Term
| the heart is a double what |
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Definition
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Term
| what volume of blood does each side of the heart pump? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the outer part of the pericardium and what is it made out of. |
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Definition
| fiberous pericardium, its made of dense CT |
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Term
| layer underneath fiberous pericardium...what is it made out of |
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Definition
| parietal- lines of fiberious pericardium |
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Term
| what is underneath the serous pericardium |
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Definition
| visceral (AKA epicardium)-covers myocardium |
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Term
| what is pericarditis. what are some effects this will have on the blood, and heart. what are some causes, how much fluid can be in the pericardium |
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Definition
inflammation of the pericardium, blood viscosity goes up, theres more fluid, and the heart has more resistance due to friction, and up to 2 L of blood can be in the sac.
Also causes are trauma, chemo, and radiation |
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Term
| what are the 3 layers of the heart wall from the outside in and what are they made of. |
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Definition
1.epicardium-visceral pericardium:squamous epithelium, aroloar CT, and fat
2.myocardium (cardiac muscle)
endocardium-areolar CT and endothelium |
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Term
| right atria receives blood from where? the uncommon one |
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Definition
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Term
| name the valves and where they are between |
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Definition
tricuspid-right, right av
bicuspid/mitral valve-between left A and V
SL valves-Between vents and whats aboove |
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Term
| function of chordae tendineae |
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Definition
| tendons that hold valves in place |
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Term
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Definition
| what C.teninaeae are attatched too |
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Term
| write out the entire path of blood in the heart and system |
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Definition
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Term
| are coronary arteries part of the systemic circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are arteriovenous anastamoses |
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Definition
| cap beds pretty much, sites for E2 exchange |
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Term
| teh artra and ventricles are in syncytium..which means? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 similarities to skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| striated, contraction mech |
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Term
| differences between cardiac and skel muscle (3) |
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Definition
| bifurcations, anastomoses, intercalated discs> desmosomes, gap junctions |
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Term
| are the conducting cells in the heart contractile? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organelle is there a lot of in cardiac tissue? think of how HARD the heart works |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 types of fuel the heart will use/ (gflo) |
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Definition
| glucose, fatty acids, lactate, others |
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Term
Kir-inward rectifier
gated by? control what of part of the potential, and what part of polarization, when is it open, is it directly is it directly voltage gated? |
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Definition
| its ligand gated, , it contributes to RESTING potential, its open at negative potentials, it's not directly voltage gated |
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Term
| K(dr)delayed rectifier-is it voltage gated? what does it play a role in, in terms of polarization |
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Definition
| its voltage gated, role in plateu and repolarization |
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Term
| Ito K chan-causes what in the AP. and why |
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Definition
| causes phase 1, which is rapid repolarization to plateau. it causes this because of rapidly opening K chans to produce "transient outward" current..partially re-polarizes membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the refractory period? |
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Definition
| when the na+ chans are CLOSED and UNresponsive |
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Term
| ca++ chans what are teh 2 types |
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Definition
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Term
Ltype Ca++ Chan-
1. responsible for what part of the cardiac AP
2. contributes to what part of the phase of the pacemaker's AP
3.what type of med blockers affect this chan?
4.inactivation time?
slow/long lasting o quick? |
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Definition
1, cardiac AP-responsible for plateau phase
2.pacemaker AP-depolarization phase of pacemaker's AP
3.C channel blockers
5. inactivation time ~50ms
slow and long lasting |
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Term
T-type Ca++ chan
1. where are they found, and where are they not found
2.contributes to what phases of of which potentials
3. slow and long lasting or transient and brief |
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Definition
1. found in ONLY atrial myocytes. and in conduction system cells
2.contributes to LATE phase maker potential, andEARLY phases of the action potential.
3. these are transient and brief |
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Term
HCN chans
1. what the FUCK does hcn stand for
2.what are they gated by?
3.play a role in which potential?
4.and is it activated..yea it weird |
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Definition
1.HCN-hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated
2. gated by cAMP
3. plays role in PACEmaker potential
4. activated during HYPERpolarization |
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Term
| what is the heart doing the P wave |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the heart doing the QRS wave |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no electrical connection between atria and ventricles |
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Term
ectopic focus
1. what is it
2. what does it cause |
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Definition
1. its an abnormal pace maker where the the cells in the atria contract at different rates
2. it leads to a-fib |
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Term
| parasym system affects what part of the heart with which neuro x mitter? inhibitory or excitatory?which nerve? |
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Definition
atria with ACH
inhibitory
vagus |
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Term
| sympathetic system-which neuroxmitters affect which part of the heart. inhib or excitatory? which nerve for norepi, what root of travel for epi? |
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Definition
norepi-atria
epi-ventricles
excitatory
norepi-thoracic spinal nerves
epi(ventricles stimultion)-bloodstream |
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Term
| how does the parasympathetic (vagal activity)slow the rate of pacemaker depolarization. what ion has increased conductance, and for what reason |
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Definition
| decreased cAMP acting on HCN chans. so, this means slower depolarization occurs. Gk is ^, this hyperpolarizes the pacemaker cells more, thus prolonging depolarization to threshhold |
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Term
| how does th symp. system increase the rate of pacemaker depolarization. Also, what type of channel is prolonged in opening |
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Definition
cAMP is increased, which acts on HCN chans to increase the pacemaker depolarization raate.
Also, the L type Ca++ chans ahve a prolonged opening. this is because the L-type Chans contribute to the depolarization phase of the pacemaker AP |
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Term
| excitation-contraction coupling |
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Definition
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Term
| when there is ventricular diastole, what is happening to the atria |
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Definition
| atrial systole occurs during late vent diastole |
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Term
| when are both the atria and ventricles relaxed |
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Definition
| during early and late ventricular diastole |
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Term
| at which point (wave) in an EKG does ventricular pressure start to increase |
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Definition
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Term
| ventricular systole occurs between which waves |
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Definition
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Term
| what is laminar flow...will it be quiet or lous |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a stenotic valve, what will it sound like |
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Definition
| its when a valve is narrowed, there is a turbulent flow and there is a murmurs sound |
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Term
| with a normal valve, when there is no flow what sounds will you hear |
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Definition
| no sounds when its closed |
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Term
| what is wrong with an insufficient valve? what sound will it have |
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Definition
| there is turbulent back flow, and there will be a murmur sound |
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Term
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Definition
| CO= Heart rate X stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| stroke volume formula, and WTF is stroke volume. |
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Definition
| EDV-ESV. SV is the amount pump from the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| length of ventricular diastole and venous return |
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Term
| ESV is determined by what two things? |
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Definition
| arterial blood pressure, contractibility |
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Term
| ejection fraction formula. what is ejection fraction? whats the normal % |
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Definition
(EDV-ESV)/EDV
ejection fraction is the fraction of blood pumped into the system lungs by the right ventricle, and the systemic system by the left ventricle with each heart beat
55% |
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Term
| when the heart is in the isovolumetric stage this means that |
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Definition
| all of the valves in the heart are closed |
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Term
| what is the frank starling law of the heart |
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Definition
stoke volume fo the heart incrases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the EDV).
in other words, as the heart fills with more blood than usual, the force of cardiac muscular contractions increases. |
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Term
| what else happens in terms of bloodflow if there is increased stroke volume |
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Definition
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Term
| how does sympathetic stimulation affect stroke volume |
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Definition
| well EPI increases contractility which leads to increased force of contraction. that means stroke volume goes UPPPPPPP |
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Term
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Definition
| back pressure exerted by arterial blood. that pressure must be exceeded for the ventrilces to eject blood from heart |
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Term
| how does HTN affect afterload |
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Definition
Pts with HTN have a higher bp, which means there is more pressure int aorta and against the av valvem which affecting the end stroke volume (ESV-volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of a contraction and the beginning of filling.
Soooo to over come this extra backpressure in the aorta, the heart must work harder which makes the heart become enlarged, and eventually lowers stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| end diastolic volume. this is the volume of blood in the (right and/or left) ventricle when heart is relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
end systolic volume. this is the volume of blood in the (left or right) ventricle when the it has finished systole.
there should be less blood during ESV than during EDV |
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