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Heart
Power Point 4
21
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/24/2015

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Cards

Term
How does a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) affect heart rate?
Definition
It increases it
Term
Who typically have higher BMRs?
Definition
Small and young animals and those with Hyperthroidism
Term
How does exercise affect heart rate?
Definition
Increase venous return, enlarged cells which leads to a SLOWER HR
Term
T or F: Larger diameter vessels have less resistance and a faster flow
Definition
True
Term
What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What makes up the Sympathetic NS?
Definition
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
Sympathetic trunk along vertebral bodies with ganglia
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Term
What does the Sympathetic NS do?
Definition
Increase HR
Increase force of contraction and stroke volume (SV)
Increased cardiac output (COP)
Term
What two things does the Sympathetic NS increase?
Definition
Heart Rate (HR) and Force
Term
How does the Sympathetic NS increase HR?
Definition
Changes rate of pacemaker firing
Shortened plateau
Increase leakage of Na+ and Ca++
Term
How does the Sympathetic NS increase Force?
Definition
Increased venous return (Related to HR and blood vessel effects)
Increased Ca++ into cardiac muscles (Norepinephrine via cAMP 2nd messenger)
Term
What does the Sympathetic NS do to veins?
Definition
Constricts them in heart and skeletal muscle
Term
How does Vasoconstriction affect BP?
Definition
Smaller diameter for veins leads to increased resistance and therefore increased force
Term
What two things does the Parasympathetic NS decrease?
Definition
HR and Cardiac Output (COP)
Term
What makes up the Parasympathetic NS?
Definition
Craniosacral (vagus nerve) Ganglia in walls or near organs Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at both pre- and post-ganglionic synapses
Term
What does the Vagus nerve do?
Definition
Tell body to relax
Term
How does the Parasympathetic NS work?
Definition
It opens K+ channels which hyperpolarizes membranes
Term
How does the Parasympathetic NS decrease BP?
Definition
Vasodilation in most vessels which leads to less resistance
Term
How do Baroreceptors trigger the slowdown of the heart?
Definition
Carotid bodies and aorta
Stretch with raised BP
Reflex to medulla oblongata
Vagus nerve stimulation to decrease peripheral resistance
Term
What other things regulate BP?
Definition
Kidney and water balance
Vasoactive hormones and chemicals
Term
How do Kidneys raise BP?
Definition
Kidney releases hormone called renin which triggers the Liver’s angiotensinogen to turn to the hormone angiotensin which triggers vasoconstriction and raises BP
Term
What is Aldosterone?
Definition
A hormone secreted form the adrenals and increases water uptake at kidney- retains Na++
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