Term
RBC Count for
-k9
-feline
-eqiune |
|
Definition
k9: 5.4-7.8 x 10^6 (5-8)
feline: 5.8-10.7 x 10^6 (6-11)
equine: 6.4-10 x 10^6 (6-10) |
|
|
Term
Thrombocyte Count for
-k9
-feline
-equine |
|
Definition
k9: 1.6 - 4.3 x 10^5 (1-4)
feline: 3-8 x 10^5 (3-8)
equine: 1-2.7 x 10^5 (1-3) |
|
|
Term
WBC Count for
-k9
-feline
-equine |
|
Definition
k9: 6-17 x 10^4or3 (6-17)
feline: 5.5-19.5 x 10^4or3 (5-20)
equine: 5.2-13.9 x 10^4or3 (5-14) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
k9: 37-54
feline: 30-47
equine: 32-47 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many major types of cells are in blood? |
|
Definition
| 3- RBCs, WBCs, thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| An initial screening of the blood should include: |
|
Definition
-PCV/HCT
-TP
-Hb
-total WBC
-diff WBC |
|
|
Term
| The most numerous of all blood cells is the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBCs are measured in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species have nucleated RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 leukocyte per 100x field = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal amount of leukocytes per 100x field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thrombocytes are made from ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thrombocytes may have what in their cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 thrombocyte per 100x field = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal amount of thrombocytes per 1000x field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the measure of how much "room" is inside a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a measure of how much hemoglobin is in a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do you use an anticoagulant to find PCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers of a hematocrit tube? |
|
Definition
| clay, RBCs, buffy coat, plasma |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell has the highest SG of all blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important tool in developing a hemogram is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two most plentiful leukocytes will always be... |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Other names for neutrophils? |
|
Definition
-polymorphonuclear leukocytes
-segmenters
-segs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agranulocytes are also known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the N:L ratio differ between species? |
|
Definition
carnivores N:L > 1 ruminants N:L < 1 horses N=L
pigs N:L varies |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes remain in the vasculature for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which leukocytes do not return to the vasculature after being in the tissues? |
|
Definition
| granulocytes and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What % of lymphocytes return to the vasculature after tissue migration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 millionth of a liter, or 1mm^3 |
|
|
Term
| Term for the creation of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granulopoiesis takes how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils stay in the circulation for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "drumstick" sticking off a segment in a neutrophil, signifies female |
|
|
Term
| The nucleus of a band cell can be what shapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rod-shaped granules are associated with what species and what cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What domestic species has the largest eosinophil granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orange/grey granules are associated with what species and what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A raspberry-like eosinophil is from what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A jewel-like eosinophil is from what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the blood-forming organs: |
|
Definition
-bone marrow
-liver
-spleen
-thymus
-kidneys |
|
|
Term
| A meaningful interpretation of hematological data depends on __ and __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma - fibrinogen = serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-water
-plasma proteins
-electrolytes
-vitamins and minerals
-hormones
-fats |
|
|
Term
| Why are erythrocytes biconcave? |
|
Definition
-bend in capillaries
-surface area to carry O2 and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| The two rarest blood cells to find are __ and __. |
|
Definition
| eosinophils, basophils (most rare) |
|
|
Term
| Names the "pools" of leukocytes. |
|
Definition
-proliferation pool
-storage pool
-circulation pool
-marginal pool
-body pool |
|
|
Term
| Term for the process by which leukocytes squeeze through blood vessel walls into the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for when leukocytes "stick" to the endothelium of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of the left-to-right description of how granulocytes mature? |
|
Definition
| Schilling's Maturation Pathway |
|
|
Term
| Describe the order of maturation of neutrophils. |
|
Definition
| myeloblast > promyelocyte > myelocyte > metamyelocyte > band > seg |
|
|
Term
| How many immature neutrophils are generally found in healthy blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many immature neutrophils are found in the blood when there is a left shift present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A left shift can be either __ or __. |
|
Definition
| regenerative, degenerative |
|
|
Term
| A left shift in a hemogram indicates... |
|
Definition
| an increase in immature cells in that hemogram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proliferation neutrophil pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulating neutrophil pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mature neutrophil has ____ segments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a neutrophil with >__ segments is called a ___. |
|
Definition
| >5 segments is a pleokaryocyte |
|
|
Term
| The primary function of a neutrophil is... |
|
Definition
| to kill/phagocytize "bugs" |
|
|
Term
| Segs only stay in the CNP for ___ before ___. |
|
Definition
| a few hours before marginating |
|
|
Term
| When we do a blood draw or look at a smear, we are only seeing the WBCs in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When making a Dx, always look to what cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a moth-eaten neutrophil indicate? |
|
Definition
| toxic neutrophil - poison in blood stream or marrow |
|
|
Term
| __ have granules which contain histaminase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell that has a characteristic "crescent moon"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell with an ameboid nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 3 W's are associated with what cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worms, wheezes, weird diseases |
|
|
Term
| ___ have granules that contain histamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does lymphocytopoiesis occur? |
|
Definition
fetus- medulla
after birth- lymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
-can be big or small
-B, T or NK |
|
|
Term
| Cows may have a cleft in the nucleus of the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A macrophage is a ___ that has... |
|
Definition
| monocyte that has left the CNP |
|
|
Term
| When looking at a blood smear, only Dx when under... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has the most delicate blood and is generally crenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species generally exhibits rouleaux? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large lymphocytes are found in what group of animals (small or large?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most species, the SNP has a ___ worth of mature ___. What species does not? |
|
Definition
| week's worth of mature segs; cows have day's worth |
|
|
Term
| What does "egress" refer to in terms of neutrophil movement in the body? |
|
Definition
| After marginating, the neutrophil passes through endothelium into tissue, or "egresses" into the tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What instrument is used to take a Total WBC Count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diff WBC is always expressed as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine the diff WBC? |
|
Definition
| # different leukocytes per 100 cells counted |
|
|
Term
| What conditions signify a regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
| normal WBC count, #segs >/= #bands |
|
|
Term
| What conditions signify a degenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
| normal WBC count, #segs < #bands |
|
|
Term
| A degenerative left shift lasting _____ has a poor ____ and means the animal needs euthanasia. |
|
Definition
| lasts 24-48h, guarded prognosis |
|
|
Term
| How might pleokaryocytes in a blood sample result from a tech's actions? |
|
Definition
| -leave at RT, segs continue to mature into pleos |
|
|
Term
| What is "pissed-off cat syndrome"? |
|
Definition
| stressed cats has ^BP which sweeps marginal leuks back into CNP; thus WBC count is increased |
|
|
Term
| How does aspirin affect neutrophil pools? |
|
Definition
| makes endothelium less sticky, so marginal leuks are swept back into CNP, increased WBC |
|
|
Term
| How do glucocorticoids affect neutrophil pools? |
|
Definition
| Makes endothelium less sticky, leuks stuck in the CNP |
|
|
Term
| How do glucocorticoids increase the chance of infection? |
|
Definition
| leuks can't exit CNP, can't migrate to site of invading bugs |
|
|
Term
| What type of blood cell is responsible for most cases of tissue rejection after grafts/implants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell can live for months in the body tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosinophil granules contain... |
|
Definition
| lysozymes and histaminase |
|
|
Term
| What type of leuk can regenerate granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of granule makes holes in nematode larvae? What cell produces these granules in this particular case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for when # leukocytes is above normal range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for when # leukocytes is below normal range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two species may exhibit SMALL amounts of rouleaux on blood smears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Dohle body and what does it indicate? |
|
Definition
| a dark spot in the cytoplasm of a seg; signifies septicemia/toxemia or some other problem of marrow |
|
|
Term
| Polychromatophils make up ___% of circulating RBCS in a healthy animal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polychromatophil? |
|
Definition
| early RBC, the stage before mature erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| What species will NEVER have polychromatophils? Why not? |
|
Definition
| horses skip that stage, go from metarubricyte to erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| Polychromatophils are pale, or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between polychromatophil and reticulocyte? |
|
Definition
| Polychromatophils contain RNA granules that dissolve in diff-quick/Rominowsky stains; if stained in new methylene blue, granules are visible and it's called a reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
| Erythrocytopoiesis takes about ___, and RBCs live ___. |
|
Definition
| takes 5 days, they live 100 days |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stages of maturation of RBCs: |
|
Definition
| rubriblast > prorubricyte > rubricyte > metarubricyte > polychromatophil |
|
|
Term
| Term for a nucleated RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mononuclear phagocyte system |
|
|
Term
| Where is hemoglobin synthesized? |
|
Definition
| nucleus of premature RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is a Howell Jolly body? |
|
Definition
| round, basophilic, refractile object inside a RBC; normally removed by MPS |
|
|
Term
| Term for differently sized RBCs in a sample? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for differently shaped RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune-mediated hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small RBCs, usu. indicate IMHA |
|
|
Term
| Difference between regular anemia and IMHA? |
|
Definition
regular- decreased # of RBCs
IMHA- # RBCs is normal, but they're agglutinated by immunoglobulins and can't function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blister-like material on the outside of a RBC, generally only seen in cats |
|
|
Term
| A stomatocyte is a type of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polychromatophil that looks like it's smiling is known as a ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you Dx anemia in the horse? |
|
Definition
| Don't have polychromatophils, must look at marrow. |
|
|
Term
| If you see NRBCs on a smear, the animal has ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will the kidney do if blood flowing through it has decreased O2 concentration? |
|
Definition
| increase erythropoietin output |
|
|
Term
| Young red blood cells start out (color?) because... |
|
Definition
| pale/hypochromic, because hemoglobin not exposed to much O2 yet |
|
|
Term
| As RBC matures, it becomes (color?). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mature RBC is (color?) because... |
|
Definition
| pink because it loses granules and oxygenated Hb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # RBCs higher than normal range |
|
|
Term
| What may cause polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basophilic stippling indicates what? |
|
Definition
| lead poisoning, almost pathognomonic |
|
|
Term
| What is basophilic stippling? |
|
Definition
| smattering of dark particles within a RBC caused by some toxicity like lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| Describe how lymphocytes differentiate in the fetus. |
|
Definition
-made in bone marrow
-some become NK
-some go to thymus (T-lymphos)
-some go to Peyer's patches in intestines (B-lymphos)
-some stay in bone marrow (B-lymphos) |
|
|
Term
| What lymphatic tissue is very prominent in ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-lymphocytes are from the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-lymphocytes are from the ____. |
|
Definition
| bone marrow or Peyer's patches |
|
|
Term
| Activated lymphocytes are known as ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-specific immunity consists of... |
|
Definition
natural: because of species
innate: inflammation, skin, MM, enzymes in saliva/tears, etc |
|
|
Term
| Specific immunity consists of... |
|
Definition
| cell-mediated and humoral |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of T-lymphocytes and their functions? |
|
Definition
--helper-T: w/macrophage's help, tells B-lymphos to make Ab to new Ag
--suppressor-T: keep killer-Ts in control
--killer-T: attack Ag immediately
--mediator-T: make lymphokines, interferon |
|
|
Term
| Interferon is deployed against what type of microbe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific immunity can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a B-lymphocyte is stimulated by an antigen? |
|
Definition
| it morphs into plasma cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated B-lymphocyte that produces Ab specific to certain Ag |
|
|
Term
| Dohle bodies are found in ___, and Howell Jolly bodies are found in ___. |
|
Definition
Dohle- seg
Howell Jolly- erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| Where does erythropoiesis occur? |
|
Definition
| in bone marrow, occasionally extramedullary |
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for creation of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What certain leukocyte in the cow may have reddish-purple clusters of granules in the cytoplasm? Term for this color? |
|
Definition
| large lymphocyte, azurophilic |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest leukocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of leukocyte has a "ground glass" appearance to the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are tissue macrophages found? |
|
Definition
| spleen, lymph nodes, marrow, pleural/peritoneal cavities, liver (Kupffer cells), kidney, CNS, skin |
|
|
Term
| What exactly is meant by the MPS? |
|
Definition
| refers to whole "system" of tissue macrophages |
|
|
Term
| The MPS was formerly called ___. |
|
Definition
| reticuloendothelial system |
|
|
Term
| What count is used to determine which type/s of leukocytes are above or below normal ranges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in monocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for increase in platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in leukocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in monocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for decrease in thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Never use a needle smaller than ___ (except for smallest patients). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Black top tubes contain __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blue top tubes contain __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Clot tubes" refers to what? |
|
Definition
| red top tube - no anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| The best smears are made from ______ with _____. |
|
Definition
| fresh blood, no anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| Where/how to save blood smears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood to collect? |
|
Definition
| enough to run planned chemical assays three times |
|
|
Term
| Increases or decreases in leukocyte numbers should be described how? |
|
Definition
| absolute #s, not relative |
|
|
Term
| neutrophilic leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| increase in total leukocytes, including neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Neutropenia is generally due to... |
|
Definition
| rapid movement from CNP to tissue pool, or decrease in available cells from MTNP/SNP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal white blood cells in circulation, usually with neoplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal white blood cells without evidence of neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| pathological leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| increase in leukocytes associated with inflammation |
|
|
Term
| physiological leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| increase in leukocytes not associated with inflammation or any pathological condition |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that can cause physiological leukocytosis? |
|
Definition
-excitement, fear, pain, stress
-muscular exertion
-convulsions
-pregnancy, estrus
-age
-postimmunization |
|
|
Term
| What defines a stress leukogram? |
|
Definition
| neutrophilic leukocytosis and lymphopenia, with eosinpenia and monocytosis resulting from glucocorticoid release/use |
|
|
Term
| How long does the glucocorticoid response take to develop? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expect to see what 3 things when a stress leukogram is present? |
|
Definition
-hyperglycemia (dogs: mild, cats: marked)
-isosthenuria
- ^ALT ^ALP |
|
|
Term
| What MUST you know in order to Dx a stress leukogram? |
|
Definition
| absolute WBC counts of each leukocyte |
|
|
Term
| Baby animals tend to have different WBC counts than adults. How does it differ? What animal does not exhibit this? |
|
Definition
| babies have higher WBC counts, except in pigs |
|
|
Term
| Animals delivered by caesarian have ___ WBC counts than those delivered naturally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid-Induced Leukocytosis is also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine Response is also called... |
|
Definition
| "true" physiologic leukocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Usually, the ratio of leukocytes in the MNP and CNP is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the epinephrine response occur? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
| immediately after stimulus, subsides in minutes |
|
|
Term
| What defines a "true" physiologic leukocytosis? |
|
Definition
| neutrophilic leukocytosis with no change in # eosinophils or monocytes, occuring after an epinephrine surge |
|
|
Term
| What may cause a cat to have a 2-fold increase in the number of WBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of leukocytosis do dogs tend not to get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to label a leukogram as inflammation, ___ must be present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are left shifts graded? |
|
Definition
slight +1 bands only
moderate +2 metamyelocytes
marked +3 myelocytes & progranulocytes
extreme +4 myeloblasts |
|
|
Term
| How would you mark a left shift with bands only in a patient's record? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the cytoplasm of a toxic neutrophil appear? |
|
Definition
| foamy, basophilic, basophilic granules, Dohle bodies |
|
|
Term
| What can cause toxic neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| severe infections, toxicity, acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the order in which blood cells decrease in number due to hematopoiesis suppression? |
|
Definition
1- neutrophils
2- platelets
3- RBCs slowly |
|
|
Term
| What specific diseases can cause neutropenia? |
|
Definition
| parvo, retroviruses, rickettsial dz |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory conditions always cause some ____, so the number of monocytes ____. |
|
Definition
| cellular or tissue necrosis; increases |
|
|
Term
| The net effect of invasion by a microbe is a ___ to ___ lymphocyte count. |
|
Definition
| normal to slightly elevated |
|
|
Term
| If inflammation brings about a systemic response, what cell would increase in numbers? Why? |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, because of clonal expansion |
|
|
Term
| The zone of transition on a blood smear can also be called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the slide with a grid etched into it for counting cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small lymphocytes are more common in... whereas large lymphocytes are more common in... |
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Definition
small - cat/dog
large - ruminants |
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