1. collect whole blood in anticoagulant(EDTA)
2. fill unheparinized microhematocrit tube 3/4 full
3. plug one end w/clay
4. centrifuge for 5 min
5. match bottom of RBC level and top of plasma level with hematocrit tube reader and read at the line at top level of RBC layer

1. calibrate to 1.000 w/distilled water and clean w/kimwipe
2. place drop of fluid on cover glass (break PCV above buffy coat and tap on glass)
3. point refractometer towards light
4. focus boundary line by turning eye piece
5. read and record result (g/dl)
6. clean refractometer

1. cook PCV @56 celcius in waterbath for 3-5 min
2. centrifuge again
3. read on refractometer
4. subtract 2nd reading from 1st reading and multiply by 1000 to get mg/dl

• clotting is impared if less than 60mg/dl

PCV x 10

       _________  =fl 

RBC count

Hemoglobin x 100

          __________________  =g/dl 

RBC

Hemoglobin x 10

          __________________  =g/dl 

RBC

1. mix blood sample
2. 2-5 equal drops of blood and new methylene blue in small tube
3. stand for 10-15 min
4. mix sample
5. make smear and dry

• opt- counterstain w/Romanowsky

Or

1. Prepare blood smear and dry
2. place small drop of NMB on coverslip
3. place coverslip on slide 
4. sit for a few minutes

• after observe on oil immersion
• count to 500 reticulocytes and RBCs
• divid reticulocytes by 500= % or reticulocytes

1. pH
2. protein
3. glucose
4. ketones
5. bilirubin
6. blood
7. nitrites
8. leukocytes
9. specific gravity
10. urobilinogen

1. mix equal urine and distalled water (2 drops each)
2. read on refractometer
3. multiply numbers behind decimal point by 2

• ex: first reading 1.050, 2nd reading 1.032, actual SG is 1.064

1. mix small amount w/saline on slide
2. coverslip
3. examine on 10x and 40x
4. stain w/lugol's iodine or giemsa to help identify but may kill parasite

1. mix (teaspoon) of feces w/ fecasol or floatation fluid in a cup (cats/ruminants may need soaking first)
2. strain mix through guaze/cheese cloth
3. pour mix in to centrifuge tube and fill up to 15ml w/floatation fluid
4. spin 2500 rpm for 5 min
5. fill tube to top till there is a reverse meniscus
6. place coverslip on top and sit for 5-10 min
7. place onto slide

1. fill flotaiton device 1/2 full w/floatation fluid
2. mix feces w/tongue depressor
3. fill fluid w/ floatation fluid unitl reverse meiscus forms
4. place coverslip and sit for 10-20 min
5. pick coverslip straingt up and place on a microscope
6. examine on 10x

1. place 10g feces in double layer cheese cloth
2. suspend sample over funnel w/rubberband and applicator sticks
3. fill funnel w/lukewarm water or saline to cover sample
4. sit for 8 hrs minimum
5. open clamp at bottom to drop on a slide, coverslip, and examine on 10x
6. or collect 1st 10 ml of fluid and centrifuge, discard supernatant and examine sediment
7. examine several slides before concluding negative results

1. modified Knott's test
2. Difil test
3. direct smear
4. PCV method
5. ELISA testing (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays

1. adults are all one sex
2. adults are too young to reproduce
3. animal is on heartworm prevention
4. immune clearance of microfilaria by host
5. periodicity- microfilaria appear in larger #s in the evening

1. longer
2. tapered head
3. straight
4. high numbers
5. jerk, erratic, non progressive movement
6. inter. host is the mosquito

1. shorter
2. blunt head
3. some have a hooked tail
4. low numbers
5. quick progressive movement
6. Ctenocephalides felis, lice

1. fill hematocrit 3/4 full
2. plug one end with clay
3. centrifuge for 5 min
4. Read on PCV reader
5. Tape tube to microscope slide
6. Examine buffy coat on 10x w/low light

1. mix 1 ml whole blood w/ 9ml 2% formalin in centrifuge tube 
2. centrifuge at 1200 rpm for 5 min, discard supernatant
3. add drop of methylene blue and mix well
4. pipette sample to a slide and cover slip
5. examine on 10x for microfilariae, and 40x for differentiation

1. mix 1 mL of blood w/9ml of lysing solution in syringe
2. attach to holder w/filter w/5 um pore size and inject contents through filter holder
3. detach syringe and f w/10 L of water, reattach, and injecter through filter holder
4. detach syring and fill w/10 cc of air, reattach and inject air through filter
5. unsrew filter, remove forceps, and place filter on a slide
6. add 1 drop of 0.1% methylene blue, coverslip
7. examine 10x

1. FeLV/FIV test (feline leukemia virus, feline immunosuppressive virus)
2. cPL (canine specific pancreatic lipase)
3. parvovirus
4. Indexx snap 4DX (Erhlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, Borrelia bergdorferi, Lyme disease, D. immitis)

Accurate history, thorough PE, response to therapy, necropsy, age, weight, species, breed

1. whole blood (10 ml/heparinized)
2. serum (10 ml)
3. vomitus
4. gastric lavage fluid 
5. feces
6. urine (50ml)

1. whole blood/serum
2. urine
3. gut contents- ideally stomach (can be sm/lrg intestines) 200g
4. liver, kidney, brain, bone, spleen, fat (100g each)

frozen

for histopathology- 10% formalin in clean jar

should be kept frozen and separate until arrives at testing laboratory

not always definitive

should be used as a screening test prior to further investigation and treatment

GI tract and nervous system

animal will have pale mucous membranes

warfarin

diphacinone

pindone

lethargy

ataxia/walking drunk

abnormal pupil size

decreased concsiousness

tremors

seizures

death

decontamination (induce vomiting)

IV fluids

drugs to decrease brain swelling

cells in which the hemoglobin is denatured

cells can not hold oxygen

paracetamol

acetaminophen(tylenol)

methylene blue and prolonged/repeated propofol usage

renal tubular nephrosis

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in the tissues

study of cells shed from the body's surfaces

bodily fluids

mucosal surfaces

secretions

1.to look for inflammation or neoplasia

2.prevent need for more invasive procedures to determine px