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Hematology, Clin Chem, UA, Cytology
Review for Exam 4
532
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
05/08/2014

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Cards

Term
additive in a blue top tube/BTT
Definition
sodium citrate
Term
what is a BTT used to test for?
Definition
blood coagulation test and blood transfusion
Term
name the 3 different romanosky stains
Definition
diff quick, wrights, leukostat
Term
name the 4 supravital stains
Definition
NMB/ new methylene blue, giemsa, wrights giemsa, brilliant cresyl blue
Term
4 criteria to make a good blood smear
Definition
feathered edge, even distribution, no hesitation marks, large monolayer
Term
4 factors that affect a smear
Definition
angle, speed, size of drop, pressure
Term
what can air blowing cause on a blood smear?
Definition
creanation
Term
why is a manual differential performed?
Definition
automatic cell counter can miss RBC morphology, inclusions, parasites, and cannot differentiate nRBC from WBC, or how hemoglobin looks
Term
why do you initial your slides?
Definition
to know which side is up. cannot focus on oil immersion if slide is upside down
Term
define anisocytosis
Definition
varying sizes
Term
define hypochromic
Definition
pale RBCs
Term
what is hyperchromic?
Definition
not possible, except for spherocytes (RBC covered in antibodies making it appear darker)
Term
name 3 granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
name 2 agranulocytes
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
prescursor cell to platelets
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
whats different about horse platelets?
Definition
they do not stain as intensly
Term
where do platelets clump on a blood smear?
Definition
at the feathered edge
Term
what is the lifespan of platelets?
Definition
5-10 days
Term
what is an absolute value?
Definition
% of WBCs multiplied by WBC count
Term
[image]
Definition
acanthocyte
Term
what is a band cell?
Definition
an immature neutrophil, usually caused by infection
Term
[image]
Definition
band cell, left shift
Term
[image]
Definition
barr body
seen only in females
Term
what is a barr body?
Definition
seen in neutrophils to determine a female sex
Term
define basophilia
Definition
increased basophils in a cell, bluish gray staining granules
Term
what is a blast cell?
Definition
an immature/precursor cell in development of a particular cell
Term
what is in a buffy coat?
Definition
WBC and platelets
Term
what is the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Definition
large eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm of granulocytes and monocytes
Term
[image]
Definition
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
red staining granules
Term
what is crenation?
Definition
echinocyte caused by immersion in hypertonic fluid or air blowing
Term
[image]
Definition
dacryocte
Term
what is a differential cell count?
Definition
manual classifying and counting each cell type in a blood or bone marrow smear
Term
what are dohle bodies?
Definition
small bluish ribosomes in cytoplasm of some immature or toxic granulocytes
Term
[image]
Definition
dohle bodies
Term
[image]
Definition
echinocytes
Term
[image]
Definition
elliptocytes
Term
[image]
Definition
eosinophil
Term
define eosinophilia
Definition
increased circulating eosinophils
reddish appearance
Term
what are erythrocyte indices
Definition
average volume and hemoglobin concentration of erythrocytes in peripheral blood sample use to determine anemia
Term
what is a erythroid?
Definition
relating to RBCs or one of its developmental precursors
Term
define erythropoiesis
Definition
production of erythrocytes
Term
term for production of erythrocytes
Definition
erythropoiesis
Term
name of hormone produced by kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
what is a ghost cell?
Definition
a dead cell in which the outline still remains
Term
[image]
Definition
ghost cell
Term
what is a granulocyte?
Definition
cell w/distinct cytoplasmic granules
Term
define gramulomatous
Definition
inflammatory condition w/high # of macrophages
Term
name the old school equipment to count blood cells
Definition
hemacytometer
Term
[image]
Definition
hemacytometer
Term
[image]
Definition
heinz bodies in diff quik stain
Term
[image]
Definition
heinz bodies in new methylene blue stain
Term
term for production of blood cells and platelets
Definition
hematopoiesis
Term
term for destruction of erythrocytes
Definition
hemolysis
Term
[image]
Definition
hemolysis
Term
[image]
Definition
heterophil, leukocyte of avian, reptile and some fish species
Term
[image]
Definition
howell jolly bodies
Term
what are howell jolly bodies?
Definition
basophilic inclusions of young RBC that are nuclear remnants
Term
[image]
Definition
hypersegmented neutrophil, right shift
Term
what is a hypochromic RBC?
Definition
light staining RBC because of decreased hemoglobin
Term
[image]
Definition
keratocytes, blister cells
Term
term for increased band cells
Definition
left shift
Term
define leptocyte
Definition
RBC w/ increased membrane surface relative to cell volume
Term
term for decreased WBC
Definition
leukopenia
Term
increased WBC in the blood
Definition
leukocytosis
Term
define leukocytosis
Definition
increased # of WBC in blood
Term
[image]
Definition
lipemia
Term
[image]
Definition
lipemia
Term
term for cell larger than normal
Definition
macrocytic
Term
what is a microphage?
Definition
phagocytic cell derived from monocytes
Term
what does MCH stand for and what does it measure?
Definition
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
measures weight of hemoglobin
Term
What does MCHC stand for and what does it measure?
Definition
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration measures ration of hemoglobin to RBC volume
Term
What is MCV and what does it measure?
Definition
Mean Corpuscular Volume measures RBC size
Term
what is a M/E ration?
Definition
ration of myeloid and erythroid cells in bone marrow, should be 1:1
Term
term for cell smaller than usual size
Definition
microcytic
Term
what is a N/C ratio?
Definition
ration of nuclear and cytoplasmic material in cell
Term
define neutropenia
Definition
decrease in neutrophils
Term
term for decrease of neutrophils
Definition
neutropenia
Term
term for increase of neutrophils
Definition
neutrophilia
Term
define neutrophilia
Definition
increase of neutrophils
Term
term for a normal colored RBC
Definition
normochromic
Term
term for normal sized cell
Definition
normocytic
Term
what is PCV and what does it measure?
Definition
Packed Cell Volume measures ratio of RBCs to whole blood
Term
[image]
Definition
pelger huet anamoly
Term
what is a pelger huet anamoly?
Definition
bilobed appearing neutrophils (lobes split)
Term
define poikilocytosis
Definition
any abnormal cell shape
Term
term used for any abnormal shaped cell
Definition
poikilocytosis
Term
define polychromasia
Definition
variable staining RBCs
Term
term for RBCs that appear in various colors
Definition
polychromasia
Term
[image]
Definition
reticulocyte in Diff Quik
Term
[image]
Definition
Reticulocytes
Term
[image]
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
term for increased hypersegmented neutrophils
Definition
right shift
Term
term for RBCs in a column or stack
Definition
rouleaux
Term
[image]
Definition
rouleaux formation
Term
[image]
Definition
schistocyte
Term
[image]
Definition
smudge cell
Term
term for a ruptured WBC seen in a blood smear
Definition
smudge cell
Term
define specific gravity
Definition
density of a liquid compared to water, refractive measure of substances in liquid
Term
[image]
Definition
stomatocyte
Term
[image]
Definition
spherocyte
Term
[image]
Definition
target cell
Term
term for decrease of platelets
Definition
thrombocytopenia
Term
define thrombocytopenia
Definition
decrease in platelets
Term
what are signs of a toxic neutrophil?
Definition
basophilic neutrophils, dohle bodies, vacuoles, heavy granulation, or giantism
Term
define whole blood
Definition
blood directly from body which no components have been removed
Term
normal RBC count for dogs
Definition
5,500,000-8,500,000/ul
Term
normal RBC count in cat
Definition
5,500,000-10,000,000/ul
Term
normal WBC count in dogs
Definition
6,000-18,000/ul
Term
normal WBC count in cats
Definition
8,000-25,000/ul
Term
normal platelet count
Definition
175,000-500,000/ul
Term
what information can you get from a PCV?
Definition
hydration status, anemic, plasma color, and transparency
Term
what is on the bottom layer of a tube used for blood or a hematocrit/PCV
Definition
RBCs
Term
5 steps to do a hematocrit/PCV
Definition
  1. collect whole blood in anticoagulant(EDTA)
  2. fill unheparinized microhematocrit tube 3/4 full
  3. plug one end w/clay
  4. centrifuge for 5 min
  5. match bottom of RBC level and top of plasma level with hematocrit tube reader and read at the line at top level of RBC layer
Term
formula to get total RBC from a hematocrit
Definition
Total RBC=PCV/3=(#^10/mm^3)
Term
formula to find total hemoglobin from a hematocrit
Definition
Total Hemoglobin= PCV/6= #g/dl
Term
normal levels of PCV and hemoglobin for dog
Definition
PCV 37-55% and Hgb 12-18 g/dl
Term
normal levels of PCV and hemoglobin for cat
Definition
PCV 23-45% Hgb 8-15 g/dl
Term
normal total plasma protein for adult mammals
Definition
6.8-7.2 g/dl
Term
normal plasma protein for young animals
Definition
4-6 g/dl
Term
what may cause an abnormal level of total plasma protein?
Definition
parasites, dehydration, excessive hydration, liver disease,
Term
6 steps to find TP of plasma
Definition
  1. calibrate to 1.000 w/distilled water and clean w/kimwipe
  2. place drop of fluid on cover glass (break PCV above buffy coat and tap on glass)
  3. point refractometer towards light
  4. focus boundary line by turning eye piece
  5. read and record result (g/dl)
  6. clean refractometer
Term
4 steps for a fibrinogen test
Definition
  1. cook PCV @56 celcius in waterbath for 3-5 min
  2. centrifuge again
  3. read on refractometer
  4. subtract 2nd reading from 1st reading and multiply by 1000 to get mg/dl
  • clotting is impared if less than 60mg/dl
Term
what are the 2 ways to find hemoglobin concentration?
Definition
automated cell counter (lasercyte) or hemoglobinometer
Term
formula for MCV
Definition

PCV x 10

       _________  =fl 

RBC count

Term
formula for MCHC
Definition

Hemoglobin x 100

          __________________  =g/dl 

RBC

Term
formula for MCH
Definition

Hemoglobin x 10

          __________________  =g/dl 

RBC

Term
what 5 things do we look for in a blood film evaluation?
Definition
morphology- arrangement, size, shape, color, inclusions
Term
how do we perform platelet estimation?
Definition
average platelets in 10 fields on oil immersion
Term
describe an eosinophil
Definition
coarsely clumped chromatin, red stain, granules visible
Term
describe a basophil
Definition
stain purplish blue
Term
describe a neutrophil
Definition
pale pink cytoplasm, w/3-5 segmented lobes
Term
describe a monocyte
Definition
largest WBC, kidney bean shaped nucleus
Term
describe a lymphocyte
Definition
light blue cytoplasm, coarsely clumped chromatin
Term
what is normal to see in cat platelets?
Definition
it is normal to see platelets clumping
Term
what value is diagnostically significant in counting blood?
Definition
absolute value
Term
why do we do reticulocyte counts?
Definition
to check if animal is responding to anemia
Term
what stain will change large, young RBCs to cells with dots, strings, or clumps of reticulated basophilic material?
Definition
supravital stain (New Methylene Blue/NMB)
Term
2 ways to perform reticulocyte count
Definition
  1. mix blood sample
  2. 2-5 equal drops of blood and new methylene blue in small tube
  3. stand for 10-15 min
  4. mix sample
  5. make smear and dry
  • opt- counterstain w/Romanowsky

 

Or

 

  1. Prepare blood smear and dry
  2. place small drop of NMB on coverslip
  3. place coverslip on slide 
  4. sit for a few minutes

 

  • after observe on oil immersion
  • count to 500 reticulocytes and RBCs
  • divid reticulocytes by 500= % or reticulocytes
Term
what are the two types of reticulocytes?
Definition
punctate and aggregate
Term
which reticulocytes do you count for dogs?
Definition
punctate and aggregate
Term
which reticulocyte do you count for cats?
Definition
aggregate
Term
[image]
Definition
aggregate
Term
[image]
Definition
green- punctate
red- aggregate
Term
what cell can't you find in normal horse, cow, sheep blood?
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
normal range of retics in cats and dogs?
Definition
0.5-1%
Term
what is plasma?
Definition
blood collected in a GTT that hasn't been clotted and spun down. It contains fibrinogen, albumin, and globulins.
Term
what is serum?
Definition
serum is the fluid portion of blood that has been collect in a RTT/SST/ Tiger Top Tube, left to clot, then spun down. Fibrinogen has been removed.
Term
what do we measure in clinical chemistries and why?
Definition
measure level of hormones, enzymes, or electrolytes to determine which organs or tissues are diseased
Term
what proteins do we measure for in a clinical chemistry for total protein?
Definition
Protein in serum- albumin and globulins
Term
why do we measure Total Protein?
Definition
check hydration status and if anemic
Term
what happens with low protein?
Definition
hypoproteinemia- overly hydrated, usually from given too much fluids
Term
what happens with high protein?
Definition
hyperproteinema- dehydrated
Term
what % of albumin is TP and what are they made by?
Definition
30-50% and made by hepatocytes
Term
what do abnormal levels of albumin indicate?
Definition
low- liver dz, glomerulus leaking, malnutrition, intestinal dz
high- usually dehydration
Term
where is fibrinogen produced?
Definition
the liver
Term
what would abnormal levels of fibrinogen mean?
Definition
low- blood won't clot normally
high- inflammation or tissue damage
Term
what does ALT stand for and what kind of test is it?
Definition
Alanine aminotranferase- liver leakage enzyme test
Term
what would high levels of ALT/ alanine aminotransferase indicate?
Definition
hepatocyte damage or result of certain drugs
Term
what does AP/ ALKP stand for and what kind of test is it?
Definition
alkaline phosphate- liver leakage enzyme test
Term
What can a high level of alkaline phosphate indicate?
Definition
liver dz, bone growth in young, neoplasia, corticosteriod hormone produced by adrenal cortex or cushings dz
Term
what does AST stand for and what kind of test is it?
Definition
Aspartate aminotransferase- liver leakage enzyme test
Term
what would high levels of AST/aspartate aminotransferase indicate?
Definition
sever liver damage, muscle inflammation, hemolysis
Term
what kind of test is bilirubin and what does it test for?
Definition
it is a liver function test and it measure conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
Term
what does conjugated bilirubin indicate?
Definition
liver not functioning well enough to break down bilirubin
Term
what does unconjugated bilirubin indicate?
Definition
excessive RBC destruction overwhelming the liver
Term
What liver function test is most clinically important?
Definition
Bile acids test (from cholesterol in liver)
Term
what do abnormal levels in a bile acids test indicate?
Definition
low- normally low
high- usually high after meal but something is wrong if levels stay same before and after a meal
Term
what does BUN stand for and what does it test?
Definition
blood urea nitrogen- kidney test
Term
what would high BUN/blood urea nitrogen indicate?
Definition
high protein diet, strenuous exercise, dehydration
Term
what kind of test is creatinine for?
Definition
kidney test
Term
what would high levels of creatinine indicate?
Definition
glomerular filtration rate decreased
Term
what kind of test is glucose (clin chem)?
Definition
endocrine pancreatic test
Term
what do abnormal levels of glucose indicate?
Definition
low- hypoglycemia, too much insulin
high- diabetes mellitus, stress in cats
Term
what do electrolytes do?
Definition
maintain water balance, fluid osmotic pressure, normal muscle + nerve function, and acid base regulation
Term
what is creatine kinase?
Definition
muscle specific enzyme for dogs and horses used to rule out liver function
Term
what are the 3 portions to a urine analysis?
Definition
physical, chemical, and mircroscopic
Term
what is a urinalysis?
Definition
test often done w/blood work to provide info on hydration status, electrolytes, kidney function and overall health of the urinary system, and the metabolic + endocrine system.
Term
4 ways to collect urine
Definition
free catch, manual bladder expression, catheterization, cystocentesis
Term
adv and disadv of urinary free catch
Definition
adv- easy
disadv- not sterile
Term
adv and disadv of manual bladder expression
Definition
adv- force animal to urinate
disadv- may hurt animal, not sterile
Term
adv and disadv of urinary catheterization
Definition
adv- sterile sample
disadv- excess RBC + epithelial cells
Term
adv and disadv of cystocentesis
Definition
adv- sterile sample
disadv- must be done w/calm animal and full bladder
Term
why must you refrigerate urine after an hour?
Definition
cells and cast degenerate quickly, bacteria proliferate, and crystal form which may falsify results
Term
what should you do after refrigerating urine?
Definition
let warm to room temperature
Term
what are the 5 physical properties of urine?
Definition
volume, color, turbidity, odor, and specific gravity
Term
why do we perform urinalysis?
Definition
to check if animal is hydrated, check the concentration and status of the kidneys, and check for parasites
Term
what are the 10 chemical properties of chemical urinalysis?
Definition
  1. pH
  2. protein
  3. glucose
  4. ketones
  5. bilirubin
  6. blood
  7. nitrites
  8. leukocytes
  9. specific gravity
  10. urobilinogen
Term
what pH scale is an acidic urine?
Definition
less than 7
Term
what pH scale is an alkaline urine?
Definition
greater than 7
Term
Is there normally protein in the urine?
Definition
no it is absent or trace amount present
Term
what can affect glucose levels in urine?
Definition
glucose level and rates in blood, glomerular filtration rate, and tubular reabsorption
Term
2 terms used for glucose in the urine
Definition
glycosuria and glucosuria
Term
what are ketones in urine a sign of?
Definition
diabetes mellitus, lactating cows, present in ewes, and high fat diet
Term
term for blood in the urine
Definition
hematuria
Term
what would a high level of WBC in urine indicate?
Definition
inflammation
Term
[image]
Definition
RBCs in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
WBC in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
WBC in urine (glitter cells)
Term
[image]
Definition
squamous epithelial cells in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
squamous epithelial cells in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
Transitional Epithelial Cells in Urine
Term
[image]
Definition
Transitional Epithelial Cells in Urine
Term
[image]
Definition
Renal Epithelial/ Renal tubular Cells in Urine
Term
[image]
Definition
Renal Epithelial/ Renal tubular Cells in Urine
Term
why might you see transitional epithelial cells in urine?
Definition
from catheterization, cystitis, pyelonephtitis
Term
why might you see renal epithelial/ renal tubular cells in urine?
Definition
clinically important as a sign of kidney disease
Term
[image]
Definition
hyaline cast
Term
[image]
Definition
hyaline cast
Term
[image]
Definition
granular cast
Term
[image]
Definition
granular cast
Term
[image]
Definition
epithelial cast
Term
[image]
Definition
epithelial cast
Term
[image]
Definition
leukocyte cast
Term
[image]
Definition
leukocyte cast
Term
[image]
Definition
erythrocyte cast
Term
[image]
Definition
erythrocyte cast
Term
[image]
Definition
waxy cast
Term
[image]
Definition
waxy cast
Term
[image]
Definition
fatty cast
Term
[image]
Definition
fatty cast
Term
what info can cast in urine give us?
Definition
what is going on in the lumen of the renal tubules, 1-2 normal, large numbers may indicate a lesion of the renal tubules
Term
what pH balance do cast break down in?
Definition
alkaline (7+)
Term
what is the matrix of casts in urine?
Definition
tamm horsfall mucoprotein
Term
what do hyaline cast indicate?
Definition
mildest renal irritation, fever, poor renal perfusion, strenuous exercise, general anesthesia
Term
what do granular hyaline cast indicate?
Definition
degeneration of renal cells, RBCS, or WBCs
Term
what do epithelial cast indicate?
Definition
acute nephritis
Term
what do leukocyte cast indicate?
Definition
inflammation of renal tubules
Term
what do erythrocyte cast indicate?
Definition
renal bleeding (trauma or bleeding disorder) or inflammatory response
Term
what do waxy cast indicate?
Definition
worst cast, chronic/severe degeneration of tubules
Term
what do fatty cast indicate?
Definition
increase in cats w/renal dz, rare in dogs but seen w/diabetes mellitus
Term
term for crystals in the urine
Definition
crystalluria
Term
what can crystals in urine indicate?
Definition
usually not a significance, may detect urinary calculi (uroliths)
Term
What can cause crystals to form in urine?
Definition
urine pH, concentration and temperature, and solubility of elements
Term
[image]
Definition
triple phosphate crystals
Term
[image]
Definition
amorphous phosphate crystals
Term
[image]
Definition
calcium oxalate dihydrate
Term
[image]
Definition
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Term
[image]
Definition
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Term
pH for triple phosphate/ struvite
Definition
alkaline-slightly acidic
Term
pH for amorphous phosphate/ urate
Definition
slightly acidic-neutral-alkaline
Term
pH for calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate
Definition
acid-neutral
Term
what can triple phosphate crystals/ struvites indicate?
Definition
low- normal
high- uroliths
Term
what can amorphous phosphate/urate indicate?
Definition
meaningless
Term
what can calcium oxalate dihydrate indicate?
Definition
common w/uroliths
Term
what can calcium oxalate monohydrate indicate?
Definition
ethylene glycol poisoning (antifreeze)
Term
what are 5 microorganisms you might find in urine?
Definition
bacteria (rods and cocci), yeast, fungi, ova, microfilaria
Term
[image]
Definition
rods in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
yeast in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
cocci (bacteria) in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
microfilaria in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
capillaria spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Stephanurus dentatus in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
Dioctophyma renale in urine (dogs)
Term
[image]
Definition
mucus in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
spermatozoans
Term
[image]
Definition
fat droplets in urine
Term
[image]
Definition
air bubbles in urine
Term
what do bacteria (rods and cocci) in urine indicate?
Definition
normal but w/increased #'s of WBC indicate infection
Term
what can yeast or fungi in urine indicate?
Definition
usually contamination, but presence of hyphae can indicate systemic fungal infection
Term
3 types of ova you can find in urine
Definition
Capillaria spp., Stephanurus dentatus, and Dioctophyma renale
Term
What animal is mucus a normal finding in urine?
Definition
horses
Term
term for inability to urinate
Definition
anuria
Term
define anuria
Definition
inability to urinate
Term
what is the beer lambert's law?
Definition
linear relationship between absorption of light and concentration of substance when a light passes through the sample; greater concentrations absorb more light
Term
what is bilirubin?
Definition
the insoluble break down of hemoglobin
Term
define bilirubinuria
Definition
abnormal increase of bilirubin in urine
Term
what are casts?
Definition
structure formed from protein precipitate of degenerating kidney tubule cells
Term
define isosthenuria
Definition
urine density closely measured to water
Term
term for urine density closely measured to water
Definition
isosthenuria
Term
define oliguria
Definition
decrease urine volume
Term
term for decrease urine volume
Definition
oliguria
Term
define pollakiuria
Definition
increased frequency to urinate
Term
term for increased frequency to urinate
Definition
pollakiuria
Term
define polydypsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
excessive thirst
Definition
polydypsia
Term
excessive need to urinate
Definition
polyuria
Term
term for presence of calculi (urinary stones)
Definition
urolithiasis
Term
3 steps for urine with a specific gravity that reads above the top line of the refractometer
Definition
  1. mix equal urine and distalled water (2 drops each)
  2. read on refractometer
  3. multiply numbers behind decimal point by 2
  • ex: first reading 1.050, 2nd reading 1.032, actual SG is 1.064
Term
2 ways of examining feces
Definition
gross and microscopic examination
Term
what 5 things do you look for when grossly examining feces?
Definition
consistency, color, blood, mucus, parasites
Term
what do you look for when microscopically examining feces?
Definition
ova
Term
what are the 5 different test for microscopically examining of feces?
Definition
direct smear, fecal float by centrifugation, fecal sedimentation, standard fecal float, fecal sedimentation, and Baermann technique
Term
what do you look for in a fecal direct smear?
Definition
motile trophozoites and sometimes ova
Term
pros and cons of a fecal direct smear
Definition
pros- easy
cons- small sample may not contain parasites, debris
Term
4 steps for fecal direct smear
Definition
  1. mix small amount w/saline on slide
  2. coverslip
  3. examine on 10x and 40x
  4. stain w/lugol's iodine or giemsa to help identify but may kill parasite
Term
preferred method of fecal concentration
Definition
fecal float by concentration
Term
5 steps for fecal float by centrifugation
Definition
  1. mix (teaspoon) of feces w/ fecasol or floatation fluid in a cup (cats/ruminants may need soaking first)
  2. strain mix through guaze/cheese cloth
  3. pour mix in to centrifuge tube and fill up to 15ml w/floatation fluid
  4. spin 2500 rpm for 5 min
  5. fill tube to top till there is a reverse meniscus
  6. place coverslip on top and sit for 5-10 min
  7. place onto slide
Term
6 steps for standard fecal float
Definition
  1. fill flotaiton device 1/2 full w/floatation fluid
  2. mix feces w/tongue depressor
  3. fill fluid w/ floatation fluid unitl reverse meiscus forms
  4. place coverslip and sit for 10-20 min
  5. pick coverslip straingt up and place on a microscope
  6. examine on 10x
Term
what is fecal sedimentation used for?
Definition
usikate eggs of flukes, and some tapeworms and nematode eggs do not float and may be found using sedimentation
Term
pros and cons of fecal sedimentation
Definition
pro- isolates heavy eggs
cons- eggs may be distorted, large amount of debris
Term
what is the Baermann technique used for?
Definition
isolate larvae from soil, tissues, or fresh feces
Term
pros and cons of Baermann technique
Definition
pro- detect larva
con- if sample not fresh nematode eggs may hatch and larvae identification becomes difficult
Term
7 steps of Baermann technique
Definition
  1. place 10g feces in double layer cheese cloth
  2. suspend sample over funnel w/rubberband and applicator sticks
  3. fill funnel w/lukewarm water or saline to cover sample
  4. sit for 8 hrs minimum
  5. open clamp at bottom to drop on a slide, coverslip, and examine on 10x
  6. or collect 1st 10 ml of fluid and centrifuge, discard supernatant and examine sediment
  7. examine several slides before concluding negative results
Term
define acanthocephalan
Definition
thorny headed wrom
Term
anthelmintic
Definition
dewormer
Term
rostellum
Definition
armlike organ on the scolex (head) of a tapeworm/Taenia spp./cestode
Term
cestode
Definition
Taenia spp./ tapeworm
Term
cercaria
Definition
life cycle stage of trematodes the develops in the intermediate host (a snail)
Term
coccidia
Definition
common name used for Isospora spp., Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp.
Term
CLM
Definition
Cutaneous Larval Migrans caused by hookworms/Ancylostoma caninum or Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Term
definitive host
Definition
host harboring adult, mature, reproductive stage of parasite
Term
direct life cycle
Definition
parasite doesn't req. intermediate host to complete life cycle
Term
erratic (aberrant) parasites
Definition
parasites that migrate from their usual site of infection
Term
flagella
Definition
long, thin structure for motility
Term
helminth
Definition
worm
Term
hemoprotozoa
Definition
protozoa found in blood of their host
ex: Babesia canis
Term
intermediate host
Definition
req. host for immature parasite to complete its life cycle
Term
metacestode stage
Definition
larval stage of cestodes found in an intermediate host
Term
microfilaria
Definition
larval stage of filarial/nematode worms
Term
microfilaricide
Definition
kills microfilaria
Term
nematode
Definition
microscopic worms- roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, heartworms
Term
OLM
Definition
ocular larval migrans- zoonotic larva from Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati
Term
operculum
Definition
flap at ends of ova of fluke
Term
paratenic host
Definition
aka transport host where no development of parasite but can be transported to new host
Term
prepatent period
Definition
time of initial infection till detectable in lab tests
Term
proglottid
Definition
segments of strobila (body) of cestodes contain egg packets
Term
protozoan
Definition
unicellular, eukaryotes, than may infect GI tract or blood
Term
psuedoparasite
Definition
organism mistaken for parasites
Term
scolex
Definition
head of cestode/tapeworm
Term
toxoplasmosis
Definition
disease of Toxoplasma gondii in cats that can be zoonotic to pregnant women and fatally affect the fetus
Term
trematode
Definition
fluke, hermaphroditic,
Term
trophozoite
Definition
motile and feeding stage of protozoa
Term
VLM
Definition
visceral larva migrans zoonotic larva that has traveled to other organs- Toxocara canis and T. cati
Term
[image]
Definition
Dipylidium caninum
Term
[image]
Definition
Taenia spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Taenia spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Toxocara cati
Term
[image]
Definition
Toxocara canis
Term
[image]
Definition
Toxascaris leonina
Term
[image]
Definition
Ancylostoma spp.
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Term
[image]
Definition
Ancylostoma spp.
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Term
[image]
Definition
Trichuris vulpis
whipworm
Term
[image]
Definition
Trichuris vulpis
whipworm
Term
[image]
Definition
Dirofilaria immitis
Term
[image]
Definition
Babesia spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Giardia spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Giardia spp. cysts
Term
[image]
Definition
Isospora spp.
Term
[image]
Definition
Isospora spp.
Term
acariasis
Definition
infection of roundworms
Term
two forms of demodicosis
Definition
localized and generalized
Term
hirundiniasis
Definition
infestation of leeches
Term
lyme dz
Definition
caused by ticks
Term
myiasis
Definition
infestation of maggots of dipterans (flies)
Term
nit
Definition
egg stage of lice
Term
pediculosis
Definition
infestation of lice
Term
periodic parasite
Definition
describe a parasite that lives part of its life on the host and part of its life off the host
Term
tick paralysis
Definition
condition resulting from introduction of a neurotoxin in the body from the female's saliva
Term
sarcoptic mange
Definition
Sarcoptes scabiei causes canine scabies/mange
rare in cats
Term
vector
Definition
organism, usually a biting insect/tick that transmits a dz or parasite from one animal to another
Term
warble
Definition
large flies which are parasitic in cattle and deer
Term
what is the PPT period of Dirofilaria immitis?
Definition
6 months
Term
Where are Dirofilaria immitis found?
Definition
THe right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Sometimes are found in aberrant sites such as the brain, anterior chamber of the eye, and subcutaneous sites.
Term
what are symptoms of Dirofilaria Immitis?
Definition
exercise intolerance, right-sided heart enlargement, ascites, coughing, weight loss, and listlessness.
Term
what medication is given to treat heartworms?
Definition
immiticide to kill worms and microfilaricide (usually ivermectin) to kill filaria
Term
name 5 test you can find heartworms
Definition
  1. modified Knott's test
  2. Difil test
  3. direct smear
  4. PCV method
  5. ELISA testing (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
Term
5 reasons for an occult infection of heartworms/Dirofilaria immitis ? (Heartworms present but no mircofilaria circulating)
Definition
  1. adults are all one sex
  2. adults are too young to reproduce
  3. animal is on heartworm prevention
  4. immune clearance of microfilaria by host
  5. periodicity- microfilaria appear in larger #s in the evening
Term
what test is recommended for heartworm testing?
Definition
ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
Term
what are the 6 characteristics of Dirofilaria immitis?
Definition
  1. longer
  2. tapered head
  3. straight
  4. high numbers
  5. jerk, erratic, non progressive movement
  6. inter. host is the mosquito
Term
what are the 6 characteristics of Acanthocheilonema reconditum?
Definition
  1. shorter
  2. blunt head
  3. some have a hooked tail
  4. low numbers
  5. quick progressive movement
  6. Ctenocephalides felis, lice
Term
6 steps for a PCV/Buffy coat test for Heartworm
Definition
  1. fill hematocrit 3/4 full
  2. plug one end with clay
  3. centrifuge for 5 min
  4. Read on PCV reader
  5. Tape tube to microscope slide
  6. Examine buffy coat on 10x w/low light
Term
5 steps for a Modified Knott's technique
Definition
  1. mix 1 ml whole blood w/ 9ml 2% formalin in centrifuge tube 
  2. centrifuge at 1200 rpm for 5 min, discard supernatant
  3. add drop of methylene blue and mix well
  4. pipette sample to a slide and cover slip
  5. examine on 10x for microfilariae, and 40x for differentiation
Term
What test is recommended to differentiating different filaria from Dirofilaria immitis?
Definition
Modified Knott's technique
Term
7 steps for a Difil Test
Definition
  1. mix 1 mL of blood w/9ml of lysing solution in syringe
  2. attach to holder w/filter w/5 um pore size and inject contents through filter holder
  3. detach syringe and f w/10 L of water, reattach, and injecter through filter holder
  4. detach syring and fill w/10 cc of air, reattach and inject air through filter
  5. unsrew filter, remove forceps, and place filter on a slide
  6. add 1 drop of 0.1% methylene blue, coverslip
  7. examine 10x
Term
name 4 ELISA test performed other than Dirofilaria immitis
Definition
  1. FeLV/FIV test (feline leukemia virus, feline immunosuppressive virus)
  2. cPL (canine specific pancreatic lipase)
  3. parvovirus
  4. Indexx snap 4DX (Erhlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, Borrelia bergdorferi, Lyme disease, D. immitis)
Term
Substance in household cleaners that is toxic?
Definition
Phenols (lysol)
Term
Define Toxicology
Definition
The branch of science concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons.
Term
Important signalments for toxicology
Definition

Accurate history, thorough PE, response to therapy, necropsy, age, weight, species, breed

 

Term
6 specimens from a live animal for toxicology
Definition
  1. whole blood (10 ml/heparinized)
  2. serum (10 ml)
  3. vomitus
  4. gastric lavage fluid 
  5. feces
  6. urine (50ml)
Term
4 specimens needed from necropsy for toxicology
Definition
  1. whole blood/serum
  2. urine
  3. gut contents- ideally stomach (can be sm/lrg intestines) 200g
  4. liver, kidney, brain, bone, spleen, fat (100g each)
Term
how should blood and serum be preserved?
Definition
refrigerated
Term
how should gut and tissue be preserved? for histopathology?
Definition

frozen

for histopathology- 10% formalin in clean jar

should be kept frozen and separate until arrives at testing laboratory

Term
why is good record keeping important when dealing with a poisoning?
Definition
records can be an important criteria for court
Term
what are the advantages of an in-house toxin test
Definition
it is performed quickly and has faster results
Term
what are the disadvantages of an in-house toxin testing?
Definition

not always definitive

should be used as a screening test prior to further investigation and treatment

Term
term for lead poisoning
Definition
plumbism
Term
clinical signs of lead poisoning/plumbism?
Definition

GI tract and nervous system

animal will have pale mucous membranes

Term
what will show in a lab result when an animal is suffering from lead poisoning?
Definition
basophilic stippling or increased nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs)
Term
describe the appearance of basophilic stippling
Definition
[image]
Term
nucleated red blood cell (nRBCs)
Definition
[image]
Term
3 examples of anticoagulant rodenticides
Definition

warfarin

diphacinone

pindone

Term
which 4 clotting factors is vitamin K req. for production?
Definition
Factors II, VII, IX, X
Term
name of the newer, worse rondenticide
Definition
bromethalin
Term
7 common signs of an animal suffering from bromethalin (rodenticide)
Definition

lethargy

ataxia/walking drunk

abnormal pupil size

decreased concsiousness

tremors

seizures

death

Term
what does bromethalin cause in the body
Definition
causes the brain to swell
Term
can bromethalin (rodenticide) be treated with vitamin K?
Definition
no there is no antidote
Term
what treatments can be done for bromethalin (rodenticide)?
Definition

decontamination (induce vomiting)

IV fluids

drugs to decrease brain swelling

Term
what animal is more sensitive to bromethalin (rodenticide)?
Definition
cats
Term
[image]
Definition
heinz bodies in diff quik
Term
[image]
Definition
heinz bodies in new methylene blue stain
Term
what are heinz bodie cells?
Definition

cells in which the hemoglobin is denatured

cells can not hold oxygen

Term
what can cause heinz bodies in a cat?
Definition

paracetamol

acetaminophen(tylenol)

methylene blue and prolonged/repeated propofol usage

Term
what can cause heinz bodies in dogs
Definition
onions
Term
what can cause heinz bodies in horses
Definition
red maple leaves
Term
cause heinz bodies in ruminants
Definition
onions and brassicas
Term
what ingredient in antifreeze can be fatal to cats and dogs?
Definition
ethylene glycol
Term
why are dog/cats attracked to ethylene glycol(anitfreeze)
Definition
has a sweet flavor
Term
what can you find when an animal has ingested ethylene glycol
Definition
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Term
in a diagnostic lab where can ethylene glycol (antifreeze) be detected? (samples?
Definition
blood and serum
Term
in a histopahtologic examination of the kidneys, what is fould if an animal has injested ethylene glycol (anitfreeze)?
Definition

renal tubular nephrosis

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in the tissues

Term
[image]
Definition
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Term
cytology
Definition
struture and function of individual plant and animal cells
Term
exfoliative cytology
Definition

study of cells shed from the body's surfaces

bodily fluids

mucosal surfaces

secretions

Term
2 reasons we do cytology
Definition

1.to look for inflammation or neoplasia

2.prevent need for more invasive procedures to determine px

Term
3 things about cytology
Definition

1.looks at cells individually or small group

2. doesn't give info about relationship to cells in vivo

3.less complicated to prepare

Term
2 things about histopathology
Definition

1.looks at cell's structure, form, and architecture of cells around it

2.tissue is fixed, dehydrated, and sliced prior to staining

Term
7 sample collection for cytology
Definition

1. swabs

2.scrapings

3.imprints

4.fine needle biopsy (FNB)

5.tissue biopsy

6.centesis

7.transtracheal/bronchial wash

Term
3 places swab samples are taken from
Definition

1. fistulous tracts

2. vagina

3.ears

Term
advantage of scrapings
Definition
collects lots of cells
Term
2 disadvantages of skin scrapings
Definition

1.only superficial, and difficult to reach certain places

2.often doesn't demonstrate neoplasia and may only show secondary infection and inflammation

 

Term
disadvantage of imprints
Definition
few cells and more contamination
Term
6 steps of an imprint
Definition

1.prior to cleaning

2. after cleaning w/saline

3.after debridement/removal of scab

4.underside of scab

5/6.exposed tissue or swabs of lesion

Term
toxicology
Definition
science concerned with nature, effects, and detection of poisons
Term
2 pet poison call centers
Definition
ASPCA pet poison control center and Pet Poison Helpline
Term
What can help you obtain a diagnosis of a possible toxin that an animal has ingested?
Definition
obtain an accurate history, environmental factors, physical exam, response to therapy, necropsy, and lab tests
Term
why are most diagnostic testings for poisons sent out?
Definition
test done for poisons cannot be used if expired and they are infrequently done in house
Term
what 6 samples are taken from live animals for diagnosing poisons?
Definition
10 ml of heparinized whole blood, 10 ml serum, vomitus, gastric lavage fluid, 50 ml urine, feces
Term
what are some specimens around the house that may be needed for diagnosing poisons?
Definition
200g feed, water, and suspected baits
Term
what 4 samples taken from necropsy are used to diagnose poisons?
Definition
whole blood/serum, urine, gut contents (ideally stomach, can use sm + large intestines), and other parts of the body (kidney, liver, brain, bone, spleen, fat 100g each)
Term
how should blood and serum be preserved for toxicology?
Definition
refrigerated
Term
how should guts and tissue be preserved for toxicology and histopathology?
Definition
guts and tissues should be frozen separately and for histopathology they should be preserved in 10% formalin until they arrive to the lab
Term
why is it important to keep quality records and document everything when dealing with poisons?
Definition
often poisonings end up in court and the outcome of the case can depend on the medical records and diagnostics
Term
what is the disadvantage of performing a toxin test in house?
Definition
a toxin test performed in house is not always definitive, usually used as a screening test prior to further investigation and treatment
Term
what are some clinical signs of plumbism?
Definition
GI tract and nervous system affected, may have pale MM but not anemic
Term
what is seen in a blood smear from animal suffering from plumbism?
Definition
basophilic stippling and/or nucleated RBCs
Term
[image]
Definition
basophilic stippling caused by plumbism/lead poisoning
Term
[image]
Definition
basophilic stippling from plumbism/lead poisoning
Term
3 examples of anticoagulant rodenticides
Definition
warfarin, diphacinone, pindone
Term
what clotting factors is Vitamin K required for producing?
Definition
Cascading factors II, VII, IX, X
Term
what 3 lab screening tests are done for anticoagulant rodenticides?
Definition
  1. PT- prothrombin time
  2. PTT- partial thromboplastin time
  3. ACT- activated coagulation time
Term
what two test indicated that an animal is most likely suffering from anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
Definition
  1. PT- prothrombin time
  2. PTT- partial thromboplastin time
Term
what is the name of the newer, worse rodenticide?
Definition
bromethalin
Term
what 3 things will determine the severity of bromethalin?
Definition
the amount ingested, time of ingestion, concentration of product
Term
what are the 7 signs of bromethalin poisoning?
Definition
lethargy, ataxia, abnormal pupil size, decreased consciousness, tremors, seizures, death
Term
what does bromethalin cause to the body?
Definition
causes the brain to swell
Term
bromethalin has no antidote, but what treatments can be given?
Definition
decontamination, IV fluids, drugs to decrease brain swell
Term
what are denatured hemoglobin cells called?
Definition
heinz bodies
Term
[image]
Definition
Heinz bodies seen in Diff Quik stain
Term
[image]
Definition
Heinz bodies in New Methylene Blue stain
Term
What is found in urine or tissues from an animal suffering from Ethylene glycol poisoning?
Definition
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Term
what is the fatal poison found in antifreeze?
Definition
ethylene glycol
Term
[image]
Definition

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

found in the urine, whole bood, and serum from animal suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning

Term
what will histopathologic examination show from an animal suffering of ethylene glycol poisoning?
Definition
it will show that nephrosis of the renal tubular in the kidneys and calcium oxalate crystals within the tissue and urine.
Term
what are the important signalments of an animal to determine toxins in pet?
Definition
age, weight, species, breed
Term
what are the 6 decontamination types? (removal of harmful substance)
Definition
ocular, dermal, inhalation, gastrointestinal, forces, diuresis, surgical removal
Term
what can lilies cause in cats?
Definition
Renal Failure
Term
what animal is permethrin toxic too?
Definition
cats
Term
what NSAIDs are toxic to cats?
Definition
acetaminophen
Term
what can we use to induce vomiting in cats
Definition
xylazine but is rare to use
Term
what animal is xylitol toxic to?
Definition
dogs
Term
cytology
Definition
structure and function of plant and animal cells
Term
what can cytology prevent?
Definition
prevent the need for more invasive procedures to determine problem and prognosis
Term
how are cells looked at in cytology?
Definition
looks at cell individually or in small groups, no info on relationship to cells in vivo (animal), and less complicated to prepare
Term
how are cells looked at in histopathology?
Definition
looks at the cell's structure and form and the architecture of cells around it, tissues are fixed, dehydrated, and sliced prior to staining
Term
what are the 7 types of sample collection for cytology?
Definition
swabs, scrapings, imprints, tissue biopsy, centesis, transtracheal/bronchial wash
Term
3 places swab samples are taken from?
Definition
fistulas (fistulous tracts), vagina, ears
Term
why do we take swab samples from the vagina?
Definition
to determine infection, neoplasia, and stage of estrus cycle
Term
why do we perform scrapings?
Definition
to find mites
Term
why are scrapings not performed for neoplasia?
Definition
scrapings may only show secondary infections and inflammation as it only acquires superficial cells
Term
what is the disadvantage of imprints?
Definition
there are fewer cells and more contamination
Term
6 steps to perform imprints on a lesion
Definition
  1. prior to cleaning
  2. after cleaning w/saline
  3. after debridement
  4. underside of scab
  5. /6 exposed tissue or swabs or lesion
Term
3 steps of an imprint from biopsy
Definition
  1. dab fluid and blood onto clean absorbent material
    • cells w/not adhere if moist, and fluid distorts cells
  2. touch tissue onto slide a few times down the middle
  3. make several slides for different stains
Term
what do we use fine needle biopsy for?
Definition
used on masses in the lymph nodes, nodular lesions, and internal organs
Term
how to we prepare fine needle biopsies?
Definition
most sites cleaned w/alcohol and for microbiologic tests prepared by surgical scrub
Term
what will determine the needles size for fine needle biopsy?
Definition
the consistency of the tissue, larger syringes are usually better
Term
what are the two techniques for fine needle biopsy?
Definition
apirate/FNA (fine needle aspirate) and non-aspirate
Term
tissue biopsy
Definition
can be used for cytology and histopathology on tissues and any organ
Term
what are the 3 tissue biopsy techniques
Definition
abrasion w/ a blade, needle aspiration, excision (removal)
Term
how are tissues prepped for biopsy?
Definition
skin clipped, not cleaned, and tissue preserved in 10% formalin in 1cm slabs
Term
what are the 2 removal techniques for tissue biopsy?
Definition
wedge biopsy and punch biopsy
Term
[image]
Definition

wedge biopsy

abnormal layer, transition zone, and normal layer

Term
[image]
Definition

punch biopsy

2-3 punches collected

Term
4 different centesis performed
Definition
abdominocentesis, thoracocentesis, cystocentesis, arthrocentesis
Term
what size needle and syringe is used for centesis?
Definition
21g and 60 ml syringe
Term
what should you look after collecting fluid by centesis?
Definition
the gross appearance, color and turbidity (cells and protein concentration)
Term
is it normal to see a streak of blood in centesis?
Definition
this mean there was a blood contamination (accidental inoculation)
Term
what does transtracheal/bronchial wash help diagnose?
Definition
pulmonary disease
Term
how is percutaneous or orotracheal technique performed?
Definition
saline is inserted into the trachea and cough and aspirated while animal is slightly sedated/lightly anesthetized
Term
what is done to samples low in cellularity for cytologic evaluation?
Definition
if cells are less than 500 cells/uL they are concentrated
Term
what are the 4 concentration techniques for cytology?
Definition
low-speed centrifugation, gravitational sedimentation, membrane filtration, cytocentrifugation
Term
speed and time for a low-speed centriguation
Definition
1000-1500 rpm for 5 min
Term
how is a sample prepared for low-speed centrifugation?
Definition
supernatant is separated after centrifugation and TP is measured, sediment is resuspended then prepped by blood smear or compression technique, air dried, and stained w/ Romanowsky stain
Term
what are the 3 smear techniques for a solid mass for cytology?
Definition
compression (squash) prep, combination technique, and starfish smear
Term
what are the 3 smear techniques for fluid samples for cytology?
Definition
line smear, wedge smear, and compression
Term
[image]
Definition
compression (squash) prep
Term
what is a wedge smear?
Definition
same as a blood smear
Term
what is the main fixative for cytology samples
Definition
95% methanol
Term
3 types of romanowsky stains
Definition
wright's, giemsa, diff quik
Term
3 different types of stains for cytology
Definition
romanowsky, papanicolaou, supravital
Term
what are the 3 general guidelines for sending out cytologic smears?
Definition
2-3 unstained smears no formalin, and 2-3 romanowsky stains; fluids sent in LTT and RTT
Term
when doing a microscopic examination for cytology, what is performed on 10x?
Definition
checking the staining and increased cellularity
Term
when doing a microscopic examination for cytology, what is performed on 40x?
Definition
comparing of individual cells and characterizing the type of cells present
Term
when doing a microscopic examination for cytology, what is performed on 100x?
Definition
used to identify malignancy (nuclear and cytoplasmic changes) and inflammation reactions
Term
what should you report when doing a microscopic evaluation for cytology?
Definition
cell types, appearance, and relative proportions
Term
5 symptoms of inflammation
Definition
redness, swelling, heat, pain, stop of function
Term
how many cells may an inflammation have?
Definition
5,000 cells per microliter or more, causing a turbid or yellow pus
Term
what is the measurement of total protein for an inflammation?
Definition
often greater than 3 g/dl
Term
what are the 3 different classifications of inflammation?
Definition
suppurative, granulomatous & pyogranulomatous, and eosinophilic
Term
what is a suppurative (purulent) inflammation?
Definition
inflammation mostly made up of neutrophils, causing pus
Term
what is a granulomatous & pyogranulomatous inflammation?
Definition
inflammation made up of 15% macrophages
Term
what is an eosinophilic inflammation?
Definition
inflammation with 10% eosinophils, cause by parasitic or neoplastic disorders
Term
what do you look for in cells during inflammation?
Definition
degeneration and microorganisms
Term
karyolysis
Definition
greatest significance (rapid cell death), raged nucleus w/o intact nuclear membrane and reduced staining intensity
Term
what might karyolysis indicate?
Definition
sepsis inflammation reaction
Term
karyorrhexis
Definition
dark nucleus that is fragmented
Term
pyknosis
Definition
represents slow death of cells, has small, condensed, dark nucleus
Term
what may karyolysis, karyorrhexis, and pyknosis indicate?
Definition
nucleus phagocytized by microorganisms, RBCs, parasites, fungal organisms
Term
[image]
Definition
karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis
Term
neoplasia
Definition
presence of new abnormal growth
Term
benign neoplasia
Definition
hyperplasia w/no nuclear criteria for malignancy
Term
how many criteria makes neoplasia identified as malignant
Definition
3 or more criteria determines a neoplasia as malignant
Term
8 criteria for malignancy
Definition
  1. anisokaryosis- variation of cell size
  2. pleomorphism- unusual size and shape
  3. high/variable N:C ratio
  4. increased mitotic figues/ unequal dividing
  5. coarse chromatin pattern
  6. nuclear molding (deformation of nuclei)
  7. multinucleation
  8. nucleoli- anisonucleoosis, angler and multiple nucleoli
Term
what are the 3 different classifications of malignancy?
Definition
  1. epithelial - carcinoma/adenocarcimoma
    • highly cellular
  2. mesenchymal - sarcoma
    • less cellular
  3. discrete round cell- many types
    • histiocytoma, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, plasma cell tumor, transmissible venereal tumors, melanoma
    • high cellarity, rarely clustered
Term
[image]
Definition
transmissible venereal tumor
Term
[image]
Definition
melanoma in dogs mouth
Term
[image]
Definition
melanoma tumor cells of dog
Term
8 specific sites for cytology samples
Definition
  1. periotneal and pleural fluid
  2. lymph nodes
  3. aqeous and vitreous humor
  4. synovial fluid
  5. tracheal wash
  6. nasal flush
  7. ear swabs
  8. vaginal cytology
Term
how much fluid show be in the peritoneal or pleural cavity?
Definition
enough to lubricate the organs
Term
how should normal fluid from the peritoneal and pleural cavity be like?
Definition
colorless to straw, clear to slightly turbid, and odorless
Term
how would abnormal fluid from the peritoneal and pleural cavity look like?
Definition
discolored, increased turbidity, and odor
(indicates increased cells and protein levels)
Term
describe transudate fluid
Definition
non inflammatory, large amount, clear, red tinged, less than 3g/dl protein, TNCC is less than 1500/ul, and composed of monocytes, macrophages, mesothelial cells
Term
describe exudate fluid
Definition
inflammatory (infection, necrosis), has a variable amount, turbid, white, yellow, protein is greater than 3g/dl, and TNCC is greater than 5000/uL, cells are composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
Term
[image]
Definition

Malassezia spp. 

cause of ear infections

Term
metritis
Definition
inflammation of the uterus
Term
inflammation of the vagina
Definition
vaginitis
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