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heart
heart
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/10/2012

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Cards

Term
the heart is a double what
Definition
double pump
Term
what volume of blood does each side of the heart pump?
Definition
the SAME!
Term
what is the outer part of the pericardium and what is it made out of.
Definition
fiberous pericardium, its made of dense CT
Term
layer underneath fiberous pericardium...what is it made out of
Definition
parietal- lines of fiberious pericardium
Term
what is underneath the serous pericardium
Definition
visceral (AKA epicardium)-covers myocardium
Term
what is pericarditis. what are some effects this will have on the blood, and heart. what are some causes, how much fluid can be in the pericardium
Definition
inflammation of the pericardium, blood viscosity goes up, theres more fluid, and the heart has more resistance due to friction, and up to 2 L of blood can be in the sac.

Also causes are trauma, chemo, and radiation
Term
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall from the outside in and what are they made of.
Definition
1.epicardium-visceral pericardium:squamous epithelium, aroloar CT, and fat
2.myocardium (cardiac muscle)
endocardium-areolar CT and endothelium
Term
right atria receives blood from where? the uncommon one
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
name the valves and where they are between
Definition
tricuspid-right, right av

bicuspid/mitral valve-between left A and V

SL valves-Between vents and whats aboove
Term
function of chordae tendineae
Definition
tendons that hold valves in place
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
what C.teninaeae are attatched too
Term
write out the entire path of blood in the heart and system
Definition
Term
are coronary arteries part of the systemic circulation?
Definition
YES
Term
what are arteriovenous anastamoses
Definition
cap beds pretty much, sites for E2 exchange
Term
teh artra and ventricles are in syncytium..which means?
Definition
they act as sone
Term
2 similarities to skeletal muscle?
Definition
striated, contraction mech
Term
differences between cardiac and skel muscle (3)
Definition
bifurcations, anastomoses, intercalated discs> desmosomes, gap junctions
Term
are the conducting cells in the heart contractile?
Definition
no
Term
what organelle is there a lot of in cardiac tissue? think of how HARD the heart works
Definition
mitochondria
Term
4 types of fuel the heart will use/ (gflo)
Definition
glucose, fatty acids, lactate, others
Term
Kir-inward rectifier
gated by? control what of part of the potential, and what part of polarization, when is it open, is it directly is it directly voltage gated?
Definition
its ligand gated, , it contributes to RESTING potential, its open at negative potentials, it's not directly voltage gated
Term
K(dr)delayed rectifier-is it voltage gated? what does it play a role in, in terms of polarization
Definition
its voltage gated, role in plateu and repolarization
Term
Ito K chan-causes what in the AP. and why
Definition
causes phase 1, which is rapid repolarization to plateau. it causes this because of rapidly opening K chans to produce "transient outward" current..partially re-polarizes membrane
Term
NA+ fast chans
Definition
same as last semester
Term
what is the refractory period?
Definition
when the na+ chans are CLOSED and UNresponsive
Term
ca++ chans what are teh 2 types
Definition
L type, and t-type
Term
Ltype Ca++ Chan-
1. responsible for what part of the cardiac AP
2. contributes to what part of the phase of the pacemaker's AP
3.what type of med blockers affect this chan?
4.inactivation time?
slow/long lasting o quick?
Definition
1, cardiac AP-responsible for plateau phase
2.pacemaker AP-depolarization phase of pacemaker's AP
3.C channel blockers
5. inactivation time ~50ms
slow and long lasting
Term
T-type Ca++ chan
1. where are they found, and where are they not found
2.contributes to what phases of of which potentials
3. slow and long lasting or transient and brief
Definition
1. found in ONLY atrial myocytes. and in conduction system cells
2.contributes to LATE phase maker potential, andEARLY phases of the action potential.
3. these are transient and brief
Term
HCN chans
1. what the FUCK does hcn stand for
2.what are they gated by?
3.play a role in which potential?
4.and is it activated..yea it weird
Definition
1.HCN-hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated
2. gated by cAMP
3. plays role in PACEmaker potential
4. activated during HYPERpolarization
Term
what is the heart doing the P wave
Definition
atrial depolarization
Term
what is the heart doing the QRS wave
Definition
Term
what is an av block
Definition
no electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Term
ectopic focus
1. what is it
2. what does it cause
Definition
1. its an abnormal pace maker where the the cells in the atria contract at different rates
2. it leads to a-fib
Term
parasym system affects what part of the heart with which neuro x mitter? inhibitory or excitatory?which nerve?
Definition
atria with ACH
inhibitory
vagus
Term
sympathetic system-which neuroxmitters affect which part of the heart. inhib or excitatory? which nerve for norepi, what root of travel for epi?
Definition
norepi-atria
epi-ventricles
excitatory
norepi-thoracic spinal nerves
epi(ventricles stimultion)-bloodstream
Term
how does the parasympathetic (vagal activity)slow the rate of pacemaker depolarization. what ion has increased conductance, and for what reason
Definition
decreased cAMP acting on HCN chans. so, this means slower depolarization occurs. Gk is ^, this hyperpolarizes the pacemaker cells more, thus prolonging depolarization to threshhold
Term
how does th symp. system increase the rate of pacemaker depolarization. Also, what type of channel is prolonged in opening
Definition
cAMP is increased, which acts on HCN chans to increase the pacemaker depolarization raate.

Also, the L type Ca++ chans ahve a prolonged opening. this is because the L-type Chans contribute to the depolarization phase of the pacemaker AP
Term
excitation-contraction coupling
Definition
write it out
Term
when there is ventricular diastole, what is happening to the atria
Definition
atrial systole occurs during late vent diastole
Term
when are both the atria and ventricles relaxed
Definition
during early and late ventricular diastole
Term
at which point (wave) in an EKG does ventricular pressure start to increase
Definition
R wave
Term
ventricular systole occurs between which waves
Definition
R-t
Term
what is laminar flow...will it be quiet or lous
Definition
quiet flow, its normal
Term
what is a stenotic valve, what will it sound like
Definition
its when a valve is narrowed, there is a turbulent flow and there is a murmurs sound
Term
with a normal valve, when there is no flow what sounds will you hear
Definition
no sounds when its closed
Term
what is wrong with an insufficient valve? what sound will it have
Definition
there is turbulent back flow, and there will be a murmur sound
Term
cardiac output formula
Definition
CO= Heart rate X stroke volume
Term
cardiac reserve formula
Definition
COmax-COresting
Term
stroke volume formula, and WTF is stroke volume.
Definition
EDV-ESV. SV is the amount pump from the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
Term
what determines EDV (2)
Definition
length of ventricular diastole and venous return
Term
ESV is determined by what two things?
Definition
arterial blood pressure, contractibility
Term
ejection fraction formula. what is ejection fraction? whats the normal %
Definition
(EDV-ESV)/EDV

ejection fraction is the fraction of blood pumped into the system lungs by the right ventricle, and the systemic system by the left ventricle with each heart beat

55%
Term
when the heart is in the isovolumetric stage this means that
Definition
all of the valves in the heart are closed
Term
what is the frank starling law of the heart
Definition
stoke volume fo the heart incrases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the EDV).

in other words, as the heart fills with more blood than usual, the force of cardiac muscular contractions increases.
Term
what else happens in terms of bloodflow if there is increased stroke volume
Definition
increased venous return
Term
how does sympathetic stimulation affect stroke volume
Definition
well EPI increases contractility which leads to increased force of contraction. that means stroke volume goes UPPPPPPP
Term
what is afterload
Definition
back pressure exerted by arterial blood. that pressure must be exceeded for the ventrilces to eject blood from heart
Term
how does HTN affect afterload
Definition
Pts with HTN have a higher bp, which means there is more pressure int aorta and against the av valvem which affecting the end stroke volume (ESV-volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of a contraction and the beginning of filling.

Soooo to over come this extra backpressure in the aorta, the heart must work harder which makes the heart become enlarged, and eventually lowers stroke volume
Term
what is EDV
Definition
end diastolic volume. this is the volume of blood in the (right and/or left) ventricle when heart is relaxed
Term
what is esv
Definition
end systolic volume. this is the volume of blood in the (left or right) ventricle when the it has finished systole.
there should be less blood during ESV than during EDV
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