.
A normal count does not guarantee normal platelet function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bleeding time*
Evaluates platelet function up to the formation of the temporary platelet plug
Normal reference interval is 2 to 7 minutes.
Disorders causing a prolonged bleeding time quantitative and qualitative
*This is listed but it is a rather useless test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelet count is best for assessing ___ disorders (low count). It is misleading if used for qualitiative disorders (function). Less than ___ is severe, while less than ___ puts one at risk for spontaneous bleeding. |
|
Definition
- quanTitative
- 50,000 mm3
- 20,000 mm3 |
|
|
Term
| If you order a prothrombin time (PT), you are checking for __ __ of the __ system. |
|
Definition
- factor 7
- extrinsic system |
|
|
Term
| If you order a partial thromboplastin time, you are looking for factors __ and __ of the __ system. |
|
Definition
-8 and 9 (hemophilia)
- intrinsic |
|
|
Term
Coagulation Cascade is a sequence of enzyme activations
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Common Pathway: Final steps after completion of after completion of the extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extrinsic pathway can be evaluated by a __ or __. |
|
Definition
- PT (prothrombin time)
- INR (international normalized ratio) |
|
|
Term
| The intrinsic surface contact pathway can be evaluated by with __. |
|
Definition
| - PTT/APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia A is a deficiency of __ __. |
|
Definition
| factor 8 (intrinsic system) |
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Term
| Hemophilia B is a deficiency of factor __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient has hematomas and ecchymoses. What will you use to test them? |
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Definition
- aPTT to examine factors 8 and 9 of the intrinsic system
- PT to look at factor 7 of the extrinsic system |
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Term
| With liver disease and vitamin K deficiencies, the patient may be deficient in what factors? Thus, which test would you run? |
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Definition
- 7,2,9,10
- PT to check for deficiency of factor 7 since this one shows up first (extrinsic system) |
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Term
| PT and aPTT are __ tools. __ __ assays are used to confirm what you think is missing is actually missing. |
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Definition
- screening
- Clotting-factors assays |
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Term
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Extrinsic pathway factors
Factor 7
Factors 2 (prothrombin), I (fibrinogen), 5, and 10(common pathway) |
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Definition
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Term
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) or (aPTT)
Intrinsic pathway factors
Factors 12, 11, 8 and 9
Factors 2, I, 5, and 10 (common pathway) |
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Definition
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Term
Factor Assays
Specific assays can be performed that measures the % of factor activity in the deficient plasma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| screening test for blood abnormalities |
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Term
| Iron deficiency with small cells= low reticulocyte count> treat pt> retic count should go up after treat patient b/c you have given the bone marrow what it needs |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of MCV on a CBC report? |
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Definition
| Size of cells (mean cell volume), lets you classify it as macrocytic or microcytic or normocytic |
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Term
| Anemia is DEFINED by what 2 things? |
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Definition
hemoglobin and hematocrit
(it is classified by MCV, but not defined by it) |
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Term
| PAT HAS EASY BRUUISING AND BLEEDING INTO JOINTS, WHICHT TEST IS MOST IMPOROTANT, A PTT/PT OR A PLATELET COUNT? |
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Definition
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