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Heart
BIO 431- Moore
79
Anatomy
Graduate
03/13/2013

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Cards

Term
2 circuits of the cardiovascular system
Definition
pulmonary (lungs)
systemic (includes coronary circulation)
Term
At what week/day does that heart start pumping blood?
Definition
week 3 / day 22
Term
2 histological layers of the pericardium
Definition
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
Term
what are the 3 layers of the serous pericardium
Definition
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium (pericardium)
pericardial cavity
Term
3 main layers of the heart wall
Definition
epicardium (mesothelium and areolar CT)
myocardium
endocardium (endothelium and areolar CT)
Term
What 4 vessels deliver blood TO the RIGHT atria
Definition
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
anterior cardiac veins
Term
What vessels deliver blood TO the LEFT atria
Definition
left and right pulmonary veins
Term
What does the fossa ovalis develop from?
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
What is the valve that connects the right atria and right ventricle?
Definition
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
Term
What is the valve that connect the left atria and left ventricle?
Definition
Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
Term
What bundle of tissue located in the right ventricle connects from the interventricular septum to the ventricle floor?
Definition
moderator band
Term
What does the ligamentum arteriosum develop from?
Definition
ductus arteriosus
Term
In what part of the thoracic cavity is the heart located?
Definition
pericardium of the mediastinum
Term
What is pericarditis?
Definition
inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart
Term
When do you hear a heart sound?
Definition
When a valve closes
Term
How much more pressure does the left ventricle generate and how much bigger is the ventricle wall than the right side of the heart?
Definition
5 times more pressure and 3 times thicker
Term
What is the function of the bands of fibrous CT surrounding valves and at the base of the pulmonary trunk and aorta?
Definition
Reinforcement and electrical separation of the atria and ventricles
Term
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of? (2)
Definition
fibrous CT and Myocardial CT
Term
During what phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow to the coronary circulation?
Definition
diastole
Term
Which veins empty into the coronary sinus?
Definition
great cardiac vein
posterior cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
Term
coronary artery disease
Definition
partial or complete block in artery of the heart
Term
coronary ischemia
Definition
insufficient blood flow
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
chest pain
Term
Aortic stenosis
Definition
thickened scar tissue calcified fused cups of valve-> requires more ventricular pressure to push blood through the valve. Leads to hypertrophy and cardiac failure
Term
What structure connects cardiac muscles?
Definition
intercalated discs
Term
how many nuclei do cardiac cells have?
Definition
1-2
Term
Do cardiac cells have more or less mitochondria than skeletal muscles cells?
Definition
MORE by 25%
Term
What are the two sources of Ca for cardiac cells?
Definition
SR and ECF
Term
What are the voltage peaks for contractile cells?
Definition
RMP= -90
peak= +30
threshold= -75
Term
What are the voltage peaks for autorhythmic cells?
Definition
negative peak= -65
threshold= -45
positive peak= +10
Term
What ion do funny channels allow to move across the membrane?
Definition
Na
Term
What two nuclei in the medulla effect changes in HR?
Definition
Cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center
Term
What nerve does the cardioacceleratory center use to signal the heart?
Definition
sympathetic cardiac nerve
Term
What nerve does the cardioinhibitory center use to signal the heart?
Definition
Vagas nerve
Term
What 3 effects does the E/NE from the cardioacceleratory center have on autorythmic cells?
Definition
-reduced repolarization
-increased slope of drift potential (increase HR)
-increase speed of propagation of AP along conducting cells
Term
What is released from the vagas nerve when the cardioinhibitory center is stimulated?
Definition
Ach (binds to muscarinic receptors which open K channels)
Term
What is the path an AP travels through the heart from the SA node?
Definition
SA node-> AV node-> AV bundle-> Bundle brances-> perkinje fibers
Term
What occurs during the P wave?
Definition
atrial depol
Term
What occurs during the QRS complex?
Definition
ventricular depol and atrial repol (enlarged R wave indicates hypertrophy)
Term
What occurs during the T wave?
Definition
ventricular repol
Term
What does the S-T segment represent?
Definition
plateau phase of ventricular AP
Term
ectopic pacemaker
Definition
when cells other than the SA node determine the frequency of heart AP's (if SA node fails and something else takes over)
Term
What is PVC?
Definition
premature ventricular contraction- ectopic pacemaker depolarizes before the SA node does= no fill time.
Term
What are the 3 types of arrhythmias and which one is the most dangerous?
Definition
junctional rhythm (faulty SA node- no P wave)
fibrillation (most dangerous)
AV heart blocks (faulty AV node or bundle)
Term
What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?
Definition
filling phase
isovolumetric contraction phase
ejection phase
isovolumetric relaxation phase
Term
What is the ejection fraction?
Definition
SV/EDV
Term
What is happening during the Lubb sound?
Definition
AV valves close
Term
What is happening during the Dupp sound?
Definition
Semilunar valves close
Term
What is an incompetent valve?
Definition
doesn't close all the way (swishing sound)
Term
what is a stenotic valve?
Definition
don't fully open (high pitch sound or click)
Term
How do E/NE increase contractility?
Definition
bind B1 receptors-> increase cAMP-> increase protein kinase
1. increase Ca from ECF
2. increase Ca from SR
3. increase myosin ATPase activity (faster crossbridge cycling)
4. increase Ca ATPase in ST (storage)- shortens systole
Term
What are substances that effect contractility called?
Definition
Inotropic agents
Term
Name positive inotropic agents
Definition
E/NE, glucagon, TH, digitalis, caffeine, hypercalcemia
Term
Name negative inotropic agents
Definition
B-blockers (carvedilol), caclium-channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem), hyperkalemia, acidosis
Term
What are substances that effect HR called?
Definition
chronotropic agents
Term
Name positive chronotropic agents
Definition
E/NE, B-agonists, TH, caffeine
Term
Name negative chronotropic agents
Definition
Ach (muscarinic agonist, hyperkalemia, digitalis
Term
tachycardia
Definition
greater than 100 bpm (HR)
Term
bradycardia
Definition
less than 60 bpm (HR)
Term
Heart failure
Definition
CO is too low to maintain adequate blood flow to tissues
Term
Congestive heart failure
Definition
one side of the heart failing to keep up with the other. Eventually causes both sides to fail
Term
Pulmonary CHF
Definition
left Ventricle failure. Blood backs up in the pulmonary circuit (lungs)- pulmonary adema and suffocation (more common)
Term
Peripheral CHF
Definition
Right ventricle failure. Blood backs up in the systemic circuit- Edema which blocks nutrient/waste exchange (less common)
Term
How would you treat peripheral CHF?
Definition
1. eleviate adema by decreasing hydrostatic pressure- decrease volume (diuretic)
2. dialate BV's- vasodialators (ANP) or reduce levels of ADH and AngII
3. Digitalis- lowers HR but increases contractility.
Term
At what voltage does the plateau phase end?
Definition
0 mv
Term
How is the AP for a autorhythmic cell different than a contractile cell?
Definition
no RMP and no plateau phase
Term
Name ion movement and channel for the early drift phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP.
Definition
decreased PK and increased PNa (funny channel)
Term
Name ion movement and channel for the late drift phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP.
Definition
decreased PNa and increased PCa (T-type Ca channels- Fast)
Term
Name ion movement and channel for the rapid depol phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP.
Definition
increased PCa (Slow L-type Ca channels)
Term
Name ion movement and channel for the rapid repol phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP.
Definition
increased PK and decreased PCa (voltage gated K channels)
Term
How does the AV node delay the AP between the atria and ventricles?
Definition
The AV node cells are much smaller which increases the resistance and slows the passage of the AP. (can also have fewer gap junctions to allow passage of the AP)
Term
What are two ways of changing the rate of APs?
Definition
increase rate at SA node and increase speed of conduction along the AV bundle (by increasing number and speed of Ca channels for passing depolarization)
Term
What is an interval on an EKG?
Definition
Interval is region that includes the waves
Term
What is a segment on an EKG?
Definition
Region BETWEEN waves (does not include a wave)
Term
What circuit of circulation does the foramen ovale allow blood to bypass? What two regions of the heart does it connect?
Definition
pulmonary circulation- left and right atria
Term
What circuit of circulation does the ductus arteriosum allow blood to bypass?
Definition
bypasses lungs- connects aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
Term
What structure in cardiomyocytes allows them to be electrically connected?
Definition
gap junctions
Term
What does an ECG/EKG measure?
Definition
electrical activity of the heart over time
Term
For the Frank-Starling principle, how is the heart able to eject the extra volume of blood (increased EDV)?
Definition
Increased overlap of the thick and thin filaments of muscle fibers (length-tension relationship)- able to generate more force.
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